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Title:	西部苗族的創世記與《聖經》〈創世記〉之比較
Authors:	艾斯翠
Contributors:	張駿逸博士艾斯翠
Keywords:	西部苗族赫蒙苗阿蒙苗花苗希伯來人創世記 Western Miao Hmong A-Mong Hua Miao Hebrews Genesis
Date:	2005
Issue Date:	2009-09-18 10:39:25 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	西部苗族有豐富又多彩的創世故事，這是他們民族分散在廣大的地區並與其他民族接觸的結果。其龐大的神系有需多不同創造天地萬物的神，有的是男神，有的是女神，有的男女神是夫妻而分配創造天地。由於苗族在20世紀起才開始有自己的文字，在此之前他們是以口傳方式延續其創世神話。雖然這些神話故事時有宗教方面的色彩，但是它們本身並無神聖的地位。希伯來人的創世故事記錄於《聖經》〈創世記〉。它們反映了早期的書寫傳統。他們的神是男神，也是唯一的神。因為這些故事的地位神聖，被視為是其唯一正統的創造故事，因此被留傳下來的版本被賦與不可改變或附加其他內容的神聖地位。兩個完全不同的創世傳統可以提供非常豐富的對比研究。筆者對兩個創世傳統所反映對神、對宇宙結構與對道德的觀念特別有興趣。透過研究發現，這兩個表面上完全不同的創世傳統，深入探討後，發現二者竟有許多相似之處。共同的概念包含天地被至高無上之神創造、混沌的原始世界、創造好的完美世界被死亡與疾病破壞、樂園的失去、普世的洪水氾濫、泥土造人、善與惡的對立等。筆者假設以上的共同概念，再加上無故土的西部苗族很容易認同歷史上亡國的希伯來人，導致其對基督教的接受度有比較高的傾向。 The Western Miao have an abundance of rich and colorful creation myths. This is the result of their living scattered over a large area, and interacting with other ethnic groups. Their large pantheon contains many different kinds of creator gods. Some are male, some are female, and some are male/female couples. Because the Miao did not have their own alphabet until the early 20th century, any passing on of their myths was done orally. Although these myths sometimes hint of religious influences, they do not have sacred status in themselves. The Hebrew creation myths are recorded in the Bible, in the book of Genesis. They reflect an early written tradition. Their God is male, and He alone is God. Because of their sacred status, these stories are seen as the only legitimate creation stories. Thus, in passing down these stories, no changes or additions can be made. Two such very different creation traditions provide rich opportunities for comparison. The author is especially interested in examining how these stories reflect different concepts of god, of the structure of the universe, and of morality. This study revealed that while on the surface, these two creation traditions appeared to be very different, a deeper probe revealed many similarities. These included the concept of a supreme creator God, original chaos, a perfect world marred by the introduction of sickness and death, the loss of paradise, a universal flood, man made from clay, the dual opposites of good and evil, etc. The author postulates that these similarities, plus the fact that the Miao, without a homeland, could relate to the Hebrews, contributed to their easy acceptance of Christianity. Key words: Western Miao, Hmong, A-Mong (Hua Miao), Hebrews, Genesis
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As cited in Timothy T. Vang, “Coming a Full Circle: Historical Analysis of the Hmong Church Growth 1950 – 1988” Ph.D. dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1998 p. 66 Grabbe, Lester L. “Hellenistic Judaism”, in Neusner, Jacob ed. 2001 Judaism in Late AntiquityBoston: Brill Academy Publishers, Inc. pp. 53-83. Hall, Stuart “Cultural Identity and Diaspora”, in Rutherford, J. ed., 1990 Identity, Community, Culture, Difference London: Lawrence and Wishart pp. 222-237 Harrell, Stevan "Ethnicity, Local Interests, and the State: Yi Communities in Southwest China," July 1990 Comparative Studies in Society and History 32 pp. 515–48. Hawkins, Kerry L. “The