Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/67931
|
| Title: | 中國水資源決策過程中科學所扮演的角色: 以湄公河上游水利資源發展為例
The Role of Science in Hydropower Development Decision- Making in China: The Case of the Upper Mekong Dam Cascade |
| Authors: | 馬天林
Michael Joseph Madden |
| Contributors: | 李河清
Lee, Ho Ching
馬天林
Michael Joseph Madden |
| Keywords: | 多元流程
知識社群
水資源決策
科學
中國雲南
湄公河
Upper Mekong
China
hydropower development
multiple streams
Kingdon
Haas
epistemic communities
science |
| Date: | 2013 |
| Issue Date: | 2014-07-29 16:17:25 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 中國雲南是湄公河（瀾滄江）的水源地，且流經下游五個國家。目前中國已經在上游建設了五座大型的水壩，並有兩座正在籌備中。決策者們根據部分關於下游周邊明確影響的科學辯論，表示大壩對下游環境所產生的影響，並因中國政治背景的促使下，添加了Mertha的"零碎化的威權體制"。本研究使用Kingdon的多元流程以及Haas的知識社群理論為架構，置入對中國水力發電的科學研究中。透過科學文獻的全面審查，本研究發現決策者並沒有將所有的研究範圍納入考量，使得最重要的決策者（水電公司及政府）只使用部分科學研究結果描述大壩對下游的影響極小。而表示大壩下游將會產生極大負面影響的科學研究學者們和行為者，在決策過程中皆被排除。此情況導致決策者使用負面下游影響科學的邊緣化。
Yunnan, China is home to the headwaters of the Mekong (Lancang) River, which flows through five countries. China has completed five large dams in a cascade, and is preparing two more. Decision-makers have framed the downstream environmental effects of this cascade based on specific side of the scientific debate surrounding the cascade’s impacts, using one set of scientific research over another. Using Mertha’s additions to the “fragmented authoritarianism” framework for political context, this research uses Kingdon’s policy stream and Haas’s epistemic communities framework to contextualize science in China’s hydropower development. Thoroughly considering the scientific literature, this study finds that decision-makers have not considered the full scope of research, and concludes that primary decision-makers (hydropower companies and government actors) characterized the effects of the cascade as limited and possible to mitigate by excluding actors who emphasized evidence of negative downstream effects from the process. Though these hydropower projects were “recalibrated” to have fewer environmental effects in the early 2000s, and though stakeholders acknowledged negative ecological effects and purported to mitigate and minimize these effects in hydropower development when such development again became a priority for China in this decade, this study finds that decision-makers’ understanding of effects as possible to mitigate is based on scientific research that emphasizes the limits to negative effects, rather than the predicted consequences a number of other studies have found. This has led to the marginalization of negative downstream impact science among decision-makers. |
| Reference: | Adamson, P. (2001). Hydrological perspectives of the Lower Mekong. International Water Power and Dam Construction, 2001:16-21.
Adamson, Peter T.; Rutherfurd, Ian D.; Peel, Murray C.; Conlan, Iwona A. (2009). “The Hydrology of the Mekong River.” The Mekong. Elsevier, Inc. 53-76.
Adler, Emanuel; Haas, Peter M. (1992). “Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program.” International Organization. Vol 46, No. 1. 367-390.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2002). “Building on success: a strategic framework for the next ten years of the greater Mekong subregion economic cooperation program.” Asian Development Bank, Manila.
Arora, V. K. and Boer G. J. (2001). “The effects of simulated climate change on the hydrology of large river basins.” Journal of Geophysical Research. 106(D4). 3335-3348.
Beijixing Dianli Wang. (2013, July 7). Xiaowan dianzhancheng Yunnan shuidianzhan diyi neishuo dahu. [Xiaowan becomes Yunnan’s first tax pay hydropower station]. Retrived from: http://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20130715/445846.shtml
Bezlova, Antoaneta. (2009, November 4). “China’s Three Gorges Dam comes of age.” Asia Times. Retrieved from: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/KK04Ad01.html
Bi, Liangliang. (2007). “The Applicability of the “Multiple-Streams Framework to Policy Process in China – Taking Policy Process of Water Pollution Management and Cooperation Between Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province as Examples.” Journal of Public Management. February. Retrieved from: http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GGGL200702005.htm
Bosshard, Peter. (2014, March 21). “China rivers at the brink of collapse.” CGIAR. Retrieved from http://wle.cgiar.org/blogs/2014/03/21/china-rivers-brink-collapse/
Brown, Philip H.; Magee, Darrin; Xu, Yilin. (2008). “Socioeconomic Vulnerability in China’s Hydropower Development.” China Economic Review. 1-38.
