Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/55131
|
| Title: | 從事件關聯電位探討非意識性情緒調控的時間歷程與效果
Investigating the temporal dynamics of non-conscious emotion regulation processing and effects using event-related potentials |
| Authors: | 楊宗翰
Yang, Tsung Han |
| Contributors: | 顏乃欣
Yen, Nai Shing
楊宗翰
Yang, Tsung Han |
| Keywords: | 情緒調控
非意識目標
重新評估
壓抑
事件關聯電位
emotion regulation
non-conscious goals
reappraisal
suppression
event-related potential |
| Date: | 2012 |
| Issue Date: | 2012-11-01 13:57:58 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 大部分情緒調控研究，著重於意圖性(deliberate)調控策略的使用與效果比較(如認知再評估與壓抑)。Bargh, Lee-Chai, Barndollar, Gollwitzer, & Trötschel (2001)透過一系列實驗發現，高階的行為目標，即便在人類覺知外激發，亦能促發人們非意識地產生該目標，並有相關的追求行為。在這樣的理論與實證支持下，Mauss, Cook, & Gross (2007)驗證了情緒調控能以非意識行為進行。Williams, Bargh, Nocera, & Gray (2009)的研究更發現不管是意識或是非意識性地進行情緒調控，都能有效降低心跳改變率。由於目前仍缺乏許多非意識性情緒調控的效果與歷程證據，本研究目的即在藉由事件關聯電位，探討非意識性情緒調控的效果與時間歷程。實驗一透過事件關聯電位，驗證情緒調控能在非意識情況下發生，並發現非意識性壓抑能發生在情緒反應剛產生的300至700毫秒內。實驗二則加入了意識性重新評估與壓抑組參與者，與非意識性重新評估與壓抑組作比較。結果顯示，對參與者而言，(1) 正向情緒為一較容易調控的情緒類別。(2) 使用重新評估調控情緒的效果，仍顯著優於使用壓抑策略。(3) 非意識性情緒調控的結果，也比意識性調控情緒來得較佳。這樣的實驗結果支持了非意識情緒調控的可行性與優點。
Studies of emotion regulations mostly focused on deliberate control strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and suppression. Bargh and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments and found higher behavioral goals could be primed non-consciously, i.e. outside human awareness (Bargh et al., 2001). Under these assumptions, Mauss, Cook and Gross (2007) verified how emotion regulations be formed through non-conscious behaviors. Williams, Bargh, Nocera, and Gray (2009) also found both conscious and non-conscious reappraisals deduced heart-rate changes. However, it is lack of studies investigating the effects and temporal dynamics of non-conscious emotion regulation. The purpose of this research is to analyze the temporal dynamics and effects of non-conscious emotion regulation processing using event-related potentials. In the first experiment, we verified emotion regulation could be operated under non-conscious way. Also we found non-conscious suppressed goals would be primed and regulated at the beginning of emotional response, i.e., in 300-700ms after the onset of emotion pictures. In the second experiment, we added conscious reappraisal and suppression condition for comparing the non-conscious and conscious regulated effects and time processes. The results showed (1) It was easy for participants to regulate positive emotion. (2) The emotion regulation effect was better with reappraisal strategy than with suppression. (3) Non-conscious emotion regulation would result in better regulated outcomes than conscious emotion regulation. These results supported the practicability and advantages of non-conscious emotion regulation. |
| Reference: | Adams, G., & Markus, H. R. (2004). Toward a conception of culture suitable for a
social psychology of culture. In M. Schaller & C. S. Crandall (Eds.), The
Psychological Foundations of Culture (pp. 335-360). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Alexander, F. (1939). Psychological aspects of medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1,
7-18.
Alexander, F. (1950). Psychosomatic medicine: Its principles and applications. New
York: Norton.
Atkinson, J. W., & Birch, D. (1970). A dynamic theory of action. New York: Wiley.
Bargh, J. A. Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of thought and behavior. In:
Higgins, ET.; Sorrentino, RM., editors. Handbook of motivation and cognition.
Vol. 2. New York: Guilford Press; 1990. p. 93-130.
Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). The automaticity of social behavior:
Direct effects of trait concept and stereotype activation on action. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). The case for nonconscious emotion regulation.
In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 429–445). New York:
Guilford Press.
