Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/63635
|
Title: | 人民行動黨在2011年新加坡大選的形象修復個案研究 PAP’s Image Restoration for the 2011 Singapore General Elections: A Case Study |
Authors: | 陳清慧 Faith Tan Qing Hui |
Contributors: | 陳憶寧 Katherine Chen 陳清慧 Faith Tan Qing Hui |
Keywords: | Benoit 形象修復策略 案例分析 危機管理 新加坡 新加坡大選 Benoit Image Restoration Theory Case Study Crisis management Singapore Singapore General Election |
Date: | 2012 |
Issue Date: | 2014-02-10 14:46:20 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 本研究以內容分析法,引用Benoit的形象修復理論,探討人民行動黨在2011年新加坡大選中,面對移民政策、生活成本與住房等三大議題的形象修復策略。 研究結果顯示,因危機事件性質偏向「可預防事件群」,因此人民行動黨使用了大量較順應型的形象修復策略,例如尋求支撐與修正行動。另外,本研究也發現,因新加坡政治環境的獨特性,導致「後悔道歉」和「無力控制」這兩種策略的同時使用,此一現象與Benoit之主張有截然不同的結果。 本研究的結論是, 新加坡獨特的政治環境以及文化,導致Benoit所建議應該少用的一些策略,在這次的大選中反而有了正面的效果。所以,雖然人民行動黨在這次的大選中得到最低一次的得票率,但他們還是順利地在2011年的大選中修復了自己的受損形象。 This study attempts to look at the image restoration efforts of the People’s Action Party (PAP) during the period leading up to the 2011 Singapore General Election (GE). The PAP has constantly emerged victorious in every Singapore’s GE, however 2011’s fierce fight from the opposition and the numerous unhappy voices from the sea of Singaporeans has made it clear that their once well loved image was surely damaged. According to literature, when an image is damaged, there is a need to them repair this image. The dynamic framework of Benoit’s Image Restoration Theory will thus be used to examine the actions of the PAP in dealing with the attacks and criticism before the election date. This study content analyzed a five-month period newspaper coverage of the 2011 GE from two major Singapore newspapers, The Straits Times and Channelnewsasia. Results showed the PAP, due to the nature of their err, chose a more accommodative strategy when dealing with the public. On the other hand, due to Singapore’s unique political culture, the results on the use of “mortification” and “defeasibility” has also provided additional input into the current political literature, i.e. these strategies depend on the political culture. The study concluded that the use image restoration strategies by the PAP though more accommodative in nature did change towards the campaign timeline. Also the political landscape and culture of Singapore made defensive strategies more affective than Benoit would have suggested. Thus the PAP though still securing the lowest vote count in its election history, still manage to save its image and secure a win in the 2011 GE. |
Reference: | Adam , S. (2010, June 29). Singapore can`t become energy-independent on lack of resources, lee says. Bloomberg. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/singapore-can-t-become-energy-independent-on-lack-of-resources-lee-says.html Balma, M., & Sheafer, T. (2010). Candidate image in election campaigns: Attribute agenda setting, affective priming, and voting intentions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(2), 204-229. Banyan. (2012, November 29). Foreign labour in singapore one strike and you`re out. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/11/foreign-labour-singapore Benoit, W. L. (1995). Accounts, excuses, and apologies - A theory of image restoration strategies. Albany: State University of New York Press. Benoit, W. L. (1997). Hugh grant`s image restoration discourse: An actor apologizes. Communication Quarterly, 45 (3), 251 - 267. Benoit, W. L. (2006). President bush’s image repair effort on meet the press: The complexities of defeasibility. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34 (3), 285-206. Benoit, W. L. & Brison, S. L. (1999). Queen elizabeth`s image repair discourse: Insensitive royal or compassionate queen?. Public Relations Review, 25 (2), 145- 156. Benoit, W. L. & Mchale, J. P. (1999). Kenneth Starr`s Image Repair Discourse Viewed in 20/10. Communication Quarterly, 47 (3), 265-280. Benoit, W. L., McHale, J. P., Hansen, G. J., Pier, P. M., & McGuire, J. P. (2003). Campaign 2000: A functional analysis of presidential campaign discourse. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Brady, H. E., Johnson, R., & Side, J. (2006). Capturing campaign effects. United States of America: The University of Michigan Press. Brinson, S. L. & Benoit, L. W. (1996). Dow corning`s image repair strategies in the breast implant crisis. Communication Quaterly, 44 (1), 29-41. Brinson, S. L. & Benoit, W. L., (1999). The tarnished star: Restoring texaco`s damaged public image . Management Communication Quarterly, 12 (4), 483-510. Chapnick, H. (1994). Truth needs no ally: inside photojournalism. Columbia: University of Missouri press. Chan, R., & Chan, F. (2011, April 24). Ge serious choice of the people, says mm; he says s. The Straits Times Chan, W. (2011, May 10). Cna most visited site in lead-up to ge: Experian hitwise . Channel News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1127966/1/.html Channel newsasia-about us. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/about/ Chen, M. (2011). Divergent paths the future of one-party rule in singapore. Harvard International Review, pp.28-29. Cheam, J. (2011, March 20). Housing problems remain for singapore gov`t. The China Post. Retrieved from http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/special-to-the-china- Choo, Z. (2010, Febuary 10). The anger of displacement. Retrieved from http://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2010/02/the-anger-of-displacement/