Brown, Philip H.; Tullos, Desiree; Tilt, Bryan; Magee, Darrin, Wolf, T. Aaron. (2009). “Modeling the costs and benefits of dam construction from an interdisciplinary perspective.” Journal of Environmental Management. 90. S303-S311.
Bunn, Stuart E.; Arthington, Angela H. (2002). “Baics Principles and Ecological Consequences of Altered Flow Regimes for Aquatic Biodiversity.” Environmental Management. Vol. 30, No. 4. 492-507.
Carter, Neil. (2007). "China`s Environmental Governance in Transition." Environmental Governance in China. By Arthur Mol. Milton Park: Routledge, 1-22.
Campbell, Ian and Manusthiparom, C. (2004). “Technical Report on Rainfall and Discharge in the Lower Mekong Basin in 2003-2004,” Mekong River Commission Secretariat, Vientiane, 7pp.
Campbell, Ian (2007). “Perceptions, data, and river management: lessons from the Mekong River.” Water Resources Research. 43.
Campbell, Ian (2009). “Development Scenarios and Mekong River Flows.” The Mekong. Elsevier, Inc. 389-402.
Cernea, M. M. (2003). “For a New Economics of Resettlement: A Sociological Critique of the Compensation Principle.” International Social Science Journal. 55(175): 37–45.
Chapman, E.C.; Daming, He. (2000). “Downstream Implications of China’s Dams on the Lancang Jiang (Upper Mekong) and their Potential Significance for Greater Regional Cooperation Basin-wide”
Chen, H. (2003, November 21). Dachaoshan shuidian zhan tiqian yi nian dadian, xidian dongsong tianshenlijun (Dachaoshan hydropower station starts production a year early, Send Western Electricity East bears a strong soilder). Retrieved from: http://www.eph.com.cn/power/eph/news/newsdetail.jsp?Type=1&newsid=7569
Chen, H. (2005, October 13). Shijie shou tiao dianlin ‘chaoji gaosu’ you dian beng Yue, mingnian kaijian [First ‘ultra-high-speed’ electricity galloping from Yunnan to Guangdon, work begins next year}. Nanfang Ribao [Southern Daily]. Retrieved from: http://www.pprd.org.cn/yunnan/hezuo/200510130011.htm
Chen, L. (2002a). Guoji heliu liuyu zhengti kaifa he guanli [Integrated Development and Management of International River Watersheds]. Kunming: Scientific Press of Yunnan.
Chen, Liang (2002b, September 16). “Xiaowan Dam, a reservoir for progress”. China Daily. Retrieved from: http://www.mwr.gov.cn/english/news/200209/t20020916_100694.html
Chen, L. (2008). Contradictions in Dam Building in Yunnan, China: Cultural Impacts Versus Economic Growth. China Report 44: 97–110.
Chen, Lihui; He, Daming. (2000). “Láncāngjiāng-méigōnghé shuǐdiàn tījí kāifā de shēngtài yǐngxiǎng [The Ecological Impacts of Hydropower Cascade Development in Lancang-Mekong River]. Dili Xuebao [Acta Geographica Sinica]. Vol. 55, No. 5, Sept.
Chen, Mingzhong. (2010). Drought situation in Southwest China and Reasoning of Water Level Declining in Mekong River Mainstream [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from: www.¬mrcsummit.¬org/¬1stmrcsummit/¬Presentations/¬1-¬3_DrChen-¬Mingzhong-¬Drought-¬conditions-¬SW-¬China.¬pdf
Cheng, Guangjin; Ma, Liyao. (2010, April 3). “Climate change to blame for Mekong drought.” China Daily. Retrieved from: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-04/03/content_9684768.htm
Cheung, Ray (2004, March 12).“Assessment of Dam Project Urged.” South China Morning Post.