Theology of the Flood”, Seminary Review 34:2 Cited in Dr. Thomas L. Constable, “Notes on Genesis”, 2005 edition pp. 85-87 http://www.soniclight.com/constable/notes/pdf/genesis.pdf (日期2005/10/11) Hoff, Tory “Nephesh and the Fulfillment it Receives as Psuche”, in De Graaff, Dr. Arnold H. & Olthuis, Dr. James H. ed., 1978 Towards a Biblical View of Man: Some Readings, Toronto: The Association for the Advancement of Christian Scholarship pp. 77-131 Knoppers, Gary. N. “Intermarriage, Social Complexity, and Ethnic Diversity in the Genealogy of Judah,” Journal of Biblical Literature, 120/1 (2001) pp.15-30 Krader, Lawrence “Buryat Religion and Society”, in Middleton, John, ed., 1967 Gods and Rituals New York: The Natural History Press pp. 103-132 Lemoine, J. “L’Initiation du Mort chez les Hmong”, L’Homme, XII, 1-3, 1972. Cited in Tapp, Nicholas 1990 Sovereignty and Rebellion, The White Hmong of Northern Thailand Oxford: Oxford University Press p.84 Lewis, Alison “The Western Protestant Missionaries and the Miao in Yunnan and Guizhou, Southwest China”, in Michaud, Jean ed., 2000 Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the South-East Asian Massif Richmond: Curzon Press pp. 79-96 Marcus, David, “The Mission of the Raven (Gen.8:7)”, The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, Volume 29 (2002) pp. 71-80 Millard, Alan “Other Creation Accounts” and “Flood Stories” in Alexander, David and Pat ed., 1973 Eerdmans’ Handbook to the Bible Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, pp. 129-133. Nielsen, E. Oral Tradition, (Studies in Biblical Theology, No. 11, S.C.M. Press, 1954) Quoted in Derek Kidner, 1967 Genesis, an Introduction and Commentary, London: The Tyndale Press p. 24. Norris, Rebecca Sachs “Converting to What? 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Constable, “Notes on Genesis”, 2005 edition pp. 85-87 http://www.soniclight.com/constable/notes/pdf/genesis.pdf(日期2005/10/11) Olrik, Axel “Epic laws of oral narrative”, in Dundes, Alan, ed., The Study of Folklore, (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1965 Rendsburg, Gary A. “The Early History of Israel”, in Young, Gordon D. ed. 1997 Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press pp. 433-453 Ruey Yi-fu (芮逸夫), “The Miao: Their Origins and Southward Migration”, Proceedings of the International Association of Historians of Asia (Second Biennial Conference), Taipei, 1962 Schein, Louisa “The Miao in Contemporary China: A preliminary overview” in Hendricks, Glenn L. ed., 1986 The Hmong in Transition, Staten Island, N.Y.: Center for Migration Studies of New York pp. 73-85 Shiratori, Y. (Tokyo) “Concerning the Racial and Cultural Relation of the Miao”, des Actes du VI Congrès International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnologiques, Paris, 1960 Smalley, William A. “The Gospel and Culture of Laos,” in Readings in Missionary Anthropology II, ed. William A. Smalley (South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1978), p. 202. As cited in Timothy T. Vang, “Coming a Full Circle: Historical Analysis of the Hmong Church Growth 1950 – 1988” Ph.D. dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1998 p. 66 Tapp, Nicholas “Hmong Confucian Ethics and Constructions of the