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    題名: 臺灣客語時貌構式：詞彙與構式觀點
    Aspectual constructions in Taiwanese Hakka: A Lexical-Constructional Approach
    作者: 李詩敏
    Li, Shih Min
    貢獻者: 賴惠玲
    Lai, Huei Ling
    李詩敏
    Li, Shih Min
    關鍵詞: 時貌構式
    臺灣客語
    構式語法
    詞彙語意
    強制轉換
    語法化
    詞彙化
    aspectual construction
    Taiwanese Hakka
    Construction Grammar
    lexical semantics
    coercion
    grammaticalization
    lexicalization
    日期: 2015
    上傳時間: 2015-10-01 14:09:14 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 過去探討臺灣客語時貌性議題的文獻多從詞彙語意角度著手，鮮少以搭配構式角度切入，此方法較容易忽略句子中影響時貌的其他成分。為窺得時貌性之全貌，本論文採詞彙與構式互動之觀點，同時觀察事態類型、動後時貌性成分及其他附加語。此外，為不流於主觀，本論文採用臺灣客語語料庫之語料，以客觀探討臺灣客語四個時貌構式（即，「等」構式、「忒」構式、「著」構式、「過」構式）所牽涉的議題。
    本文研究議題包括四個時貌構式的三個議題：第一，事態類型和時貌構式的搭配情形，第二，詞彙語意與構式語意衝突時所帶來的強制轉換作用，第三，動後時貌性成分的句法及語意演變情形。經逐一探討後，我們發現，搭配構式的不同將會影響動後時貌性成分所選擇的觀點時貌，這證明時貌性的研究必須要訴諸於較大的語境。再者，當事態類型和動後時貌性成分的語意及時貌特性相符時，時貌構式不涉及任何強制轉換；若不相符，則詞彙語意和構式語意便互相競爭，最終構式語意為贏家，遂產生強制轉換作用，讓構式成為涉及隱性轉換之協調構式或顯性轉換之變換構式。此外，當動後時貌性成分所搭配的動詞類型或前後成分不同，容易造成此成分經歷語法化歷程；當搭配成分共現程度高時，也將產生詞彙化情形。
    在「等」構式、「忒」構式、「著」構式和「過」構式四個時貌構式中，「等」構式指涉靜態或靜態化動態的持續，「等」為持續貌標記；「忒」構式指涉狀態的改變，「忒」標誌完成貌，其句法功能正在演變中，「忒」介於動相標記和時貌標記之間；「著」構式指涉動作瞬間實現後所造成的狀態，「著」標誌完成貌，為動相標記；「過」構式可指涉事件的完成、事件的經驗或事件的再次發生，「過」標誌三種時貌，為完成貌標記、經驗貌標記或重行貌標記。從句法功能的演變路徑來看，「等」、「過」演進速度最快，「忒」次之，「著」最慢。雖然欠缺足夠的歷時語料，採用共時語料及跨語言比較，本論文仍發現，「等」構式及「著」構式在時貌上具靜態化功能，「著」構式展現詞彙化歷程中詞彙黏著程度的不同，「忒」的句法功能正在演變中，「過」兼有數個句法範疇，在語法化演變途徑中展現多個語法化原則。基於以上發現，本論文建議略修正判別動相標記及時貌標記之項目，並補充前人對臺灣客語時貌性研究之不足，且提出臺灣客語「過」在臺灣語言中指涉重行貌之獨特性。
    Previous studies on aspectuality in Taiwanese Hakka are mostly on the basis of lexical semantics rather than the collostrution; therefore, factors of constructional/sentential elements which affect aspectuality are often overlooked. To investigate the whole picture of aspectualiy, here we adopt the perspective of interaction of lexical semantics and constructions to examine situation types, aspectual elements preceded by verbs, and adjuncts. For the sake of objectivity, the corpus of Taiwanese Hakka is utilized to discuss the issues of four aspectual constructions in Taiwanese Hakka, i.e., the den2 construction, the ted4 construction, the do2 construction and the go3 construction.
    Three issues are concerned in this dissertation, including the collostruction of situation types and aspectual constructions, coercion caused by the conflicts between lexical meanings and constructional meanings, and the syntactic and semantic change of aspectual elements. After our inspection, it is found that, first, different collocation with aspectual elements will bring about different aspectual construals. This proves that the study of aspectuality has to be resorted to a broader context. Second, when lexical meanings are compatible with constructional meanings, aspectual constructions do not have coercion effects on aspect. Otherwise, lexical meanings will compete with constructional meanings. Then, constructional meanings become the winner and then overrides are coerced. Overrides are classified into cases of explicit and implicit conversion. Explicit conversion is performed by shift constructions, whereas implicit conversion is performed by concord constructions. Third, the collstruction of aspectual elements with different neighboring constructions will result in grammaticalization. The higher degree the collocation has, the more lexicalized the collostruction is.
    As for the status of the four aspectual constructions in Taiwanese Hakka, the den2 construction refers to a continuous state or a stativizing event. Den2 is a durative aspect marker signifying an imperfective viewpoint. The ted4 construction refers to a change of state. Ted4 signifies a perfective viewpoint. The syntactic function of ted4 is grammaticalized from a phase marker to an aspect marker. The do2 construction refers to a resulted state which is momentarily actualized by an event. Do2 is a phase marker signifying a perfective viewpoint. The go3 construction refers to a completion, experience or recurrence of an event. Go3 is a perfect aspect marker, an experiential aspect marker or a duplicative aspect marker signifying three kinds of perfective viewpoints. On the route of syntactic changes, den2 and go3 become grammaticalized faster than ted4. By comparison, do2 is the slowest one than others. Due to a lack of diachronic data, synchronic data and a cross-linguistic comparison are applied. It is asserted that the den2 and go3 constructions have stativizing functions. The do2 construction illustrates different degree of fusion. Further, ted4 is undergoing syntactic changes. Go3 has several syntactic categories and performs principles of grammaticalization. These findings suggest that we have to revise the principles of distinguishing phase markers from aspect markers, to supply arguments to previous studies on Taiwanese Hakka, and to recruit the duplicative function of go3.
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