Chiang Rai Times (CRT). (2012, April 19)."China Will Continue to Support the Greater Mekong Sub-Region." Chiang Rai Times. Retrieved from: http://www.chiangraitimes.com/news/6737.htm
China Daily. (2003, December 12). “Waterworks evoke debate”. China Daily. Retrieved from: ttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/home/2003-12/20/content_291989.htm
China Daily. (2008, June 19). “New hydropower station completed in Yunnan.” China Daily. Retrieved from: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-06/19/content_6779088.htm
China Daily. (2010, April 4). “China to boost co-op with downstream Mekong countries.” China Daily. Retrieved from: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-04/04/content_9685698.htm
China’s Embassy to Denmark (CED). (2010, April 5). “Vice Foreign Minister: China is Ready for Pragmatic Cooperation with the MRC.” Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Kingdom of Denmark. Retrieved from: http://dk.china-embassy.org/eng/TourChina/t677811.htm
China News. (2009, September 23). Yunnan xiaowan dianzhan touchang xibu youyi “nengyuan xinzang”kaishi tiaodong [Yunnan’s Xiaowan Hydrostation Project is a ‘Energy Heart’ that has begun beating]. Retreived from: http://finance.ifeng.com/roll/20090926/1285672.shtml
China News. (2011, May 25). Yunnan Nuozhadu shuidianzhan faifa: dui lancangjiang xiayou yingxiang buda. [Yunnan Nuozhadu Hydropower station: very little downstream impacts on the Lanang]. Retrieved from: http://www.chinanews.com/ny/2011/05-25/3066951.shtml
Cogels O. (2007, January 9). “Mekong hydropower development is good.” Bangkok Post.
Conca, Ken. (2006). Governing Water: Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building. Cambridge, MA: MIT. Print.
Conca, Ken. (2008). "Rethinking Authority, Territory, and Knowledge: Transnational Socio-ecological Controversies and Global Environmental Governance." The Crisis of Global Environmental Governance: Towards a New Political Economy of Stustainability. New York: Routledge. 193-207. Print.
Dong, Yajie; Mei, Yadong. (2007). Yòng shēngtài zújì fǎ fēnxī shuǐdiànzhàn duì héliú shēngtài xìtǒng gōngnéng de yǐngxiǎng [Application of Ecological Footprint in the Analysis of the Effects of Hydropower Station on River Ecosystem Functions]. Shuili Fadian [Water Power]. Vol. 33, No. 7. 27-29.
Dore, John; Yu Xiaogang. (2004). "Yunnan Hydropower Expansion: Update on China`s Energy Industry Reforms & the Nu, Lancang, & Jinsha Hydropower Dams." Working paper. Chiang Mai University’s Unit for Social and Environmental Research & Green Watershed, Kunming, PRC.
Dore, J., Yu, X., and Li, K. Y. (2007). China’s energy reforms and hydropower expansion in Yunnan. In Lebel, L., Dore, J., Rajesh, D., and Yang, S. K. (eds.), Democratizing Water Governance in the Mekong Region. Mekong Press, Chiang Mai.
Elhance, Arun. (1999) Hydropolitics in the Third World: Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Eyler, Brain. (2013, July 7). “China needs to change its energy strategy in the Mekong region.” China Dialogue. Retrieved from: https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/6208-China-needs-to-change-its-energy-strategy-in-the-Mekong-region
Fang, Yiping; Deng, Wei. (2011). “The critical scale and section management of cascade hydropower in Southwestern China.” Energy. Vol 36. 5944-5953.
Feng, Yan; He, Daming; Gan, Shu. (2005). Láncāngjiāng shuǐ zīyuán xìtǒng biànhuà yǔ dà méigōnghé cì qūyù hézuò de guānlián guānxì [Analysis on the Changes of Water Resource System of the Lancang River and its Impacts to Great Mekong Sub-regional Cooperation]. Shijie Dili Yanjiu [World Regional Studies]. Vol. 14, No. 4.
Fewsmith, Joseph, and Yongnian Zheng, eds. (2008). China`s Opening Society: The Non-state Sector and Governance. London and New York: Routledge,
Fu, Kaidao; He, Daming; Li, S.J. (2006). “Response of downstream sediment to water resource development in mainstream of the Lancang River.” Chinese Science Bulletin 51 (Suppl.), pp.119– 126.
