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    题名: 歐巴馬對美國在阿富汗外交政策的承續與變革
    Inherited or Innovation, Obama`s Foreign Policy in Afghanistan
    作者: 胡育瑋
    贡献者: 黃奎博
    胡育瑋
    关键词: 歐巴馬
    美國外交政策
    米德
    美國－阿富汗關係
    傑佛遜主義
    Barack H. Obama
    Foreign Policy
    Walter Russell Mead
    United States-Afghanistan Relations
    Jeffersonism
    日期: 2012
    上传时间: 2013-03-01 09:27:14 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 美國由於在國家形成及歷史上與其他歐陸國家大不相同，外交政策不能單純只用傳統的現實主義－理想主義二元法來分析。本文嘗試使用米德（Walter Russell Mead）在Special Providence 一書中所提出美國外交政策的四種傳統學派：漢米爾頓主義(Hamiltonism)、威爾遜主義(Wilsonism)、傑佛遜主義(Jeffersonism)與傑克遜主義(Jacksonism)作為分析架構，並以歐巴馬第一個總統任期內的阿富汗政策為研究標的。本文比較歐巴馬（Barrack Obama）在阿富汗的外交政策與其他二戰後的美國總統的阿富汗外交政策後，得到一個結果。歐巴馬的阿富汗政策不但傳承了美國外交政策的意識形態，也是一種創新。並由這個結果檢驗米德的分析架構。
    透過米德的分析架構，無論是概觀歐巴馬政府的整體外交政策，還是聚焦於阿富汗外交政策上，都具有米德所提出「傑佛遜主義」的特徵與精神。與過去的美國總統比較，歐巴馬政府在阿富汗的外交政策，是一個具有整體性、長遠性的創新計畫。然而，本文亦發現，米德的架構雖然可以有效地分析美國外交政策，卻無法很好地解釋為何歐巴馬與同樣屬於「傑佛遜主義」的卡特（Jimmy Carter）或類似國際環境下的柯林頓（Bill Clinton）在阿富汗政策上出現的強烈差異。最後，本文引入巴柏（James Barber）所提出，個性 （character）會影響美國總統在外交政策上的選擇。用以來對米德的架構進行檢討與補強，並且提出未來研究者繼續在此議題研究之基礎與方向。
    Due to the differences in the state-formation and history from other European countries, United States (U.S.) foreign policy cannot be simply analyzed with the conventional realism-idealism binary method. This thesis uses Walter Russell Mead’s four traditional schools of U.S. foreign policy, namely Hamiltonism, Wilsonism, Jeffersonism and Jacksonism, as an analytical framework and studies Barack H. Obama’s Afghanistan policy in his first presidential term. Not only does this thesis examine Mead’s analytical framework, but it also briefly compares Obama`s foreign policy toward Afghanistan with those of the other post-World War II U.S. Presidents and evaluates his policy as both continuation and innovation.
    This thesis points out that Obama`s foreign policy, whether reviewed in general or focused on Afghanistan, has both Jeffersonian features and spirits as Mead proposed. Compared with the Afghanistan policies of his predecessors, Obama`s foreign policy toward Afghanistan is a comprehensive long-term innovation plan. However, even if Mead’s framework can be used to scrutinize U.S. foreign policy effectively, it cannot explain the differences in foreign policies toward Afghanistan among Obama, Jimmy Carter who was categorized as a Jeffersonian as well, and Bill Clinton who was in the similar international environment. In order to reinforce Mead’s framework, I cite James Barber’s mental research on how U.S. presidents’ characters affect their foreign policies and believe that it is their personal characters that mainly determine the nuance in their policies toward Afghanistan. Finally, this thesis provides to other researchers a groundwork and a direction of suggested further research on this subject.
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