Chua, L. H. (2011, April 20). Polling day on may 7; time is ripe for me to ask voters for fresh mandate, says pm. The Straits Times Clouse, T. (2011, October Date). Reform in the ppotlight in singapore elections. Global Finance, p.10. Coombs, W. T. (1999). Ongoing criss communcation, planning, managing and responding . London: Sage publications. Coombs, W. T. (2007a, October 30). Crisis management and communications. Retrieved from http://www.instituteforpr.org/topics/crisis-management-and-communications/ Coombs, W.T. (2007b). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of situational crisis communication theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163-176. Coombs, T. (2009). Conceptualizing crisis communication. In R. L. Heath & H. D. O`Hair (Eds.), Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication New York: Routledge. Cunha, D. D. (1997). The price of victory: The 1997 singapore general election and beyond. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Damore, D. F. (2002). Candidate strategy and the decision to go negative. Political Research Quarterly, 55(3), 669-686. Damore, D. F. (2005). Issue convergence in presidential campaigns. Political Behavior, 27(1), 71-97. Democracy - definition and more from the free merriam-webster dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/democracy
Department of Household Registration, MOI, (2011).Household statistics data analysis 2011.12. Retrieved from website: http://www.ris.gov.tw/en/web/ris3-english/home/-/asset_publisher/Ebr8/document/id/796546?redirect=http://www.ris.gov.tw/en/web/ris3-english/home?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_Ebr8&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_pos=1&p_p_col_count=3 Department of Statistics Singapore, (2011). Key indicators of resident households Department of Statistics Singapore, (2012). Population Department of Statistics Singapore, Urban Redevelopment Authority (2012). Prices Dependent`s pass - before you apply. (2012, October 10). Retrieved from http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/Pages/default.aspxisas/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/dependant-pass/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx Berms, E. (2001). Human rights: Universality and diversity. (p. 42). The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. EconomyWatch Content. (2010, March 18). Singapore exports, imports and trade. Retrieved from http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/singapore/export-import.html Elections Department Singapore, (2011). Handbook for parliamentary election Fox, C. (2011, April 28). Ge: Rising cost of living a global issue, says health minister khaw. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081573/1/GE-Rising-cost-of-living-a-global-issue-says-Health-Minister-Khaw Freedom of the press. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- press/2011/Singapore Freelon, D. (2010). Recal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20–33. Freelon, D. (2011). Recal: reliability calculation for the masses. Retrieved from http://dfreelon.org/utils/recalfront/
Ge 1968 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368947 Ge 1972 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368946 Ge 1976 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1368945 Ge 1980 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366194 Ge 1984 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366182 Ge 1988 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1366135 Ge 1991 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1365992 Ge 1997 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1365961 Ge 2001 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1344459 Ge 2006 – singapore general elections – resource guide at national library, singapore. (2012). Retrieved from http://libguides.nl.sg/content.php?pid=158879&sid=1363164 General election 2011 -ge guide. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/guide/ General election 2011 -ge history. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/history/ Gomez, J., & Han, L. C. (2010). New media and general elections:online citizen journalism in malaysia and singapore. Paper presented at the Malaysia and Singapore Workshop Media, law, social commentary, politics, Melbourne. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/242554/New_Media_and_General_Elections_Online_Citizen_Journalism_in_Malaysia_and_Singapore Gross, L. (2003). Image ethics in the digital age. Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis press. Hearit, K. M. (1997). On the use of transcendence as an apologia strategy: The case of Johnson Controls and its fetal protection policy. Public Relations Review, 23(3), 217-231. Huang, E. (2013, March 18). Growing number of migrant workers stirs debate in singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aseannews.net/growing-number-of-migrant-workers-stirs-debate-in-singapore/ Huang, Y. H. (2006). Crisis situations, communication strategies, and media coverage: A multicase study revisiting the communicative response model. Communication Research, 33 (3), 180- 205. Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. (2007). Iras: gst rate change. Retrieved from http://www.iras.gov.sg/irasHome/page04.aspx?id=3296 Jin, Y. (2010). Making sense sensibly in crisis communication: How publics` crisis appraisals influence their negative emotions, coping strategy preferences, and crisis response acceptance. Communication Research, 37 522 - 552. Journalist increasingly frustrated with government supervision. (2011, September 11). Retrieved from http://en.rsf.org/singapore-journalists-increasingly-05-09-2011,40920.html King, G. (2002). Crisis management and team effectiveness: A closer examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 41 (3), 235-249.