Fu, Kaidao; He, Daming; Chen, Wu; Ye, Changqing; Li, Yungang. (2007a). Shuǐdiàn jiànshè duì láncāngjiāng-méigōnghé ní shā niánnèi fēnpèi de yǐngxiǎng [Impacts of Dam Constructions on the Annual Distribution of Sediment in Lancang-Mekong River Basin]. Dili Xuebao [Acta Geographica Sinica]. Vol. 62, No.1. Jan.
Fu, Kaidao; He, Daming; Lu, X.X. (2007b). “Sedimentation in the Manwan reservoir in the Upper Mekong downstream impacts.” Quaternary International. 186. 91-99.
Fu, Kaidao; Huang, Jiangcheng; He, Daming. (2008). “Assessment of sediment trapped by the Manwan Dam on Lancang River.” Journal of Sediment Research. Vol. 4.
Fuller, I.C., Large, A.R.G., Milan, D.J. (2003). “Quantifying channel development and sediment transfer following chute-off in a wandering gravel-bed river.” Geomorphology 54, 307–323.
Galipeau, Brendan A.; Ingman, Mark; Tilt, Bryan. (2013). “Dam-induced displacement and agricultural livelihood in China’s Mekong basin.” Human Ecology. Published online: Mar 1, 2013. 1-10.
Gao, Bo; Zhong, Yong. (2014). Water, Energy and Food Sercurity of China and Riparian Countries of Mekong River in the Context of Climate Change [Powerpoint Slides]. Mekong River Commission international conference. April 2-3. Retrieved from: http://www.mrcsummit.org/presentations/Keynote7-Presentation-in-the-2nd-MRC-Summit(China).pdf
Goh, Evelyn. (2004). “China in the Mekong River Basin: The Regional Security Implications of Resource Development on the Lancang Jiang”. Rep. Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore.
Goodland, Robert. (1997). “Environmental Sustainability in the Hydro Industry,” in World Conservation Union and World Bank, Large Dams: Learning from the Past Looking at the Future. Workshop Proceedings, Gland Switzerland, April 11-12, 1997. Washington, D.C.: IUCN, p69-102.
Goodman, David S.G. (2004). “The campaign to ‘open up the west’: national, provincial-level and local perspectives.” China Quarterly 158:317–334
Grumbine, R.E., J. Dore, and J. Xu, (2012). Mekong hydropower: drivers of change and governance challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10 (2), 91-98.
Guo, Q., Cao, W., Lu, C., and Lu, Q. (2007). “Sedimentation of Dachaoshan Reservoir in cascade hydroprojects on Lancang River”. Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Volume VI, pp 51-59. Moscow State University, Moscow.
Gunn, Geoffrey; McCartan, Brian. (2008, August 31). “Chinese Dams and the Great Mekong Floods of 2008.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved from: http://japanfocus.org/-B-McCartan/2865
Gupta, A., Hock, L., Xiaojing, H. (2002). “Evaluation of part of the Mekong River using satellite imagery.” Geomorphology 44, 221–239.
Haas, Peter M. (1992). “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination”. International Organization. Vol. 46, No. 1. 1-35.
Habich, Sabrina. (2011). “Environmental ‘Dam’age and Social Vulnerability in Southwest China.” NCCU Center for China Studies, CCS working paper series.
He, Daming; Zhao, Wenjuan; Chen, Lihui. (2004). “The ecological changes in Manwan reservoir area and its causes.” Journal of Yunnan University. Vol 26, No. 3. 220-226
He, Daming; Feng, Yan; Gan, Shu; Magee, Darrin; You Weihong. (2006). “Transboundary hydrological effects of hydropower dam construction on the Lancang River.” Chinese Science Bulletin. Vol 51, supp, 16-24.
He, Daming; Lu, Ying; Li, Zhiguo; Li, Shaojuan (2009). “Watercourse Environmental Change in Upper Mekong.” The Mekong. Elseview, Inc. 335-362.
Heal, Oliver W., and Gareth Edwards-Jones. (2006). "The Mekong River Basin: Comprehensive Water Governance." The Multi-Governance of Water: Four Case Studies. By Nantana Gajaseni. Albany: State University of New York. 43-78. Print.
