Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/147052
|
| Title: | 韓國基督新教的性別角色刻板印象之型塑
Gender Role Stereotypes of Korean Protestantism |
| Authors: | 申相允
Shin, Sang-Yun |
| Contributors: | 邱炫元
Syuan-yuan Chiou
申相允
Sang-Yun Shin |
| Keywords: | 基要主義
韓國教會
基督新教
父權文化
性別角色刻板印象
性別歧視
Fundamentalism
Protestant Church
Korean Church
Gender Conflict
Gender role Stereotypes
Patriarchy |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-09-01 15:29:20 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 摘要
本論文探討的主題是韓國基督新教教會的信徒，如何在他們的宗教活動與教會參與中經歷性別不平等，以及他們對於性別刻板化的態度。雖然教會中的婦女信徒比例佔大多數，也從早期教會的建立至今貢獻良多，然而她們多半還是會將教會的父權文化和基要主義的價值合理化。本研究的目的是探討教會的父權文化和基要主義的宗教價值根源，如何使得信徒內化這些價值觀，以及他們如何看待性別平等。因此，我們對汝矣島純福音教會、乙支路長老教會和東灘監理教會三個具有代表性的教會組織成員進行個案訪談，依照他們在教會中的職位、性別和年齡，比較不同社會背景對於性別議題的體驗與觀點。本文認為，父權文化和基要主義乃是兩個導致教會普遍存在的性別不平等最核心的成因。前者衍生教會中對女性的穿著形象刻板化、男女教會職務的分工不平等，以及存在於以男性為主導的管理階層之權威。而後者，則執著於對聖經的字面解讀，反對同性戀加上對母職的刻板化，又加深了教會性別不平等的問題。
我們發現，儘管不同世代的女性受訪者對父權文化的感受有所不同，但她們不否認性別不平等的現象存在。教會無法趕上社會快速變遷的潮流，不願意選派女性擔任牧師與長老的領導職務，否定了女性可以帶領教會的能力。男性受訪者則承認大部分性別不平等的問題，但他們卻認為這是因為男女天生的差別而不可避免所造成。由此本文認為性別不平等的問題非來自於生理性別的差異，而是教會信徒對男女角色的認知有巨大的差異。此外，教會的基要主義價值觀反映在歧視婦女、反對女性擔任牧師、禁止墮胎，並認為性別角色的不同是上帝對個人的安排。基於上述所發現的性別不平等，本研究主張教會的聖經解釋應當強化對生命的尊重的再教育、建立女性帶領的教會，並重新定位母職。教會應該帶頭面對社會的衝突與性別矛盾，並提供給社會邊緣者更多不同的空間，而非一味地壓迫他們。
Abstract
This study analyzes how Christians in Korea`s Protestant Church experience gender inequality and gender role stereotypes in their religious activities. Women constitute the majority of the Protestant churches in Korea and have contributed greatly to the development of the church through activities ranging from the early church to the present. However, the patriarchal culture and fundamentalism of the Korean Church legitimized gender discrimination. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the patriarchal culture and fundamentalist characteristics of Korean Protestant churches affect the Protestant experience and internalize gender discrimination in their respective religious activities and whether they practice gender equality. To this end, I conducted case studies and in-depth interviews with members of three Korean churches, including the Yeouido Full Gospel Church (The assemblies of the god of Korea) and the Methodist Church, which are representative denominations of Korean Protestantism. I also interviewed people by position, sex, and age in the church to compare perceptions and experiences of gender inequality. The results of this study are as follows. The researchers analyzed gender inequality in Protestant churches in Korea as `patriarchy` and `fundamentalism`. Anti-evolutionism based on fundamentalism, anti-Islam, anti-homosexuality, and justification of gender discrimination based on Biblical literalism, as well as patriarchal culture, gender division of labor, and authoritarian culture, are characteristics of the Korean Church.