Bargh, J. A., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Trötschel, R. (2001).
The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1014–1027.
Barrett, L. F., Gross, J., Christensen, T. C., & Benvenuto, M. (2001). Knowing what
you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between
emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 15,
713–724.
Begleiter, H., Gross, M. M., & Kissin, B. (1967). Evoked cortical responses to
affective visual stimuli. Psychophysiology, 3, 336-344.
Bernat, J. L. (2006). Chronic disorders of consciousness. Lancet, 367, 1181–1192.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang. P. J. (2001). Emotion and
motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in Picture processing. Emotion,
1, 276–298.
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) In the study of emotion and attention. In J. A. Coan and J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 29-46), New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1988). On the nature of self-monitoring: Problems with
assessment, problems with validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 663–678.
Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural Relationships
among dimensions of the DSM–IV anxiety and mood Disorders and dimensions
of negative affect, positive affect, and Autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 107, 179–192.
Butler, E. A., Lee, T. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion regulation and culture: Are
the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific? Emotion, 7(1),
30-48.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). On the structure of behavioral self-regulation.
In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-
regulation (pp. 41-84). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (1999). Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. New
York: Guilford Press.
Chartrand, T. L, Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automatic activation of impression formation
and memorization goals: Nonconscious goal priming reproduces effects of
explicit task instructions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71,
464–478.
Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000).
Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic
arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52, 95–111.
Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes` error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: G. P.: Putnam`s Sons.
Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The temporal dynamics of two response-focused forms of emotion regulation: Experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences. Psychophysiology, 48, 1309-1322.
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., & Filion, D. L. (2007). The electrodermal system. In
J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary & G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (3 ed., pp. 159-181). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled
components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18.
Dimberg, U., Hansson, G. Ö ., & Thunberg, M. (1998). Fear of snakes and facial
reactions: A case of rapid emotional responding. Scandinavian Journal of
Psychology, 39, 75–80.
Dolcos, F, Cabeza, R. (2002). Event-related potentials of emotional memory:
encoding pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Cognitive, Affective, and
Behavioral Neuroscience, 2, 252–263.
Dunn, J. C, & Kirsner, K. (1988). Discovering functionally independent mental
processes: The principle of reversed association. Psychological Review, 95,
91-101.
Erber, R., Wegner, D. M., & Therriault, N. (1996). On being cool and collected: Mood
regulation in anticipation of social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 70, 757-766.
Fawzy, E. I., Fawzy, N. W., Hyun, C. S., Elashoff, R., Guthrie, D., Fahey, J. L., &
Morton, D. L. (1993). Malignant melanoma: Effects of an early structured
psychiatric intervention, coping, and affective state on recurrence and survival 6
years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 681-689.
Forgas, J. P., & Ciarrochi, J. V. (2002). On managing moods: Evidence for the role of
homeostatic cognitive strategies in affect regulation. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 28, 336-345.
Foti, D., Hajcak, G., (2008). Deconstructing reappraisal: descriptions preceding
arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response. Journal of Cognitive
and Neuroscience. 20, 977–988.
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of
emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological
Psychiatry, 63, 577–586.
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Liu, C. (1995). Wiederaufnahme [Resumption]. In J. Kuhl & H.
Heckhausen (Eds.), Enzyklopaedie der Psychologie: Teilband C/IV/4. Motivation, Volition und Handlung [Encyclopedia of psychology: Vol. C/IV/4. Motivation, volition, and action] (pp. 209-240). Goettingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
Gross, J. J. (1989). Emotional expression in cancer onset and progression. Social
Science and Medicine, 28, 1239-1248.
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and Response-Focused Emotion Regulation:
Divergent Consequences for Experience, Expression, and Physiology. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1), 224-237.
Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current
Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 214–219.
Gross, J. J. (2002) Emotion Regulation: Affective, cognitive, and Social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation
processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-
report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
64, 970-986.
Gross, J. J. & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting
negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106 (1), 95-
103.
Hajcak, G., Dunning, J., & Foti, D. (2009). Motivated and controlled attention to
emotion: Time-course of the late positive potential. Clinical Neurophysiology,
120, 505–510.
Hajcak, G., MacNamara, A., & Olvet, D. M. (2010). Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: An integrative review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35, 129-155.
Hajcak, G.& Nieuwenhuis, S. (2006). Reappraisal modulates the Electrocortical
response to unpleasant pictures. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavior Neuroscience,
6(4), 291-297.
Hajcak, G., & Olvet, D. M. (2008). The persistence of attention to emotion: Brain
potentials during and after picture presentation. Emotion, 8, 250–255.
Halliday, J. L. (1937). Approach to asthma. British Journal of Medical Psychology,
17, 1-53.
Hamilton, D. L., Katz, L. B., & Leirer, V. O. (1980). Organizational processes in
impression formation. In R. Hastie, T. M. Ostrom, E. B. Ebbesen, R. S. Wyer, D.
L. Hamilton, & D. E. Carlston (Eds.). Person memory: The cognitive basis of
social perception (pp. 121-153). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hassin, R. R., Uleman, J. S., & Bargh, J. A. (2005). The new unconscious. New York,
NY: Oxford University Press.
Hebb, D. O. (1972). Emotional Arousal and Performance. In Textbook of Psychology,
3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
Hirschberger, G., Ein-Dor, T., Caspi, A., Arzouan, Y., & Zivotofsky, A. (2010).
Looking away from death: Defensive attention as a form of terror management.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 172-178.
James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Holt.
Jostmann, N. B., Koole, S. L., van der Wulp, N. Y., & Fockenberg, D. A. (2005).
Subliminal affect regulation: The moderating role of action vs. state orientation.
European Psychologist, 10, 209-217.
Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experience:
Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27,
348–365.
Keil, A., Bradley, M. M., Hauk, O., Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., & Lang, P. J. (2002).
Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing. Psychophysiology,
39, 641–649.
Kitayama, S. , & Markus, H. R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization
of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. InE. Diener & E. Suh (Eds.), Subjective well-being across cultures. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93.
Komorita, S. S., & Parks, C. D. (1995). Interpersonal relations: Mixed motive interaction. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 183-207.
Koole, S. L., & Rothermund, K. (2011). “I feel better but I don’t know why.” The
psychology of implicit emotion regulation. Cognition & Emotion, 25, 389-399.
Krompinger, J. W., Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2008). Modulations of the Electro-
physiological response to pleasant stimuli by cognitive reappraisal. Emotion, 8,
132–137.
Kuhl, J. (2000). A functional-design approach to motivation and self-regulation: The
dynamics of personality systems interactions. In Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P. R., &
Zeidner, M. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 111-169). San Diego:
Academic Press.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture
system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Gainesville,
FL: University of Florida.
Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking
at pictures: Affective, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30,
261–273.
Larsen, R. J., & Prizmic, Z. (2002). Affect regulation. In L. Feldman Barrett, P. M.
Niedenthal, & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Emotion and consciousness (pp. 40-61).
New York: Guilford.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of
emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819-834.
Liddell, B. J., Brown, K. J., Kemp, A. H., Barton, M. J., Das, P., Peduto, A., et al.
(2005). A direct brainstemamygdala - cortical ‘alarm’ system for subliminal
signals of fear. Neuroimage, 24, 235–243.
Lifshitz, K. (1966). The average evoked cortical response to complex visual stimuli.
Psychophysiology 3, 55-68.
MacNamara, A., Foti, D., Hajcak, G. (2009). Tell me about it: neural activity elicited
by emotional stimuli and preceding descriptions. Emotion, 9, 531-543.
Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation during
an anger provocation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 698–711.
Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N.H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotion. Psychological
Bulletin, 112, 179–204.
Mikulincer, M., Birnbaum, G., Woddis, D., & Nachmias, O. (2000). Stress and
accessibility of proximity-related thoughts: Exploring the normative and
intraindividual components of attachment theory. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 78, 509-523.
Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning Reconceptualization of
personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252-283.
Morris, W. N., & Reilly, N. P. (1987). Toward the self-regulation of mood: Theory
and research. Motivation and Emotion, 11, 215-249.
Moser, J. S., Krompinger, J. W., Dietz, J., & Simons, R. F. (2009). Electro-
physiological correlates of decreasing and increasing Emotional responses to
unpleasant pictures. Psychophysiology, 46, 17-27.
Müsseler, J., & Hommel, B. (1997). Blindness to response-compatible stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23,
861-872.
Nieuwenhuis, S., Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). Decision making, the P3,
and the locus coeruleus - norepinephrine system. Psychological Bulletin, 131,
510–532.
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking
feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of
Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1215-1229.
Olofsson, J. K., Nordin, S., Sequeira, H., & Polich, J. (2008). Affective picture
processing: An integrative review of ERP findings. Biological Psychology, 77,
247-265.
Ovsiankina, M. (1928). Die Wiederaufnahme unterbrochener Handlungen [The
resumption of disrupted activities]. Psychologische Forschung, 11, 302-379.
Palomba, D., Angrilli, A., & Mini, A. (1997). Visual evoked potentials, heart rate
responses and memory to emotional pictorial stimuli. International journal of
Psychophysiology, 27, 55-67.
Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas
and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of
Consulting and ClinicaI Psychology,, 56, 239-245.
Phillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008). A neural model of
voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: Implications for understanding the
pathphysiology and neuro development of bipolar disorder. Molecular
Psychiatry, 13 (9), 833–857.
Rippere, V. (1977). "What`s the thing to do when you`re feeling depressed?"-A pilot
study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 15, 185-191.
Radilovà, J. (1989). P300 and the emotional states studied by psychophysiological
methods. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 7, 364-366.
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive
costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 79,
410–424.
Rizzolatti, G., & Arbib, M. A. (1998). Language within our grasp. Trends in
Neuroscience, 21, 188-194.
Rugg, M. D, & Coles, M. G. H. (1995). Electrophysiology of mind: event-related
brain potentials and cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Keil, A., & Bradley, M. M. (2007). Emotional Perception:
Correlation of Functional MRI and Event-Related Potentials. Cerebral Cortex,
17, 1085–1091.
Schacter, D. (1987).Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition ,13, 501–518.
Schacter, D. L. (1997). The cognitive neuroscience of memory: Perspectives from
neuroimaging research. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 352,
1689–1695.
Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2006). Adult attachment strategies and the regulation
of emotion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 446-465).
New York: Guilford.
Schupp, H. T., Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., Cacioppo, J. T., Ito, T.,&Lang, P. J.
(2000). Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by
motivational relevance. Psychophysiology, 37, 257–261.
Schupp, H. T., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I.,& Hamm, A. O. (2004). The selective
processing of briefly presented affective pictures: An ERP analysis.
Psychophysiology, 41, 441–449.
Shiffrin, R. M., & Dumais, S. T. (1981). The development of automatism. In J. R.
Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 111-140). Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Shiffrin, R. M, Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information
processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory.
Psychological Review, 84, 127–190.
Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological
Bulletin, 119, 3–22.
Speisman, J. C., Lazarus, R. S., Mordkoff, A., & Davidson, L. (1964). Experimental
reduction of stress based on ego-defense theory. Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology, 68, 367-380.
Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1979). The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1660-1672.
Thiruchselvam, R., Blechert, J., Sheppes, G., Rydstrom, A., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The
temporal dynamics of emotion regulation: An EEG study of distraction and
reappraisal. Biological Psychology, 87, 84-92.
Tompkins, S. S. (1984). Affect theory. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.),
Approaches to emotion (pp. 163-195). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social
behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220–247.
Thompson, R. A. (1991). Emotional regulation and emotional development.
Educational Psychology Review, 3, 269-307.
Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, (Serial No. 240), 25-52.
Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic process of mental control. Psychological Review, 101,
34-52.
Wicklund, R. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1982). Symbolic self-completion. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum. Williams, L. E., Bargh, J. A., Nocera, C. C., & Gray, J. R. (2009). The
unconscious regulation of emotion: Nonconscious reappraisal goals modulate
emotional reactivity. Emotion, 9(6), 847-854.
Zani, A., & Proverbio, A. M. (2003). The Cognitive Electrophysiology of Mind and
Brain. San Diego: Academic Press.
Yen, N. S., Chen, K. H., & Liu, E. H. (2010). Emotional modulation of the late
positive potential (LPP) generalizes to Chinese individuals. International journal
of psychophysiology, 75, 319–325.
Yen, N. S., Liao, R. M., Yang, C. M., Huang, S. L., & Tsai, J. L. (2012). The Taiwan
affective pictures system. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
98752012
101 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098752012 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [心理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 201201.pdf | 2702Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1002 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