Koesten, J. & Rowland, R. C., (2004). The rhetoric of atonement. Communication Studies, 55 (1), 68-87. Koh, P. (2012, May 23). Singapore`s inflation rises to 5.4% in april. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1203058/1/.html Kor, K. B. (2011, March 2). Sda relieves chiam of chairman duties; alliance needs proactive leader, says pkms head. The Straits Times Lattimore, D., Basking, O., Heiman, S. T., Toth, E. L. & Van leuven, J. K. (2004). Public Relations: The Profession and the Practice (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Chapter 9. Lee, E. (2008). Singapore: The unexpected nation. (p. 151). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. Leong, W. K. (2011, May 4). Ge: We`ve made mistakes, says pm lee. TODAY. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081748/1/GE-Weve-made-mistakes-says-PM-Lee Lim, L. (2011, April 27). Pap faces biggest polls battle since `72; walkover is expected only in tanjong pagar grc. The Straits Times Lim, L. (2011, May 4). Pm says sorry; govt could have moved faster to address housing, transport woes. The Straits Times Lin, C. C. (2006). The evolution of party images and party system in taiwan, 1992-2004. East Asia, 23(1), 27-46. Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2004, October 23). Practical resources for assessing and reporting intercoder reliability in content analysis research projects. Retrieved from http://www.temple.edu/sct/mmc/reliability/ Long term visit pass - before you apply. (2012, October 10). Retrieved from http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/long-term-visit/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx Low, K. S. (2011, May 5). Walk the talk and fight fairly [ST Online forum comment]. Luecke, R. (2004). Crisis Management: Master the Skills to Prevent Disasters. Boston: Harvard Business Press. Mao, F. (2011, May 6). Apology underscores pm`s sincerity in serving singapore [ST Online forum comment]. McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276- 82. Mukherjee, K. (2010). Is there a distinct style of asian democracy?. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 45(6), 684–694. Mydans, S., & Arnold, W. (2007, August 29). Lee kuan yew, founder of singapore, changing with times. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/world/asia/29iht-ee.1.7301669.html?pagewanted=all National Immigration Agency, (2012). Foreign residents . Retrieved from website: http://www.immigration.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=29986&CtUnit=16677&BaseDSD=7&mp=2 Ng , S. S. (2011, May 5). Other issues that deserve attention [ST Online forum comment]. Oakley, M., & Brown, J. S. (2009). Lonely planet:singapore. (p. 26). Hong Kong: Lonely Planet Publication Pte Ltd. Ngerng, R. (2013, January 19). Elections in singapore: Pap’s strategy uncovere. Retrieved from http://thehearttruths.com/2013/01/19/elections-in-singapore-paps-strategy-uncovere/ Pap returning to basics of offering affordable flats for sgs. (2013, March 10). Retrieved from http://www.tremeritus.com/2013/03/10/pap-returning-to-basics-of-offering-affordable-flats-for-sgs/
Peh, D., & Melkote, S. R. (1991). Bias in newspaper reporting: a content analysis of the coverage of korean airlines and iran airbus shootings in the u.s. elite press . International Communication Gazette, 47, 59-78. Press freedom: The singapore grip. (2010, November 17).The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/nov/17/press-freedom-singapore-grip Raghuvanshi, G. (2012, April 23). Singapore inflation jumps.The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405270230359 Rajaram, C. (2011, May 02). Ge: Income gap, housing, foreign talent par for course at opposition rallies. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081710/1/GE-Income-gap-housing-foreign-talent-par-for-course-at-opposition-rallies Ramesh, S. (2011, April 29). Mm lee cautions aljunied voters of consequences of voting in opposition. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081615/1/MM-Lee-cautions-Aljunied-voters-of-consequences-of-voting-in-opposition Ramesh, S., & Saad, I. (2011, April 25). Ge: Mm lee says singapore is not disney world. Channel News Asia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081504/1/GE-MM-Lee-says-Singapore-is-not-Disney-World Reuters. (2011, April 27). Factbox: Main issues in Singapore`s 2011 general election. Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/04/27/11/factbox-main-issues-singapores-2011-general-election Rich, C. (2010). Writing and reporting news: a coaching method. Boston: Wadsworth. S pass - before you apply. (2012, November 26). Retrieved from http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes- visas/s-pass/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx Saad, I., & Mukherjee, T. (2010, May 03). Ge: Be careful when tinkering with system that has worked, says pm lee. Channelnewsasia.. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081725/1/GE-Be-careful-when-tinkering-with-system-that-has-worked-says-PM-Lee Sauerhaft, S. & Atkins, C. (1989). Image Wars: Protecting Your Company When There`s No Place To Hide. United States of America: John Wiley & Songs. Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. (2003). Comminication and organizational crisis. Westport, Conneticut: Praeger Publishers. Singapore parlimertary election 1991. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-1991-ge/ Singapore parlimertary election 1997. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-1997-ge/ Singapore parlimertary election 2001. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-2001-ge/ Singapore parlimertary election 2006. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-2006-ge/