Heggleund, G. (2004) “Environment and Resettlement Politics in China: The Three Gorges Project” (Burlington, VT: Ashgate).
Hennig, Thomas; Wang, Wenling; Feng, Yan; Ou, Xiaokun; He, Daming. (2013). “Review of Yunnan’s hydropower development comparing small and large hydropower projects regarding their environmental implications and socio-economic consequences.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review. Vol. 27. 585-595
Hexun (2012, September 6). Lancang jiang shang zuida shuidianzhan touchang fadian.[Lancang rivers largest hydropower station begins producing electricity]. Hexun Wang. Retrieved from: http://news.hexun.com/2012-09-06/145567989.html
Hin, Hua. (2010, April 5). "Mekong River Commission." MRC Receives First Notification of Mainstream Mekong Project. Mekong Prime Ministers Agree to Prioritize Climate Change as Summit Ends. Retrieved from: http://www.mrcmekong.org/news-and-events/news/mekong-prime-ministers-agree-to-prioritise-climate-change-as-summit-ends/
HSBC. (2011). “Delivering Low Carbon Growth: A Guide to China’s 12th Five-Year Plan”. HSBC and The Climate Group. March.
Huanqiu. (2012). Zhongguo lancangjiang shuidian kaifa chongfen baohu zhong xiayou yu lei ziyuan. [Chinese Lancang river hydropower development adequately protects fish resources]. Huanqiu Wang [Global Net].
Huang, Ying; Liu, Xinyou. (2010). Shuǐdiàn kāifā duì héliú shuǐ shā niánnèi fēnpèi de yǐngxiǎng fēnxī [Impact of hydropower development on annual runoff and sediment transport distribution]. Shui kexue jinzhan [Advances in Water Science]. Vol 21, No. 3, May.
Hui, Qin. (2010a, December 30). “On the Mekong, a better way (1).” China Dialogue. Retrieved from: http://www.thethirdpole.net/on-the-mekong-a-better-way-1/
Hui, Qin. (2010b, December 29). “On the Mekong, a better way (2).” China Dialogue. Retrieved from: https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4024-On-the-Mekong-a-better-way-2-
Hui, Qin. (2010c, December 25). “On the Mekong, a better way (3).” China Dialogue. Retrieved from: https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4025-On-the-Mekong-a-better-way-3-
ICEM (2010). “MRC Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of hydropower on the Mekong Mainstream”. Mekong River Commission. Hanoi, Vietnam. Retrieved from: http://www.mrcmekong.org/news-and-events/consultations/strategic- environmental-assessment-of-mainstream-dams.
ICOLD (2001, December 15). “A brief Introduction to Dachaoshan hydropower project”, International Commission on Large Dams.
International Rivers Network (IRN). (2002a). “China’s Upper Mekong Dams Endanger Millions Downstream”, Briefing Paper 3. Retrieved from: http://www. irn.org.
International Rivers Network (IRN). (2002b). “Navigation Project Threatens Livelihood, Ecosystems.” . International Rivers Network (IRN). October.
International Rivers Network (IRN). (2011). “Comments to the Korean Foundation for Quality Regarding the Yunnan Hydropower Project (China).” Retrieved from: http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/comments-to-the-korean-foundation-for-quality-regarding-the-yunnan-gongguoqiao-hydropower
International Rivers Network (IRN). (2013). “Lancang River Dams: Threatening the flow of the Lower Mekong.” Retrieved from: http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/lancang-river-dams-threatening-the-flow-of-the-lower-mekong-2674
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014). “IPCC Working Group II Fifth Assessment Report”. Chapter 26. 1-61.
Jensen, J. G. (1996). “1,000,000 tonnes of fish from the Mekong.” Mekong Fish and
Catch Culture. Mekong River Commission. Phnom Penh, 2(1): 1.
Jensen, J. G. (2000). “Can this really be true?” Mekong Fish and Catch Culture,
Mekong River Commission, Phnom Penh, 5(3): 1-3.
Jiang, Yong. (2009). "China`s Water Scarcity." Journal of Environmental Management 90: 3815-196.
Kaiman, Jonathan. (2013). “China approves another mega-dam that will imperil endangered species.” The Guardian. May 21st.