Past”, in Shigeharu Tanabe & Charles F. Keyes (eds.), 2002 Cultural Crisis and Social Memory: Modernity and Identity in Thailand and Laos London: Routledge Curzon pp. 95-110 Von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph “Morality and the Social Order among the Apa Tanis”, in Middleton, John, ed., 1967 Gods and Rituals New York: The Natural History Press pp. 1-19 Webber, Jonathan “Modern Jewish Identities: The Ethnographic Complexities”, Journal of Jewish Studies Autumn 1992, pp. 246-267 Yang, Pa Chou “The Beginning of the World: People, Grains and Meat, Sun and Moon,” in Charles Johnson, ed., 1992 Myths, Legends and Folk Tales from the Hmong in Laos St. Paul: Department of Linguistics, Macalester University Quoted in Timothy T. Vang, “Coming a Full Circle: Historical Analysis of the Hmong Church Growth 1950 – 1988” Ph.D. dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, 1998 pp. 103-105 Yang, Kaiyi 1996 “Hmong or Mongolian”, Hmong forum, January, p. 46-62. Quoted in Schein, Louisa 2000 Minority Rules The Miao and the Feminine in China’s Cultural Politics Durham and London: Duke University Press pp. 54-46. 五、相關網站 [中文] 〈雙語教學及苗文在苗族教育中的作用〉(日期2005/6/25)網址：http://www.edu.cn/20011115/3010053.shtml 《新校本史記》(日期2006/5/30) 網址：http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~tdbproj/handy1/ 「女媧用黃土和水造人」(日期2005/10/16) 網址：http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/0/11/4/c2627.htm 「中國古代發明：青銅器」(日期2006/5/30) 網址：http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/5/3/14/n848027.htm。安天榮威寧苗族風情習俗及其歌謠、傳說等拾零 (日期2005/5/19) 網址：http://www.gz.xinhuanet.com/zfpd/bjdq/wl/contents/lvyou-0212f.htm 吳心源、石維海者〈苗族始祖—盤古考〉(日期2005/10/18) 網址：www.gog.com.cn/gz/art0401/ca563012.htm 李炳澤，《苗族古歌與苗族歷史文化研究》評介(日期2005/6/24) 網址：www.3miao.com/books/review/ping-guge.htm 李炳澤、鄒玉華，「苗族歌謠紀錄翻譯:簡史與思考」 (日期2005/6/24) 網址：http://www.3miao.net/shownews.asp?newsid=620。侯健，「論雲南苗族遷徙及其文化的形成」， 1994年6月初稿，2003年5月修改 (日期2004/2/21) 網址：http://www.3miao.com/hmongology/wholength/history/yunmiao.htm 張曉〈跨國苗族認同的依據和特點〉，(美國加州大學第八屆教育學術年論文) Zhang Xiao, “Common Basis and Characteristics of Miao and Overseas Hmong Identity”, (日期2005/8/2) 網址：http://www.geocities.com/kaoly_y/HistoireCultureLanguage/ZhangXioaChinese34.html 楊冬「紅河州苗族地區經濟文化發展探討」，1998年4月28日，第1頁，(日期2004/3/1) 網址：http://www.hmongyunnan.net/doc/file01.htm 潘定智，「從苗族民間傳承文化看蚩尤與苗族文化精神」， 2004-05-14來源，(日期2006/5/10) 網址：http://www.univs.cn/univs/lzu/minzufengqing/info_display.php?id=100167 譚佛佑「他們撥開了石門檻的濃霧」平本世紀吃貴州省威濘縣石門檻基督教會苗族教育 (日期2005/6/24) 網址：http://www.oc.org/big5_txt/oc3643b.htm [外文] “Bible Revelations” - “God” or “Elohim”, (日期2005/8/4) 網址： http://www.revelations.org.za/Elohim.htm# “Dictionary and Word Search for `raqiya" (Strong`s 07549) ." Blue Letter Bible. 1996-2002. (日期 (日期2005/10/16) 網址：http://mb-soft.com/believe/txh/namesgod.htm “Far Western Hmong Profile”, (日期2006/7/21) 網址：http://www.infomekong.com/hmongwest.htm “Hmong Prayer Updates”, (日期2006/4/1) 網址：http://www.infomekong.com/prayer_Hmong_030430.htm “The Creation Day Sabbath” Jesus and the Acceptable Year of the Lord (2001) (日期2005/7/13) 網址：http://www.rxs.bigstep.com/generic.html?pid=5 2005/8/29) 網址：<http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/words.pl?word=07549&page=1> Anderson, Debra E. “A brief History of the Hebrew Bible”, (日期2005/6/24) 網址： www.trinitarianbiblesociety.org/site/articles/heb.asp Carney, James University College Cork. "Myth." The Literary Encyclopedia. 