Siow, M. (2011, April 18). Ge: Ground "not so sweet" for elections, says sm goh. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081407/1/GE-Ground-not-so-sweet-for-elections-says-SM-Goh Sheldon, C. (1999). Image repair on the politcal front:an experiment testing effects of communication strategy and performance history in a political faux pas. (Master`s thesis)Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:g3DiR2vizsUJ:athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/bitstream/handle/10724/8921/sheldon_catherine_a_200605_ma.pdf?sequence=1 &hl=en&gl=tw&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgzu-25_mqko8cfF_xF1EaSEM4ADAmjusmu4QVzOyI9vsfUqo2mj0V-xetPCAWDho8p5Xy2OCBLB-u00ksQWPdjlZxB15RBRU9JQ2b5OazIoql5oGmhkhqj36yGe6XqtlhjqfAC&sig=AHIEtbTU7kIYF5EkMBzBwbIYra3ZGlYZGw Shepard, R. (2009). Toward a theory of simulated atonement: A case study of president george w. bush’s response to the abu ghraib torture scandal. Communication Studies, 60 (5), 460–475. Singapore press holdings| our products - newspapers - the straits times. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.sph.com.sg/ourproducts_newspaper_st.shtml Singh, K., & Wheatly, P. (1989). Management of success: The moulding of modern Singapore. (p. 634). Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies. Stephenson, D. (1998). How to succeed in newspaper journalism. London: Kogan Page limited. Stewart, H. C., & Clarke, H. D. (1992). The (un)importance of party leaders: Leaders image and party choice in the 1987 british election. The journal or politics, 54(2), 447-470. Tan, J. (2011, May 5). Listening to citizens` concerns sincerely [ST Online forum comment]. Tan , J. (2012, August 22). Behind singapore inc. (part i): The growing class of `working poor`. Yahoo!News. Retrieved from http://sg.news.yahoo.com/behind-singapore-inc---part-i---the-growing-class-of--working-poor-.html Tan, K. (2009). State and institution building. In L. Thio & K. Tan (Eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty years of the Singapore Constitution (p. 72). OXon: Routledge. Tan, L. (2012, July 5). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.tremeritus.com/2012/07/05/pap-ignores-sg-income-inequality-at-its-own-peril/ Toh, E., & Lim, J. (2011, May 4). `please take good care of singapore. it`s a precious jewel`; pm lee to young voters. The Straits Times Tremewan. (1996). The political economy of social control in singapore. (pp. 155-156). New York: St Martin`s Press Inc. Trent, J. S., & Friedenberg, R. V. (2000). Political campaign communication, prinicples and practices. (4th ed.). Westport, Conneticut: Praegers Publishers.
Ulmer, R. R. (2001). Effective crisis management through established stakeholder relationships: Malden mills as a case study. Management Communication Quarterly, 14 (4), 590-615. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L. & Seeger, M. W. (2007). Effective crisis communication - Moving from crisis to opportunity. London: Sage Publications.
US Census Bureau, (2010). Table 40. native and foreign-born populations by selected characteristics: 2010. Retrieved from website: http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0040.pdf Wilcox, D. L. & Cameron, G. T. (2009). Public relations: Strategies and tactics, study edition, 9/E. Washington: Pearson. Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick , J. R. (2006). Mass media research: an introduction. (8 ed., pp. 150-73). Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth. Wong, G. (2011, May 5). What voters expect after pm`s apology [ST Online forum comment]. Wong, M. (2010, April 24). Ge: Mah bow tan hits out at wp`s housing policies again. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081493/1/GE-Mah-Bow-Tan-hits-out-at-WPs-housing-policies-again Wong, M. (2011, May 06). Ge: Pap`s campaign wrap. Channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http://www.ge.sg/stories/elections2/view/1081821/1/GE-PAPs-campaign-wrap Yong, C. Ministry of Education, (2012). Singapore ranked fifth in global education survey. Retrieved from The Straits Times website: http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/news/2012/11/singapore-ranked-fifth-in-glob.php |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 新聞研究所 100451026 101 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1004510261 |
Data Type: | thesis |
Appears in Collections: | [新聞學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
File |
Size | Format | |
026101.pdf | 1654Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 800 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|