Kang, Bin; Perrett, Lisa; Li, Yungang,; He, Daming. (2009a). “Are the fish of the upper and lower Mekong interconnected?”. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. Vol. 27, No. 2. 400-407.
Kang, Bin; He, Daming; Perrett, Lisa; Wang, Hongyuan; Hu, Wenxian; Deng, Weide; Wu, Yunfei. (2009b). “Fish and fisheries in the Upper Mekong: Current assessment of the fish community, threats and conservation.” Rev Fish Biol Fisheries.
Kang, Bin; Deng, Junming; Wu, Yunfei; Chen, Liqiang; Zhang, Jie; Qiu, Haiyuan; Lu, Yin; He, Daming. (2013). “Mapping China’s freshwater fishes: diversity and biogeography.” Freshwater fishes of China: Fish and Fisheries. 1-22.
Kingdon, John. (2002). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd ed., New York: Harper Collins.
Kuehls, Thom. (1996). Beyond Soverign Territory: The Space of Ecopolitics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Print.
Kummu, M., Sarkkula, J., and Varis, O. (2006). “Sediment-related impacts due to upstream reservoir trapping in the lower Mekong River.” Geomorphology.
Kummu, Matti; Varis, Olli. (2007). “Sediment-related impacts due to upstream reservoir trapping, the Lower Mekong River.” Geomorphology. 85. 275-293.
Kummu, Matti and Sarkkula, Juha (2008). “Impact of the Mekong River Flow Alteration on the Tonle Sap Flood Pulse.”Ambio Vol 37, No.3. 185-192.
Kummu, M.; Lu, X.X.; Wang, J.J.; Varis, O. (2010). “Basin-wide sediment trapping efficient of emerging reservoirs along the Mekong.” Geomorphology. 119. 181-197.
Lane, S.N., Richards, K.S., (1997). “Linking river channel form and process: time, space and causality revisited.” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22, 249–260.
Lee, Ho-ching. (2014). “Governing Haze in China: Environmental Information Disclosure and Its Integrated Policy Responses.” Forthcoming.
Lee, Yok-Shiu. (2007). "Same Longitude, Different Latitudes: Institutional Change in Urban Water in China, North and South." Environmental Governance in China. By James Nickum. Milton Park: Routledge. 83-99. Print.
Li, L.O., Lu, X.X., Chen, Z.Y., (2007). “River channel change during the last 50 years in the middle Yangtze River, the Jianli reach.” Geomorphology 85, 185–196.
Li, S; He, Daming (2008). “Water level response to hydropower development in the Upper Mekong River.” AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 37(3): 170–176.
Li, Jinpeng; Dong, Shikui; Yang, Zhifeng; Peng, Mingchun; Liu, Shiliang; Li, Xiaoyan. (2012). “Effects of cascade hydropower dams on the structure and distribution of riparian and upland vegetation along the middle-lower Lancang-Mekong River.” Forest Ecology and Management. 284. 251-259.
Li, Bo; Yao, Songqiao; Yu, Yin; Guo, Qiaoyu. (2014, March). “The ‘Last Report’ on China’s Rivers.” Friends of Nature; Insititue of Public & Environmental Affairs; Green Watershed; SHAN SHUI; Chengdu Urban Rivers Association.
Lieberthal, Kenneth; Oksenberg, Michal. (1988). Policy Making in China – Leaders, Structures and Processes. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Lieberthal, Kenneth. (1995). Governing China: From Revolution through Reform. New York: W.W. Norton.
Liebman, Alex. (2005). "Trickle-down Hegemony? China`s "Peaceful Rise" and Dam Building on the Mekong." Contemporary Southeast Asia 27.2: 281-304.
Liu, Cheng; Sui, Jueyi; Wang, Zhaoyin. (2008). “Sediment load reduction in Chinese rivers.” International Journal of Sediment Research. Vol. 23. 110-210.
Liu, Cheng; He, Yun; Wang, Jianjun. (2012). “Changes in Sediment Load of the Lancang-Mekong River and its Response to the Hydropower Development.” 4th International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts. 8-11 October 2012. Water Resources University. Vietnam.
Liu, Yanben; Guan, Hongfei. (2011, February 21). “Huaneng lancangjiang shuidian youxian gongsi lvse fazhan zhi lu [Huaneng Lancang Hydropower Company Green Development Road]. