政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/55131
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 113656/144643 (79%)
造访人次 : 51735561      在线人数 : 603
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻
    政大機構典藏 > 理學院 > 心理學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/55131


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/55131


    题名: 從事件關聯電位探討非意識性情緒調控的時間歷程與效果
    Investigating the temporal dynamics of non-conscious emotion regulation processing and effects using event-related potentials
    作者: 楊宗翰
    Yang, Tsung Han
    贡献者: 顏乃欣
    Yen, Nai Shing
    楊宗翰
    Yang, Tsung Han
    关键词: 情緒調控
    非意識目標
    重新評估
    壓抑
    事件關聯電位
    emotion regulation
    non-conscious goals
    reappraisal
    suppression
    event-related potential
    日期: 2012
    上传时间: 2012-11-01 13:57:58 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 大部分情緒調控研究，著重於意圖性(deliberate)調控策略的使用與效果比較(如認知再評估與壓抑)。Bargh, Lee-Chai, Barndollar, Gollwitzer, & Trötschel (2001)透過一系列實驗發現，高階的行為目標，即便在人類覺知外激發，亦能促發人們非意識地產生該目標，並有相關的追求行為。在這樣的理論與實證支持下，Mauss, Cook, & Gross (2007)驗證了情緒調控能以非意識行為進行。Williams, Bargh, Nocera, & Gray (2009)的研究更發現不管是意識或是非意識性地進行情緒調控，都能有效降低心跳改變率。由於目前仍缺乏許多非意識性情緒調控的效果與歷程證據，本研究目的即在藉由事件關聯電位，探討非意識性情緒調控的效果與時間歷程。實驗一透過事件關聯電位，驗證情緒調控能在非意識情況下發生，並發現非意識性壓抑能發生在情緒反應剛產生的300至700毫秒內。實驗二則加入了意識性重新評估與壓抑組參與者，與非意識性重新評估與壓抑組作比較。結果顯示，對參與者而言，(1) 正向情緒為一較容易調控的情緒類別。(2) 使用重新評估調控情緒的效果，仍顯著優於使用壓抑策略。(3) 非意識性情緒調控的結果，也比意識性調控情緒來得較佳。這樣的實驗結果支持了非意識情緒調控的可行性與優點。
    Studies of emotion regulations mostly focused on deliberate control strategies such as cognitive reappraisal and suppression. Bargh and his colleagues conducted a series of experiments and found higher behavioral goals could be primed non-consciously, i.e. outside human awareness (Bargh et al., 2001). Under these assumptions, Mauss, Cook and Gross (2007) verified how emotion regulations be formed through non-conscious behaviors. Williams, Bargh, Nocera, and Gray (2009) also found both conscious and non-conscious reappraisals deduced heart-rate changes. However, it is lack of studies investigating the effects and temporal dynamics of non-conscious emotion regulation. The purpose of this research is to analyze the temporal dynamics and effects of non-conscious emotion regulation processing using event-related potentials. In the first experiment, we verified emotion regulation could be operated under non-conscious way. Also we found non-conscious suppressed goals would be primed and regulated at the beginning of emotional response, i.e., in 300-700ms after the onset of emotion pictures. In the second experiment, we added conscious reappraisal and suppression condition for comparing the non-conscious and conscious regulated effects and time processes. The results showed (1) It was easy for participants to regulate positive emotion. (2) The emotion regulation effect was better with reappraisal strategy than with suppression. (3) Non-conscious emotion regulation would result in better regulated outcomes than conscious emotion regulation. These results supported the practicability and advantages of non-conscious emotion regulation.
    參考文獻: Adams, G., & Markus, H. R. (2004). Toward a conception of culture suitable for a
    social psychology of culture. In M. Schaller & C. S. Crandall (Eds.), The
    Psychological Foundations of Culture (pp. 335-360). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Anderson, J. R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
    University Press.
    Alexander, F. (1939). Psychological aspects of medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1,
    7-18.
    Alexander, F. (1950). Psychosomatic medicine: Its principles and applications. New
    York: Norton.
    Atkinson, J. W., & Birch, D. (1970). A dynamic theory of action. New York: Wiley.
    Bargh, J. A. Auto-motives: Preconscious determinants of thought and behavior. In:
    Higgins, ET.; Sorrentino, RM., editors. Handbook of motivation and cognition.
    Vol. 2. New York: Guilford Press; 1990. p. 93-130.
    Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). The automaticity of social behavior:
    Direct effects of trait concept and stereotype activation on action. Journal of
    Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.
    Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). The case for nonconscious emotion regulation.
    In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 429–445). New York:
    Guilford Press.
    Bargh, J. A., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Trötschel, R. (2001).
    The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1014–1027.