Korea In particular, women`s organizations in the church point out that generations have different views on patriarchy and gender inequality. The men`s group acknowledged most of the gender inequalities pointed out by the women`s group but considered them inevitable because of the nature of men and women. From the differences in thinking between male and female interviewees, we can see that the root cause of gender conflict is not the difference between the sexes, but the difference in the roles of men and women. In addition, the Korean churches investigated in this study exhibit fundamentalist characteristics. Specifically, Korean churches discriminate against women, oppose female priests, force women into auxiliary roles, prohibit abortion, and stereotype individuals as roles assigned by God from birth to men and women. Based on the above findings, this paper proposes an action plan for the Korean Church to address the problem of women`s oppression and exclusion due to gender inequality. I suggest continuous re-education of biblical interpretation and respect for life, establishment of women`s churches, and reorientation of traditional motherhood. On this basis, through the participation of the Korean Church in society, this paper hopes to discuss religious sociology so that the church can take the lead in resolving conflicts in society, including gender conflict. |
| Reference: | 參考文獻
韓文部分
강남순[姜南順] (1997). 종교· 가족· 페미니즘[宗教、家庭、女權主義]. 한국여성신학[韓國女性神學], (29), 67-72.
강남순[姜南順] (2018). 페미니즘과 기독교 [女權主義和基督新教]. 서울: 대한기독교서회. [大韓基督新教書會].
강남순[姜南順] (2020). 페미니즘 앞에 선 그대에게 - 21세기 페미니즘에 대한 7가지 질문 [向站在女權主義面前的你-關於21世紀女權主義的7個問題].
구형찬[具亨燦] (2018). 혐오와 종교문화: 한국 개신교에 관한 소고[厭惡和宗教文化: 關於韓國新教的小考]. 종교문화비평[宗教文化批評], 33(33), 15-54.
권진관[權鎮觀] (1992). 강화되는 자본주의의 원리와 기독교 [加強的資本主義原理和基督新教]. 기독교사상[基督新教思想], 36(12), 25-32.
기독교윤리실천운동[基督新教倫理實踐運動] (2016). 전문직군별 성폭력범죄 검거인원[各專業職羣性暴力犯罪檢舉人數]. https://www.christiandaily.co.kr/news/73071
길진경[吉鎭慶] (1980). 영계 길선주[靈溪吉善宙]. 서울 종로서적 [鐘路書籍]
김동일[金東日]. (2000). 성의 사회학[姓社會學], 문음사[文吟社].
김병영, 정소희, & 김영호[金炳榮，鄭昭熙，金英浩] (2011). 남아선호 가정에서 성장한 기혼여성의 가족 관계 경험에 관한 질적사례연구: 대상관계이론적 관점[對已婚婦女在偏愛男孩的家庭中成長的家庭關係經歷的定性案例研究： 一個客體關係理論的視角]. 한국사회복지질적연구[韓國社會工作定性研究], 5(2), 95-126.
김성수[金成洙] (2001). 함석헌 평전[咸錫憲評傳]. 서울: 삼인.[ 首爾:三人]
김승태[金勝泰] (2016). [재팬 애드버타이저 (The Japan Advertiser)]의 3.1 운동 관련 보도 [日本廣告商關於韓國3.1運動的報道].한국독립운동사연구[韓國獨立運動史研究], 54, 161-204.
김용준[金容俊]. (2007). 과학과 종교 사이에서[在科學和宗教之間]. 철학과 현실[哲學與現實], 194-212.
김은혜[金恩慧] (2016). 신학적 인문주의자, 칼뱅연구-새로운 기독교 인간주의의 복원을 위하여[神學的人文主義者，喀爾文研究-爲了復原新基督新教人類主義] .신학과 사회[神學與社會], 30(4), 223-258.
김의환[金義煥] (1970).세계 보수신학의 동향 [世界保守神學動向] . 기독교사상[基督新教思想], 14(7), 110-117.
김준곤[金俊坤] (2006).국가조찬기도회 메시지[國家早餐祈禱會信息]. 서울: 순출판사[純出版社], 17, 57.
김진호[金鎮浩] (2016). [‘웰빙-우파’와 대형교회, 두 번째] [well-being-右派和大型教會_第二版] 대형교회는 왜 보수주의적인가? [大型教會爲什麼保守？]. 제 3 시대[第三時代], 92, 16-20.
김진호[金鎮浩] (2017). 『웰빙-우파’와 대형교회 14 _ 결론』[well-being-右派和大型教會14_結論]. 제 3 시대[第三時代], 109, 11-15.