4 Oct. 2004. The Literary Dictionary Company. (日期2006/2/23) 網址：http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1220 Constable, Thomas L. “Notes on Genesis”, 2005 Edition, (日期2005/10/11) 網址： http://www.soniclight.com/constable/notes/pdf/genesis.pdf Hamilton, Mark “Who was a Jew? 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Lectures on Ancient and Medieval European History. Lecture 4: “The Akkadians, Egyptians and the Hebrews.” (日期2005/9/1) 網址：http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture4b.html Lee, Dr. Gary & Tapp, Dr. Nick “Current Hmong Issues: Ten Point Statement.” p. 1. (日期2005/10/25) 網址：http://www.ikap-mmsea.com/document%20new/Hmong%20Statement.pdf Lee, Gary Yia “Cultural Identity in Post-Modern Society: Reflections on What is a Hmong?” Hmong Studies Journal, Volume One, Number One, Fall 1996. (日期2005/10/25) 網址： http://members.aol.com/hmongstudiesjrnl/HSJv1n1_LeeFr.html Lee, Mai Na M. “The Thousand Year Myth: Construction and Characterization of Hmong”, Hmong Studies Journal v. 2, no. 2, Spring 1998, [6] (日期2005/10/25) 網址：http://members.aol.com/hmongstudiesjrnl/HSJv2n1_Lee.html Maxwell Miller, J. “History or Legend”, (日期2005/11/10) 網址：http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2964 McComiskey, T. E. “Names of God – Elohim – YHWH – Yahweh – Adoni – Abba – Tetragrammaton” Moua, Vayong “Hmong Christianity: Conversion, Consequence and Conflict”, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, 1995. (日期2006/5/9) 網址： http://www.miaoupg.com/hmong.htm Parsons, R. Keith & Parsons, P. Kenneth “Traditional Songs and Stories of the Hua Miao of South West China” (日期2005/7/30) 網址：http://www.archives.ecs.soton.ac.uk/miao/songs/index.html Soggie, Neil “Origins Revisited: Refining the Theory of Conquest Before it’s too Late.” Journal of Biblical Studies, 3/1, January, 2003 (日期2005/11/10) 網址：http://journalofbiblicalstudies.org/Issue6/Origins_Revisited.pdf Strongs Hebrew Dictionary，(日期2005/8/1) 網址：http://www.htmlbible.com/sacrednamebiblecom/kjvstrongs/index2.htm The KJV Old Testament Hebrew (日期2005/5/19) 網址：Lexiconhttp://bible.crosswalk.com/Lexicons/Hebrew/heb.cgi?number=05397 Tsai, Julius N. “The Transformations of Myths Concerning Yu the Great into Daoist Narrative and Ritual”, Draft prepared for the 2003 Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, p. 11. (日期2006/4/4) 網址：http://scbs.stanford.edu/resources/daoism_panel/Transformations%20of%20Yu%204.5.doc Wei, Guo & Zhizhong, Shao “the Three Patterns of Transmission of Chinese Goddess Myths” (日期2005/10/1) 網址：http:// home.vicnet.net.au/~folklife/Abstracts/abstracts.pdf Weiss, Zari “Justice, Justice (and Love and Mercy) shall you pursue”, Union for Reform Judaism, (日期2005/8/8) 網址： http://urj.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=2826&pge_prg_id=14143&pge_id=3447 Wilson, Fred L. “Science and Human Values – Mythology, Chapter 8”, (日期2005/10/13) 網址： http://www.rit.edu/~flwstv/mythology2.htm1 Yang, Neng “History and Origin of the Hmong”, 1995(日期2005/6/24) 網址：www.hmongcenter.org/briefhisofhm.html
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