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Title:	漢語兒童在對話與敘事中的動態事件表達 Mandarin-speaking Children’s Expressions of Motion Events in Conversation and Narration
Authors:	鄭宇涵
Contributors:	黃瓊之 Huang, Chiung Chih 鄭宇涵
Keywords:	動態事件兒童語言習得語言特殊性漢語 motion events child language acquisition language-specific Mandarin
Date:	2015
Issue Date:	2016-02-03 11:15:12 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	世界各地的人們在生活中皆能觀察到各種動態事件 (Motion events)，然而，不同類型的語言卻使用不同的表達方式來描述這種經歷。這些不同的語言可以分成動詞框架（Verb-framed）語言、衛星框架（satellite-framed）語言，以及均衡框架（equipollently-framed）語言（Talmy 1985; Slobin 1996）。不同類型的語言習慣使用不同的動詞種類（例如：方式動詞（Manner verb, M）、路徑動詞（Path verb, P）、指示動詞（Deixis verb, D））、動詞數量、動詞組合等方式表達動態事件，而這些面向的不同造就了每種類型語言特殊的特徵。被歸類為均衡框架語言的漢語，具有以下特徵：以動詞種類（type）來說，方式動詞種類多於路徑動詞種類；以動詞數量（token）來說，方式動詞數量大於路徑動詞數量；以動詞結構（construction）來說，M+P+D是最常見的結構（Chen, 2005）。當兒童在語言習得的過程中，必須學會以該類型語言獨特的方式描述動態事件。前人研究中指出，在相當年幼的兒童語言中就可以發現語言特殊的特徵（e.g. Choi & Bowerman, 1991）。然而，對於漢語兒童動態事件表達的研究似乎仍然存有衝突。敘事性語料中能觀察出均衡框架語言的特徵（Guo & Chen, 2009），但在這種特徵在對話性語料中並不明顯（Huang, 2012）。雖然某些前人研究暗示兒童的語言表達在敘事和對話中的確會呈現不同的特徵，但是很少研究關注語體（genre）如何影響兒童的動態事件編碼。因此，本研究目的是探討三、四和五歲漢語兒童在對話與敘事中如何表達動態事件，並研究漢語兒童在兩種語體中，動態事件的表達有何異同。本研究從三至五歲兒童中蒐集兩組語料。第一種語料從8位兒童與母親日常對話中蒐集401句動態子句，語料時數達4小時。第二種語料從22位兒童之敘事語料中蒐集402句動態子句，語料時數達1.5小時。語料編碼方面，動態動詞分為三種（Ｍ，Ｐ與Ｄ）；動態結構分為九種（例如：P, M+P, P+D, M+P+D等等）。語料以動詞種類、動詞數量、動態結構等三方面進行分析。本研究結果發現，在兩種語體中，所有年齡層的兒童都使用較多種類的M，較少種類的P，而他們也偏好使用M+P+D動態結構。這種特性顯示出兒童在兩種語體的動態事件表達皆保有均衡框架語言的特徵。雖然本研究也發現，兩種語境中的動態事件表達存在某程度的差異性（例如：在對話中找到比敘事中更多種類的M，且動態結構在對話中比在敘事更簡易），但是漢語兒童的動態事件編碼仍然與均衡框架語言的特徵一致。而語言特殊特徵無論在何種語體中都保有一致性的觀察，支持了Slobin（1996）的 “Thinking for Speaking” 學說。同時，本研究觀察到的差異性也暗示，不同語體裡不同的溝通目的，在某種程度上能夠影響兒童的動態表達。本研究對於語言特殊特徵在兒童動態事件描述的展現有更深入的了解，並且對於探討語體如何影響兒童動態事件表達的議題具有價值性。 Motion is experienced by humans around the world, but this experience can be expressed in diverse ways in different typological languages, namely verb-framed languages, satellite-framed languages, and equipollently-framed languages (Talmy 1985; Slobin 1996). The typologically different languages encode motions differently in terms of the use of verb types (i.e. Manner (M), Path (P), Deixis (D)), verb tokens, and verb constructions, which shape language-specific characteristics. It has been suggested that Mandarin, an equipollently-framed language, is characterized by the following patterns: the types of Manner are more than those of Path; the tokens of Manner are more than those of Path, and M+P+D is the most common construction (Chen, 2005). Children, when describing motions, must learn the language-specific patterns along the course of language acquisition. Previous studies have demonstrated that language-specific patterns could be found in young children (e.g. Choi & Bowerman, 1991). However, studies seem to present conflicting results regarding Mandarin-speaking children’s motion expressions in different discourse genres. These studies showed that children narratives, but not their conversations, demonstrated equipollently-framed-language patterns (Guo & Chen, 2009; Huang, 2012). While previous studies have implied that children’s language expressions could be different in narration and conversation, few studies have examined how genre differences may affect children’s motion encoding. Therefore, the study aims to investigate how Mandarin-speaking children aged 3, 4 and 5 encode motion events in conversation and narration, and whether their use of the expressions differs in the two genres. Conversation and narration data were collected from children of three age groups (3 to 5). In the mother-child conversation data, 401 motion clauses were collected from 8 children with a total data length of 4 hours. In the narration data, 402 motion clauses were collected from 22 children with a total data length of 1.5 hour. Three categories of motion verbs (i.e. M, P and D) and 9 categories of motion constructions (e.g. P, M+P, P+D, M+P+D) were coded. The data were analyzed in terms of the use of verb types, verb tokens, and motion constructions. The results show that, in both genres, children in all age groups used more types of M than P, and that they preferred M+P+D constructions more than any other types of constructions, indicating that children’s motion expressions in both genres present the characteristics of equipollantly-framed language. Although the patterns of the two genres showed some variations (such as the use of more diverse types of M and simpler motion constructions in conversation than in narration), the children’s motion encodings were consisted with Mandarin’s language-specific characteristics. That language-specific patterns were observed in both genres supports Slobin’s (1996) “Thinking for Speaking” theory. In addition, the variations found in the comparison suggest that the different communicative goals of different genres could affect children’s motion expressions to some extent. This study has provided a more comprehensive understanding of how language-specific characteristics are manifested in children’s motion expressions, and how genres are related to the patterns of children’s motion expressions.
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Description:	碩士國立政治大學語言學研究所 101555001
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101555001
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