Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/77855
|
| Title: | 再探語意預視效應：中文雙字詞處理
Revisiting Semantic Preview Benefit: Evidence from Processing of Chinese Two-Character Words |
| Authors: | 李孟璋
Li, Bing Tsiong |
| Contributors: | 蔡介立
Tsai, Jie Li
李孟璋
Li, Bing Tsiong |
| Keywords: | 眼動
語意預視效應
雙字詞
合理性
eye movement
semantic preview benefit
two-character word
plausibility |
| Date: | 2015 |
| Issue Date: | 2015-08-24 09:52:35 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究探討中文讀者對於中文雙字詞的早期語意處理，特別要探討的是中文讀者是否能在凝視一個中文雙字複合詞之前，即可提取該詞的語意資訊。在中文的閱讀研究中曾經發現單字的語意資訊可以在該單字被凝視之前提取，不論是成詞的單字或是多字詞其中的組成單字。也有證據顯示中文雙字詞或雙字複合詞呈現在中央視野時的處理方式是整詞處理。由於事實上就詞長來看，雙字詞的詞類數量為中文詞類的最大宗，也是最常被使用的詞類，因此中文雙字詞語意處理的時間歷程便是本研究的研究目標。
實驗一旨在檢視雙字詞的語意資訊是否能和單字一樣，在被凝視之前即被提取。本實驗採用邊界典範（Boundary paradigm, Rayner, 1975），除了目標詞預視（identical preview）之外，本實驗亦包含語意相關預視（semantic-related preview）、語意無關預視（semantic-unrelated preview）及非詞預視（nonword preview）。實驗發現語意相關預視能促進目標詞的處理。然而和預視空間（preview space）及預視時間（preview time）的交互作用則顯示語意預視效益（benefit）在預視空間較大的時候會隨著預視時間拉長而增加，在預視空間較小的時候，則會隨著預視時間漸減。
在實驗一中，語意關聯性的高低和該詞合理性（plausibility）的高低是共變的，因此這兩個要素構成一個混淆的因子。語意相關預視和語意無關預視之間的效果有可能來自語意關聯性的差異，或是來自在句中合理性的差異。合理性同時也能解釋在為何在實驗一中，不合理的語意無關預視在目標前詞（pretarget）上造成較短的閱讀時間。為了解決這項混淆的因子，實驗二因此採用對目標詞預視、語意相關預視、及語意無關預視都合理的句子。結果發現，語意預視的主要效果消失。然而交互作用的模式則顯示出，語意預視效益在較長的預視時間、較大的預視空間下仍會存在。但在較小的預視空間下，會隨著較長的預視時間而轉為耗損（cost）。實驗二的結果因此提供證據支持在沒有合理性的交互作用下，中文雙字詞的語意預視效應仍會發生。最後，兩個實驗的差異顯示在中文閱讀中存在合理性的預視效益，此結論和之前中文閱讀的研究結果一致。
The present study investigates the early semantic processing of Chinese two-character words by Chinese readers. Specifically, whether Chinese readers are able to extract semantic information of an up-coming two-character compound as a whole when the word is yet being fixated. In Chinese, it has been demonstrated that semantic information can be extracted from a single character, whether it is a word or part of a word, before the character is being fixated. There is also evidence for whole word processing of foveally presented two-character compounds/words. Since two-character words actually constitute the majority of word type and are used most frequently in total, the time course of processing the meaning of such combination of characters during reading is then the goal of this study.
The first experiment aimed to examine whether semantic information of a two-character word can be extracted before it is fixated, as what have been found for single characters. Boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used, with identical, semantic-related, and semantic-unrelated words, as well as nonwords as preview. Semantic-related preview did facilitate target word processing. The interaction pattern of the effects with preview space and preview time, however, showed that semantic preview benefit could increase with preview time with small preview space, but decrease with preview time under large preview space.
A possible confounding factor in the first experiment was the overlap between semantic relatedness and plausibility. The effect between semantic-related and semantic-unrelated previews could be of semantic or plausibility nature. Plausibility may also explain the shortened fixation duration found in Experiment 1 when implausible semantic-unrelated preview was presented parafoveally. Experiment 2 then solved this confounding by using sentence frames which are plausible for identical, semantic-related, and semantic-unrelated previews. In Experiment 2, main effect of semantic preview benefit disappeared, while the interaction patterns showed that such benefit existed for large preview space with long preview time, but became cost for small preview space with long preview time. The results of Experiment 2 thus provide evidence for semantic preview effect of Chinese two-character words without the interaction with plausibility. Finally, the discrepancies between the two experiments indicate the existence of plausibility preview benefit, which previous studies have suggested to exist in Chinese. |
| Reference: | Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus. (2004). Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica.
Altarriba, J., Kambe, G., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2001). Semantic codes are not used in integrating information across eye fixations in reading: Evidence from fluent Spanish-English bilinguals. Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 875-890. doi: 10.3758/BF03194444
Ashby, J., & Rayner, K. (2004). Representing syllable information during silent reading: Evidence from eye movements. Language and Cognitive Processes, 19, 391-426. doi: 10.1080/01690960344000233
Ashby, J., Treiman, R., Kessler, B., & Rayner, K. (2006). Vowel processing during silent reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 416-424. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.416
Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59, 390-412. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
Box, G. E., & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 211-252.
Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial vision, 10, 433-436.
Cornelissen, F. W., Peters, E. M., & Palmer, J. (2002). The Eyelink Toolbox: eye tracking with MATLAB and the Psychophysics Toolbox. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(4), 613-617.
Cui, L., Drieghe, D., Yan, G., Bai, X., Chi, H., & Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Parafoveal processing across different lexical constituents in Chinese reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 403-416. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.720265
Cui, L., Yan, G., Bai, X., Hyönä, J., Wang, S., & Liversedge, S. P. (2013). Processing of compound-word characters in reading Chinese: An eye-movement-contingent display change study. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 527-547. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.667423
Deutsch, A., Frost, R., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2005). Morphological parafoveal preview benefit effects in reading: Evidence from Hebrew. Language and Cognitive Processes, 20, 341-371. doi: 10.1080/01690960444000115
Engbert, R., Longtin, A., & Kliegl, R. (2002). A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing. Vision Research, 42, 621-636. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00301-7
Engbert, R., Nuthmann, A., Richter, E. M., & Kliegl, R. (2005). SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation During Reading. Psychological Review, 112, 777-813. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.112.4.777
Hohenstein, S., & Kliegl, R. (2014). Semantic preview benefit during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40, 166-190. doi: 10.1037/a0033670
Hohenstein, S., Laubrock, J., & Kliegl, R. (2010). Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading: A parafoveal fast-priming study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 1150-1170. doi: 10.1037/a0020233
Hoosain, R. (1991). Psycholinguistic implications for linguistic relativity: a case study of Chinese. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Hyona, J., & Haikio, T. (2005). Is emotional content obtained from parafoveal words during reading? An eye movement analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46, 475-483. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00479.x
Ikeda, M., & Saida, S. (1978). Span of recognition in reading. Vision Research, 18, 83-88. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(78)90080-9
Inhoff, A. W. (1989). Parafoveal processing of words and saccade computation during eye fixations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 544-555. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.15.3.544
Inhoff, A. W., & Liu, W. (1998). The perceptual span and oculomotor activity during the reading of Chinese sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 20-34. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.24.1.20
Johnson, R. L., & Dunne, M. D. (2012). Parafoveal processing of transposed-letter words and nonwords: Evidence against parafoveal lexical activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 191-212. doi: 10.1037/a0025983
Johnson, R. L., Perea, M., & Rayner, K. (2007). Transposed-letter effects in reading: Evidence from eye movements and parafoveal preview. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33, 209-229. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.33.1.209
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A Theory of Reading: From Eye Fixations to Comprehension. Psychological Review, 87(4), 329-354.