    Barrett, L. F., Gross, J., Christensen, T. C., & Benvenuto, M. (2001). Knowing what
    you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between
    emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 15,
    713–724.
    Begleiter, H., Gross, M. M., & Kissin, B. (1967). Evoked cortical responses to
    affective visual stimuli. Psychophysiology, 3, 336-344.
    Bernat, J. L. (2006). Chronic disorders of consciousness. Lancet, 367, 1181–1192.
    Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang. P. J. (2001). Emotion and
    motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in Picture processing. Emotion,
    1, 276–298.
    Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2007). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) In the study of emotion and attention. In J. A. Coan and J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 29-46), New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1988). On the nature of self-monitoring: Problems with
    assessment, problems with validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 663–678.
    Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Structural Relationships
    among dimensions of the DSM–IV anxiety and mood Disorders and dimensions
    of negative affect, positive affect, and Autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal
    Psychology, 107, 179–192.
    Butler, E. A., Lee, T. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion regulation and culture: Are
    the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific? Emotion, 7(1),
    30-48.
    Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). On the structure of behavioral self-regulation.
    In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-
    regulation (pp. 41-84). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (1999). Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. New
    York: Guilford Press.
    Chartrand, T. L, Bargh, J. A. (1996). Automatic activation of impression formation
    and memorization goals: Nonconscious goal priming reproduces effects of
    explicit task instructions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71,
    464–478.
    Cuthbert, B. N., Schupp, H. T., Bradley, M. M., Birbaumer, N., & Lang, P. J. (2000).
    Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic
    arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52, 95–111.
    Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes` error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: G. P.: Putnam`s Sons.
    Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The temporal dynamics of two response-focused forms of emotion regulation: Experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences. Psychophysiology, 48, 1309-1322.
    Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
    Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., & Filion, D. L. (2007). The electrodermal system. In
    J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary & G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (3 ed., pp. 159-181). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled
    components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18.
    Dimberg, U., Hansson, G. Ö ., & Thunberg, M. (1998). Fear of snakes and facial
    reactions: A case of rapid emotional responding. Scandinavian Journal of
    Psychology, 39, 75–80.
    Dolcos, F, Cabeza, R. (2002). Event-related potentials of emotional memory:
    encoding pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Cognitive, Affective, and
    Behavioral Neuroscience, 2, 252–263.
    Dunn, J. C, & Kirsner, K. (1988). Discovering functionally independent mental
    processes: The principle of reversed association. Psychological Review, 95,
    91-101.
    Erber, R., Wegner, D. M., & Therriault, N. (1996). On being cool and collected: Mood
    regulation in anticipation of social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social
    Psychology, 70, 757-766.
    Fawzy, E. I., Fawzy, N. W., Hyun, C. S., Elashoff, R., Guthrie, D., Fahey, J. L., &
    Morton, D. L. (1993). Malignant melanoma: Effects of an early structured
    psychiatric intervention, coping, and affective state on recurrence and survival 6
    years later. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 681-689.
    Forgas, J. P., & Ciarrochi, J. V. (2002). On managing moods: Evidence for the role of
    homeostatic cognitive strategies in affect regulation. Personality and Social
    Psychology Bulletin, 28, 336-345.
    Foti, D., Hajcak, G., (2008). Deconstructing reappraisal: descriptions preceding
    arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response. Journal of Cognitive
    and Neuroscience. 20, 977–988.
    Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of
    emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological
    Psychiatry, 63, 577–586.
    Gollwitzer, P. M., & Liu, C. (1995). Wiederaufnahme [Resumption]. In J. Kuhl & H.
    Heckhausen (Eds.), Enzyklopaedie der Psychologie: Teilband C/IV/4. Motivation, Volition und Handlung [Encyclopedia of psychology: Vol. C/IV/4. Motivation, volition, and action] (pp. 209-240). Goettingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
    Gross, J. J. (1989). Emotional expression in cancer onset and progression. Social
    Science and Medicine, 28, 1239-1248.
    Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and Response-Focused Emotion Regulation:
    Divergent Consequences for Experience, Expression, and Physiology. Journal of
    Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1), 224-237.
    Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current
    Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 214–219.
    Gross, J. J. (2002) Emotion Regulation: Affective, cognitive, and Social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291.
    Gross, J. J., & John, O. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation
    processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of
    Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362.
    Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-
    report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
    64, 970-986.
    Gross, J. J. & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting
    negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106 (1), 95-
    103.
    Hajcak, G., Dunning, J., & Foti, D. (2009). Motivated and controlled attention to
    emotion: Time-course of the late positive potential. Clinical Neurophysiology,
    120, 505–510.
    Hajcak, G., MacNamara, A., & Olvet, D. M. (2010). Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: An integrative review. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35, 129-155.