김혜영[金惠英] (2019.1) 파편사회서 공감사회로 계층ㆍ젠더 갈등, 폭발력 더 커졌다. [從碎片社會到共感社會，階層和性別矛盾、爆發力進一步增強。]. https://www.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/201812270601327645
김흥수[金興洙] (1999). 한국 전쟁과 기복신앙 확산연구 (Vol. 10)[韓國戰爭和成功信仰擴散研究]. 한국기독교역사연구소. [韓國基督新教歷史研究所]
김희수[金熙秀] (2014). 문화적, 접근, 인권, & 평등. 동성애에 대한 다차원적 이해와사랑과 평등과 공평의 윤리[文化、接近、人權、&平等。 對同性戀的多維理解和愛情、平等和公平的倫理]. 종교문화연구[宗教文化研究], 227-276
남시욱[南時旭] (1997). 체험적 기자론[經驗式記者論]. 서울: 나남[首爾:羅南].
류대영[柳大英] (2018).『한권으로 읽는 한국 기독교의 역사』[ 一本讀的韓國基督新教歷史]. 서울: 한국기독교역사연구소. [韓國基督新教歷史研究所]
류연규, & 김영미[柳延圭，金英美]. (2019). 한국사회 젠더갈등인식에 관한 탐색적 연구: 성별 조절효과를 중심으로[關於韓國社會性別矛盾的探索性研究: 以性別調節效果爲中心]. 한국사회정책[韓國社會政策], 26(4), 131-160.
명성훈[明成勳] (1993).『교회성장과 영적차원』[ 教會成長和精神維度]. (서울 : 서울서적). [首爾 : 首爾書籍] 11.
박노자[朴老子] (2007).『교회, 장기적 보수화의 일등 공신』[教會，長期保守化的一等功臣].<한겨레21>[韓民族日報]2007年05月23日。 http://legacy.www.hani.co.kr/section-021109000/2007/05/021109000200705230661042.html.
박미해[樸美海]. (2010). 유교 가부장제와 가족[儒家的父權文化和家庭], 가산. 아카넷[相加。阿卡內特]
배덕만[裵德曼] (2008). 『한국 개신교회와 근본주의』[韓國新教會和基要主義]. 韓國宗敎硏究 10.- (2008): 1-23.
서문기[序言記] (2004). 한국의 사회갈등 구조 연구: 갈등해결 시스템을 모색하며. [對韓國社會衝突結構的研究： 尋找衝突解決系統]. 한국사회학[韓國社會學], 38(6), 195-218.
서정민[徐正民] (2012). [한국장로교 총회 100 년, 그 빛과 그림자 7] 1934 년 한국 장로교 신학 사건들 다시 보기: 사건의 성격과 관련자들의 신학적 배경에 유의하며 [(韓國長老教會總會百年，光影7)重溫1934年韓國長老教會神學事件: 注意事件的性質和相關人員的神學背景].기독교사상[基督新教思想], 224-238.
신기영[申基榮] (1995).『한국 기독교의 민족주의, 1885-1945』[韓國基督新教民族主義, 1885-1945]. (도서출판 동혁[圖書出版東赫], 1995), 23-27.
신재식[申在植] (2009). 기독교와 진화론, 그 만남의 역사와 대응[基督新教和進化論，其相遇的歷史和應對]. 종교문화연구[宗教文化研究], (13), 1-45.
신재식[申在植] (2008). `종교적 문자주의`와`과학적 문자주의`를 넘어서: 종교와 과학의 새로운 독법 모색을 위한 탐색[超越「宗教文字主義」和「科學文字主義」: 探索宗教和科學新讀法的探索]. 종교연구[宗教研究], 53, 27-62.
안종철, 정병준[安鍾哲、鄭炳俊](2009). 미군정 참여 미국선교사ㆍ관련 인사들의 활동과 대한민국 정부수립. 한국기독교와 역사, [參與美軍政的美國傳教士、相關人士的活動和韓國政府的成立。 韓國基督新教和歷史，]. (30), 5-33.
양혜원[梁惠媛] (2019). 종교여성학의 최근 흐름과 한국 그리스도교 여성 연구[宗教女性學的最新趨勢和韓國基督新教女性研究]. 여성학논집[女性論學集], 36(2), 93-120.
여성가족부[女性家庭事務部](2017). 2017년 성별영향분석평가 종합분석 결과보고서[2017年性別影響評估綜合分析報告] 서울: 여성가족부[首爾：女性家庭事務部]
유은혜[劉恩惠] (2018). 한국 의료제공서비스 책임주체 인식에 대한 연구: 사회신뢰와 가부장적 이데올로기를 중심으로[韓國醫療保健服務中的責任感研究：關注社會信任和父權制意識形態]. 사회서비스연구[社會服務研究], 8, 71-85.
이경직[李敬稷] (2006). 기독교 세계관과 창조과학[基督新教世界觀和創造科學]. 신앙과 학문[信仰與學問], 11(2), 107-134.
이광린[李光麟] (1989). 개화파와 개화사상연구[韓國改新敎受容史]. 서울: 일조각. [日塊]
이나영[李娜英] (2016). 여성혐오와 젠더차별, 페미니즘[厭惡女性和性別歧視、女權主義]. 문화와 사회[文化與社會] ,147-186.
이덕주[李德洙] (1998). 한국 교회와 근본주의 [韓國教會和基要主義主義]. 한국기독교사상, 연세대학교 출판부 [韓國基督新教思想, 延世大學出版部].
이동한[李東漢] (2020). 한국리서치 (사회지표) 종교 인식 조사 – 종교 활동 및 종교의 영향력[韓國調查(社會指標)宗教認識調查 – 宗教活動及宗教的影響力].
이만열[李萬烈] (1980).『한말 기독교와 민족운동』[韓末基督新教與民族運動]. (서울:평민사 [平民史],1980),133.
이병량, 김서용, & 전영평[李秉良，金瑞勇&全永平]. (2008). 한국 사회갈등구조의 진단과 해석: 수준, 원인, 대안을 중심으로. 한국공공관리학보, 22(4), 49-72.
이원규[李元奎] (2002). 종교사회학적 관점에서 본 한국교회와 근본주의 [從宗教社會學的觀點看的韓國教會和基要主義]. 종교연구 [宗教研究], 28, 29-67.
이인희, & 황경아[李仁熙，黃景娥]. (2013). 다문화 관련 미디어 보도 프레임 연구에 대한 메타분석. 다문화사회연구, 6(2), 83-108.
이지영[李智英]. (1999). IMF 체제하 가족 위기에 대한 대안 모색-신가부장주의를 경계하며[IMF體制下，尋求應對家庭危機的方案-警惕新父權主義]. 한국여성신학[韓國女性神學], (38), 47-57.
이준식[李俊植] (1993). 특집 1: 한국 근현대사에서의 제국주의와 지식인 일제침략기 기독교지식인의 대외인식과 반기독교운동 [特徵1:韓國近現代史上的帝國主義和知識分子，日本帝國主義時期基督新教知識分子的對外認識和反基督新教運動].역사와현실 [歷史與現實], 10, 12-42.
이철[李喆] (2008). 1907 평양대부흥운동의 발흥과 쇠퇴 원인에 대한 종교사회학적 연구: 부흥운동의 리더십을 중심으로[1907 關於平壤大復興運動的興衰原因的宗教社會學研究:以復興運動的領導能力爲中心]. 현상과인식[現象與認識], 32(1· 2), 109-127.
장기동[張基東] (1999). 교회와 국가의 관계에 비추어 본 한국의 국가조찬기도회[根據教會和國家關係的韓國國家早餐祈禱會]. 관동대 교육대학원[ 關東大學教育學院].
장필화[張必華] (1996). 아시아의 가부장제와 公私 영역 연구의 의미[亞洲的父權制和研究公共領域的意義]. 여성학논집[婦女研究雜誌], 13, 321-332.
장형철[張亨哲] (2012). 혼성화 이론으로 바라본 한국 개신교의 성장과 감소-새로운 개신교 문화담론을 향한 한 시도 담론 [從混成軌域理論來看，韓國基督新教的成長和減少-新基督新教文化討論的一次嘗試和談一談]. 201, 15(2), 135-158.
장형철[張亨哲] (2019). 한국 개신교의 근본주의적 특성에 대한 종교 사회학적 고찰 ― 형성과 발전을 중심으로[對韓國基督新教的基要主義特點的宗教社會學考察 - 形成和發展爲中心]. 신학사상[神學思想], 184, 207-244.
정유성[鄭有成] (2003). 한국의 남성성-사람 죽이는 억지 춘향[韓國的陽剛之氣--殺氣騰騰的文吉春香]. 문학과사회[文學與社會], 16(3), 1220-1238.
조순경[趙巡警] (1998). 경제 위기와 여성 고용 정치[經濟危機和婦女就業政治]. 한국여성학[韓國女性學], 14(2), 5-33.
조용기[趙鏞基] (1997). 오중복음과 삼중축복[五重福音和三重祝福]. (서울: 서울말씀사[首爾話史], 1997), 81-124.
조한혜정[趙漢慧靜] (1999). 한국의 여성과 남성[韓國的女性跟男性]. 文學和 知性社
조혜정[趙惠貞] (1988). 한국의 여성과 남성[韓國的女性跟男性] (Vol. 39). 文學和 知性社.
채재희[蔡在熙]. (2015). 중년 미혼 여성의 삶에 관한 현상학적 연구[對中年未婚女性生活的現象學研究]. 통합치료연구[綜合治療研究], 6, 5-28.
청어람(Chungeoram)(2017). 「2017년 기독교 청년공동체 성평등 인식에 대한 설문조사」[2017年基督新教青年共同體性別平等認識問卷調查]. (http://ichungeoram.com/ 12080).
최광석[崔光石] (1972). 북한 기독교인들의 신앙생활[北韓基督新教徒的信仰生活]. (기독공보, 1972년 9 월2일자) [基督新教公報，1972年9月2日].
최덕성[崔德成] (2005). 에큐메니칼 운동과 다원주의. [普世教會合一運動和多元主義] 본문과 현장 사이[本文和現場之間]
최만자[崔萬子] (2005). 여성의 삶 그리고 신학[婦女的生活和神學]. 대한기독교서회[大韓基督新教書會].
최유리[崔宥利] (2017.5). 이것이 `교회 내 여성 혐오` 아무 말 대잔치다 [這就是"教會內厭惡女性"的亂語大宴會]. http://www.newsnjoy.or.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=209845
한국교회여성연합회 [韓國教會婦女聯合會](2019). 2019 한국교회의 개혁과 성숙을 위한 교회 여성의 제언[2019年教會婦女對韓國教會的改革和成熟的建議].
한국기독교사회문제연구원[韓國基督新教社會問題研究院] (2020).『2019 주요사회현안에 대한 개신교인 인식조사 통계자료집』[基督新教徒對2019主要社會問題的認識調查統計資料集]. 대한기독교서회 [大韓基督新教書會], 165.
한국기독교역사연구소[韓國基督新教歷史研究所] (2005).『한국 기독교의 역사』 [韓國基督新教歷史]. 162
한국기독교역사연구소[韓國基督新教歷史研究所] (2009). 한국기독교 역사학회 편,『한국 기독교의 역사 III: 해방 이후 20세기 말 까지』[韓國基督新教歷史學會篇，韓國基督新教的歷史III:解放後到20世紀末].
한국여성정책연구원[韓國女性政策研究院] (2018). 여성가족패널조사[婦女家庭小組調查]
한승홍[韓勝洪] (1991). 초기 선교사들의 신학과 사상 [早期傳教士的神學和思想]. 한국기독교와 역사 [韓國基督新教和歷史], (1), 49-67.
英文部分
Almond, G. A., & Appleby, R. (2003). Scott/Sivan, Emmanuel: Strong Religion. The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World, 23-89.
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The international journal for the psychology of religion, 2(2), 113-133.
Ammerman, N. T. (1987). Bible believers: Fundamentalists in the modern world. Rutgers University Press.
Apple, M. W., & Aasen, P. (2003). The state and the politics of knowledge. Psychology Press.
Barr, James (1977). Fundamentalism. London: SCM Press. ISBN 0-334-00503-5.
Beauvoir, S. (1965). The prime of life. Penguin Books.
Becker, J. B. (1999). Gender differences in dopaminergic function in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacology Biochemistry and behavior, 64(4), 803-812.
Bonhoeffer, D. (2012). The cost of discipleship. Simon and Schuster.
Borg, M. (2014). Convictions: A manifesto for progressive Christians. SPCK.
Boswell, J. (1980). Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality (p. 28). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brownson, J. V. (2013). Bible, gender, sexuality: Reframing the church`s debate on same-sex relationships. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
Broverman, I. K., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., Rosenkrantz, P. S., & Vogel, S. R. (1970). Sex-role stereotypes and clinical judgments of mental health. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 34(1), 1.
Bruce, S. (2008). Fundamentalism. Polity.
Burgess, D., & Borgida, E. (1999). Who women are, who women should be: Descriptive and prescriptive gender stereotyping in sex discrimination. Psychology, public policy, and law, 5(3), 665.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble, feminist theory, and psychoanalytic discourse. Feminism/postmodernism, 327, x.
Casanova, J. (2011). Public religions in the modern world. University of Chicago press.
Chesney-Lind, M. (2006). Patriarchy, crime, and justice: Feminist criminology in an era of backlash. Feminist criminology, 1(1), 6-26.
Cox, H. (2009). Fire from heaven: The rise of Pentecostal spirituality and the reshaping of religion in the 21st century. Da Capo Press.
De Beauvoir, S. (2007). The second sex. Understanding Inequality: the intersection of race/ethnicity, class, and gender, 75-82.
DiMarco, N., & Whitsitt, S. E. (1975). A comparison of female supervisors in business and government organizations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 6(2), 185-196.
Downey, M. (1997). Understanding Christian Spirituality. Paulist Press.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological review, 109(3), 573.
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(4), 735.
Edwards, J. (2009). Religious affections (Vol. 2). Yale University Press.
Efthim, P. W., Kenny, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2001). Gender role stress in relation to shame, guilt, and externalization. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79(4), 430-438.
Eichler, U., & Müllner, I. (1999). Sexuelle Gewalt gegen Mädchen und Frauen als Thema der feministischen Theologie. Kaiser.
Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Owl Book, 1994), 140, 170-171.
Erich Fromm, Psychoanalysis and Religion (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1950), 34-35.
Evans, J. (1992). Plantation forestry in the tropics: tree planting for industrial, social, environmental, and agroforestry purposes. Oxford University Press.
Faludi, S. (1991). Blame it on feminism. Mother Jones.
Farganis, S. (1994). Postmodernism and feminism. Postmodernism and social inquiry, 101-126.
Fiorenza, E. S. (1983). In memory of her: A feminist theological reconstruction of Christian origins.
Fiorenza, E. S. (2001). Sharing her word: Feminist biblical interpretation in context. A&C Black.
Fiorenza, F. S. (1984). Foundational Theology: Jesus and the Church.
Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and punish. A. Sheridan, Tr., Paris, FR, Gallimard.
Foucault, M. (2003). Abnormal: lectures at the Collège de France, 1974-1975 (Vol. 2). Macmillan.
Freud, S. (1924). The passing of the Oedipus complex. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 5, 419.
Freud, S. (2013). Sigmund Freud: totem und Tabu (Vol. 1). V&R unipress GmbH.
Freud, S. (2014). On the sexual theories of children. Read Books Ltd.
Freud, S., & Strachey, J. E. (1964). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud.
Fromm, E. (2013). To have or to be?. A&C Black.
Gagnon, R. A. (2002). The Bible and homosexual practice: Texts and hermeneutics. Pro Ecclesia, 11(3), 377-379.
Gosselin, D. K. (2010). Heavy hands: An introduction to the crimes of family violence. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of women quarterly, 21(1), 119-135.
Gramsci, A. (2007). Selections from the prison notebooks (pp. 159-179). Duke University Press.
Habermas, J. (2004). Religious tolerance—the pacemaker for cultural rights. Philosophy, 79(1), 5-18.
Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1994). Preferring “housewives” to “feminists”: Categorization and the favorability of attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(1), 25-52.
Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women`s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of social issues, 57(4), 657-674.
Herek, G. M. (1987). Religious orientation and prejudice: A comparison of racial and sexual attitudes. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 13(1), 34-44.
Horkheimer, M. (1972). Authority and the Family. Critical theory: Selected essays, 47-128.
Jepsen, D. (1984). Women: Beyond equal rights. Word Books.
Keller, T., & Keller, K. L. (2013). The meaning of marriage: Facing the complexities of commitment with the wisdom of God. Riverhead Books.
Kim, A. E. (2004). Chung-Shin Park, Protestantism and Politics in Korea. JOURNAL OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES-BOULDER-, 4, 183-185.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1993). Fundamentalism, Christian orthodoxy, and intrinsic religious orientation as predictors of discriminatory attitudes. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 256-268.
Kroeger, R. C., & Kroeger, C. C. (1998). I suffer not a woman: Rethinking I Timothy 2: 11-15 in light of ancient evidence. Baker Academic.
Küng, H. (2001). Women in christianity. A&C Black.
Lee, S. (2019). Gender Conflict Perception and Social Identities: In the Context of Backlash Phenomenon. Asian Women, 35(2), 1-24.
Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy (Vol. 1). Women and History; V. 1.
Loden, M. (1985). Feminine leadership, or, how to succeed in business without being one of the boys. Crown.
Lorber, J. (2001). Gender inequality. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
MacArthur Jr, J. (2010). Divine design: God`s complementary roles for men and women. David C Cook.
Mace, J. E. (1981). Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation: National Communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918-1933. University of Michigan.
Machen, J. G. (2009). Christianity and liberalism. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
Malone, M. T. (2001). Women & Christianity.
Marsden, G. (1991). Understanding fundamentalism and evangelicalism. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
Marsden, G. M. (2006). Fundamentalism and American culture. Oxford University Press
Martin, D. (1990). Tongues of fire. Blackwell..
Marx, K. (1844). Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, 7(10), 261-271.
Matzke, N. J. (2010). The evolution of creationist movements. Evolution: education and outreach, 3(2), 145-162.
McFarland, S. G. (1989). Religious orientations and the targets of discrimination. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 324-336.
Niditch, S., & Baskin, J. R. (1998). Portryals of women in the hebrew bible (pp. 25-45). Wayne State University Press.
Peterson, B. E., Doty, R. M., & Winter, D. G. (1993). Authoritarianism and attitudes toward contemporary social issues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(2), 174-184.
Petty, M., & Bruning, N. S. (1980). A comparison of the relationships between subordinates` perceptions of supervisory behavior and measures of subordinates` job satisfaction for male and female leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 23(4), 717-725.
Piper, J. (2018). Sex-Abuse Allegations and the Egalitarian Myth. Desiring God.
Radford Ruether, R. (1995). Ecofeminism: Symbolic and social connections of the oppression of women and the domination of nature. Feminist Theology, 3(9), 35-50.
Rhodes, H. A., & Campbell, A. (1935). History of the Korea Mission: Presbyterian Church in the USA, Vol. II (Seoul: The Presbyterian Church of Korea Department of Education, 1984).
Ruether, R. R. (1972). Liberation theology: Human hope confronts Christian history and American power.
Ruether, R. R. (1992). Gaia & God an Ecofeminist Theology of Earth Healing.
Ruether, R. R. (2001). Women-church: Theology and practice of feminist liturgical communities. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Schüssler Fiorenza, E. (1994). Searching the Scriptures. Volume One: A Feminist Introduction.
Shanley, M. L. (2004). Just marriage. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Sivan, E., Marty, M. E., & Appleby, R. S. (1995). Fundamentalisms comprehended.
Solle, D. (1995). Creative Disobedience.
Stephan H. Pfürtner. Fundamentalismus: Die Flucht ins Radikale. Freiburg: Herder, 1991.
Stott, J. (2015). Christian mission in the modern world. InterVarsity Press.
Stott, J. (2017). New issues facing Christians.
Thielicke, H. (1979). Theological ethics.
Viola, F. A. (2002). Pagan Christianity: The Origins of Our Modern Church Practices. Present Testimony Ministry.
Von Braun, C., & Stephan, I. (2013). GenderWissen. utb GmbH.
Walby, S. (1989). Theorising patriarchy. Sociology, 23(2), 213-234.
Weber, M. (1968). On charisma and institution building (Vol. 322). University of Chicago Press.
Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (Vol. 2). University of California press.
Webster, A. (1990). Introduction to the Sociology of Development. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Zizek, S. (2008). Violence. Picador. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
社會學系
106254021 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106254021 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [社會學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 402101.pdf | | 3032Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 0 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