Kennedy, A., & Pynte, J. (2005). Parafoveal-on-foveal effects in normal reading. Vision Research, 45(2), 153-168. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.037
Kim, Y.-S., Radach, R., & Vorstius, C. (2012). Eye movements and parafoveal processing during reading in Korean. Reading and Writing, 25, 1053-1078. doi: 10.1007/s11145-011-9349-0
Kliegl, R., Hohenstein, S., Yan, M., & McDonald, S. A. (2013). How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 581-600. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.658073
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S. A. (1984). Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association. Nature, 307, 161-163.
Levi, D. M., Klein, S. A., & Aitsebaomo, A. P. (1985). Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification. Vision Research, 25, 963-977. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(85)90207-X
Lewis, R. L., & Vasishth, S. (2005). An Activation-Based Model of Sentence Processing as Skilled Memory Retrieval. Cognitive Science, 29, 375-419. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_25
Li, X., Gu, J., Liu, P., & Rayner, K. (2013). The advantage of word-based processing in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 879-889. doi: 10.1037/a0030337
Liu, W., Inhoff, A. W., Ye, Y., & Wu, C. (2002). Use of parafoveally visible characters during the reading of Chinese sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 1213-1227. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.28.5.1213
MathWorks. (2012). Matlab (Version 2012a). Natick, MA: MathWorks.
McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 578-586. doi: 10.3758/BF03203972
McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1976). Asymmetry of the perceptual span in reading. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 365-368. doi: 10.3758/BF03335168
McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1979). Is visual information integrated across successive fixations in reading? Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 221-224. doi: 10.3758/BF03202990
McDonald, S. A. (2006). Parafoveal preview benefit in reading is only obtained from the saccade goal. Vision Research, 46(26), 4416-4424. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.08.027
Metusalem, R., Kutas, M., Hare, M., McRae, K., & Elman, J. L. (2012). Generalized event knowledge activation during online language comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(4), 545-567.
Miellet, S., & Sparrow, L. (2004). Phonological codes are assembled before word fixation: Evidence from boundary paradigm in sentence reading. Brain and Language, 90, 299-310. doi: 10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00442-5
Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial vision, 10, 437-442.
Pollatsek, A., Bolozky, S., Well, A. D., & Rayner, K. (1981). Asymmetries in the perceptual span for Israeli readers. Brain and Language, 14, 174-180. doi: 10.1016/0093-934X(81)90073-0
R Development Core Team. (2014). R (Version 3.1.2).
Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(75)90005-5
Rayner, K., Balota, D. A., & Pollatsek, A. (1986). Against parafoveal semantic preprocessing during eye fixations in reading. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie, 40, 473-483. doi: 10.1037/h0080111
Rayner, K., & Duffy, S. A. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory & Cognition, 14, 191-201. doi: 10.3758/BF03197692
Rayner, K., Li, X., & Pollatsek, A. (2007). Extending the E-Z Reader Model of Eye Movement Control to Chinese Readers. Cognitive Science, 31, 1021-1033. doi: 10.1080/03640210701703824
Rayner, K., McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1980). Integrating information across eye movements. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 206-226. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(80)90009-2
Rayner, K., Well, A. D., & Pollatsek, A. (1980). Asymmetry of the effective visual field in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 27, 537-544. doi: 10.3758/BF03198682
Reichle, E. D., Liversedge, S. P., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2009). Encoding multiple words simultaneously in reading is implausible. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 115-119. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.12.002
Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review, 105, 125-157. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.125
Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2006). E–Z Reader: A cognitive-control, serial-attention model of eye-movement behavior during reading. Cognitive Systems Research, 7, 4-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.002
Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2007). Modeling the effects of lexical ambiguity on eye movements during reading Eye Movements: A Window on Mind and Brain (pp. 271-292). Amsterdam; Oxford: Elsevier.