    Hajcak, G.& Nieuwenhuis, S. (2006). Reappraisal modulates the Electrocortical
    response to unpleasant pictures. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavior Neuroscience,
    6(4), 291-297.
    Hajcak, G., & Olvet, D. M. (2008). The persistence of attention to emotion: Brain
    potentials during and after picture presentation. Emotion, 8, 250–255.
    Halliday, J. L. (1937). Approach to asthma. British Journal of Medical Psychology,
    17, 1-53.
    Hamilton, D. L., Katz, L. B., & Leirer, V. O. (1980). Organizational processes in
    impression formation. In R. Hastie, T. M. Ostrom, E. B. Ebbesen, R. S. Wyer, D.
    L. Hamilton, & D. E. Carlston (Eds.). Person memory: The cognitive basis of
    social perception (pp. 121-153). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Hassin, R. R., Uleman, J. S., & Bargh, J. A. (2005). The new unconscious. New York,
    NY: Oxford University Press.
    Hebb, D. O. (1972). Emotional Arousal and Performance. In Textbook of Psychology,
    3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
    Hirschberger, G., Ein-Dor, T., Caspi, A., Arzouan, Y., & Zivotofsky, A. (2010).
    Looking away from death: Defensive attention as a form of terror management.
    Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 172-178.
    James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Holt.
    Jostmann, N. B., Koole, S. L., van der Wulp, N. Y., & Fockenberg, D. A. (2005).
    Subliminal affect regulation: The moderating role of action vs. state orientation.
    European Psychologist, 10, 209-217.
    Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experience:
    Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27,
    348–365.
    Keil, A., Bradley, M. M., Hauk, O., Rockstroh, B., Elbert, T., & Lang, P. J. (2002).
    Large-scale neural correlates of affective picture processing. Psychophysiology,
    39, 641–649.
    Kitayama, S. , & Markus, H. R. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization
    of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. InE. Diener & E. Suh (Eds.), Subjective well-being across cultures. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press
    Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93.
    Komorita, S. S., & Parks, C. D. (1995). Interpersonal relations: Mixed motive interaction. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 183-207.
    Koole, S. L., & Rothermund, K. (2011). “I feel better but I don’t know why.” The
    psychology of implicit emotion regulation. Cognition & Emotion, 25, 389-399.
    Krompinger, J. W., Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2008). Modulations of the Electro-
    physiological response to pleasant stimuli by cognitive reappraisal. Emotion, 8,
    132–137.
    Kuhl, J. (2000). A functional-design approach to motivation and self-regulation: The
    dynamics of personality systems interactions. In Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P. R., &
    Zeidner, M. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 111-169). San Diego:
    Academic Press.
    Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005). International affective picture
    system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Gainesville,
    FL: University of Florida.
    Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking
    at pictures: Affective, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30,
    261–273.
    Larsen, R. J., & Prizmic, Z. (2002). Affect regulation. In L. Feldman Barrett, P. M.
    Niedenthal, & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Emotion and consciousness (pp. 40-61).
    New York: Guilford.
    Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of
    emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 819-834.
    Liddell, B. J., Brown, K. J., Kemp, A. H., Barton, M. J., Das, P., Peduto, A., et al.
    (2005). A direct brainstemamygdala - cortical ‘alarm’ system for subliminal
    signals of fear. Neuroimage, 24, 235–243.
    Lifshitz, K. (1966). The average evoked cortical response to complex visual stimuli.
    Psychophysiology 3, 55-68.
    MacNamara, A., Foti, D., Hajcak, G. (2009). Tell me about it: neural activity elicited
    by emotional stimuli and preceding descriptions. Emotion, 9, 531-543.
    Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation during
    an anger provocation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 698–711.
    Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N.H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotion. Psychological
    Bulletin, 112, 179–204.
    Mikulincer, M., Birnbaum, G., Woddis, D., & Nachmias, O. (2000). Stress and
    accessibility of proximity-related thoughts: Exploring the normative and
    intraindividual components of attachment theory. Journal of Personality and
    Social Psychology, 78, 509-523.
    Mischel, W. (1973). Toward a cognitive social learning Reconceptualization of
    personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252-283.
    Morris, W. N., & Reilly, N. P. (1987). Toward the self-regulation of mood: Theory
    and research. Motivation and Emotion, 11, 215-249.
    Moser, J. S., Krompinger, J. W., Dietz, J., & Simons, R. F. (2009). Electro-
    physiological correlates of decreasing and increasing Emotional responses to
    unpleasant pictures. Psychophysiology, 46, 17-27.
    Müsseler, J., & Hommel, B. (1997). Blindness to response-compatible stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23,
    861-872.
    Nieuwenhuis, S., Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005). Decision making, the P3,
    and the locus coeruleus - norepinephrine system. Psychological Bulletin, 131,
    510–532.
    Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking
    feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of
    Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1215-1229.
    Olofsson, J. K., Nordin, S., Sequeira, H., & Polich, J. (2008). Affective picture
    processing: An integrative review of ERP findings. Biological Psychology, 77,
    247-265.
    Ovsiankina, M. (1928). Die Wiederaufnahme unterbrochener Handlungen [The
    resumption of disrupted activities]. Psychologische Forschung, 11, 302-379.
    Palomba, D., Angrilli, A., & Mini, A. (1997). Visual evoked potentials, heart rate
    responses and memory to emotional pictorial stimuli. International journal of
    Psychophysiology, 27, 55-67.
    Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas
    and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of
    Consulting and ClinicaI Psychology,, 56, 239-245.
    Phillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008). A neural model of
    voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: Implications for understanding the
    pathphysiology and neuro development of bipolar disorder. Molecular
    Psychiatry, 13 (9), 833–857.
    Rippere, V. (1977). "What`s the thing to do when you`re feeling depressed?"-A pilot
    study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 15, 185-191.
    Radilovà, J. (1989). P300 and the emotional states studied by psychophysiological
    methods. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 7, 364-366.
    Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive
    costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 79,
    410–424.
    Rizzolatti, G., & Arbib, M. A. (1998). Language within our grasp. Trends in
    Neuroscience, 21, 188-194.
    Rugg, M. D, & Coles, M. G. H. (1995). Electrophysiology of mind: event-related
    brain potentials and cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Sabatinelli, D., Lang, P. J., Keil, A., & Bradley, M. M. (2007). Emotional Perception:
    Correlation of Functional MRI and Event-Related Potentials. Cerebral Cortex,
    17, 1085–1091.
    Schacter, D. (1987).Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of
    Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition ,13, 501–518.
    Schacter, D. L. (1997). The cognitive neuroscience of memory: Perspectives from
    neuroimaging research. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 352,
    1689–1695.
    Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2006). Adult attachment strategies and the regulation
    of emotion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 446-465).
    New York: Guilford.
    Schupp, H. T., Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M., Cacioppo, J. T., Ito, T.,&Lang, P. J.
    (2000). Affective picture processing: The late positive potential is modulated by
    motivational relevance. Psychophysiology, 37, 257–261.
    Schupp, H. T., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I.,& Hamm, A. O. (2004). The selective
    processing of briefly presented affective pictures: An ERP analysis.
    Psychophysiology, 41, 441–449.
    Shiffrin, R. M., & Dumais, S. T. (1981). The development of automatism. In J. R.
    Anderson (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 111-140). Hillsdale,
    NJ: Erlbaum.
    Shiffrin, R. M, Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information
    processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory.
    Psychological Review, 84, 127–190.
    Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological
    Bulletin, 119, 3–22.
    Speisman, J. C., Lazarus, R. S., Mordkoff, A., & Davidson, L. (1964). Experimental
    reduction of stress based on ego-defense theory. Journal of Abnormal and Social
    Psychology, 68, 367-380.
    Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1979). The role of category accessibility in the interpretation of information about persons: Some determinants and implications.
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1660-1672.
    Thiruchselvam, R., Blechert, J., Sheppes, G., Rydstrom, A., & Gross, J. J. (2011). The
    temporal dynamics of emotion regulation: An EEG study of distraction and
    reappraisal. Biological Psychology, 87, 84-92.
    Tompkins, S. S. (1984). Affect theory. In K. R. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.),
    Approaches to emotion (pp. 163-195). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social
    behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220–247.
    Thompson, R. A. (1991). Emotional regulation and emotional development.
    Educational Psychology Review, 3, 269-307.
    Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, (Serial No. 240), 25-52.
    Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic process of mental control. Psychological Review, 101,
    34-52.
    Wicklund, R. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1982). Symbolic self-completion. Hillsdale, NJ:
    Erlbaum. Williams, L. E., Bargh, J. A., Nocera, C. C., & Gray, J. R. (2009). The
    unconscious regulation of emotion: Nonconscious reappraisal goals modulate
    emotional reactivity. Emotion, 9(6), 847-854.
    Zani, A., & Proverbio, A. M. (2003). The Cognitive Electrophysiology of Mind and
    Brain. San Diego: Academic Press.
    Yen, N. S., Chen, K. H., & Liu, E. H. (2010). Emotional modulation of the late
    positive potential (LPP) generalizes to Chinese individuals. International journal
    of psychophysiology, 75, 319–325.
    Yen, N. S., Liao, R. M., Yang, C. M., Huang, S. L., & Tsai, J. L. (2012). The Taiwan
    affective pictures system.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    心理學研究所
    98752012
    101
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098752012
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[心理學系] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 大小格式浏览次数
    201201.pdf2702KbAdobe PDF21003检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