Reichle, E. D., Warren, T., & McConnell, K. (2009). Using E-Z Reader to model the effects of higher level language processing on eye movements during reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 1-21. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.1.1
Schotter, E. R. (2013). Synonyms provide semantic preview benefit in English. Journal of Memory and Language, 69, 619-633. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2013.09.002
Schotter, E. R., Angele, B., & Rayner, K. (2012). Parafoveal processing in reading. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74, 5-35. doi: 10.3758/s13414-011-0219-2
Schotter, E. R., Lee, M., Reiderman, M., & Rayner, K. (2015). The effect of contextual constraint on parafoveal processing in reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 83, 118-139. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2015.04.005
Sung, Y.-C., & Tang, D.-L. (2007). Unconscious processing embedded in conscious processing: Evidence from gaze time on Chinese sentence reading. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 339-348. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2006.10.002
Tsai, J.-L., Kliegl, R., & Yan, M. (2012). Parafoveal semantic information extraction in traditional Chinese reading. Acta Psychologica, 141, 17-23. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.06.004
Tsai, J.-L., Lee, C.-Y., Lin, Y.-C., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hung, D. L. (2006). Neighborhood size effects of Chinese words in lexical decision and reading. Language and Linguistics, 7(3), 659-675.
Tsai, J.-L., Lee, C.-Y., Tzeng, O. J. L., Hung, D. L., & Yen, N.-S. (2004). Use of phonological codes for Chinese characters: Evidence from processing of parafoveal preview when reading sentences*1. Brain and Language, 91, 235-244. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2004.02.005
Venables, W. N., & Ripley, B. D. (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S: Springer.
White, S. J., Bertram, R., & Hyönä, J. (2008). Semantic processing of previews within compound words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34, 988-993. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.988
Yan, M., Kliegl, R., Shu, H., Pan, J., & Zhou, X. (2010). Parafoveal load of word N+1 modulates preprocessing effectiveness of word N+2 in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(6), 1669-1676. doi: 10.1037/a0019329
Yan, M., Richter, E. M., Shu, H., & Kliegl, R. (2009). Readers of Chinese extract semantic information from parafoveal words. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 561-566. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.3.561
Yan, M., Risse, S., Zhou, X., & Kliegl, R. (2012). Preview fixation duration modulates identical and semantic preview benefit in Chinese reading. Reading and Writing, 25, 1093-1111. doi: 10.1007/s11145-010-9274-7
Yan, M., Zhou, W., Shu, H., & Kliegl, R. (2012). Lexical and sublexical semantic preview benefits in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 1069-1075. doi: 10.1037/a0026935
Yang, J. (2013). Preview effects of plausibility and character order in reading Chinese transposed words: evidence from eye movements: PREVIEW READING OF TRANSPOSED WORDS. Journal of Research in Reading, 36, S18-S34. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9817.2013.01553.x
Yang, J., Wang, S., Tong, X., & Rayner, K. (2012). Semantic and plausibility effects on preview benefit during eye fixations in Chinese reading. Reading and Writing, 25, 1031-1052. doi: 10.1007/s11145-010-9281-8
Yen, M.-H., Tsai, J.-L., Tzeng, O. J.-L., & Hung, D. L. (2008). Eye movements and parafoveal word processing in reading Chinese. Memory & Cognition, 36, 1033-1045. doi: 10.3758/MC.36.5.1033
Zhou, X., Marslen-Wilson, W., Taft, M., & Shu, H. (1999). Morphology, Orthography, and Phonology Reading Chinese Compound Words. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 525-565. doi: 10.1080/016909699386185
丁国盛, & 彭聃龄. (2006). 汉语逆序词识别中整词与词素的关系. 当代语言学, 8, 36-45.
彭聃龄, 丁国盛, 王春茂, Taft, M., & 朱晓平. (1999). 汉语逆序词的加工-词素在词加工中的作用. 心理学报, 31, 36-46. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
100555006 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1005550061 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [語言學研究所] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 006102.pdf | | 4074Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 399 | View/Open | | 006101.pdf | | 4074Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 567 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
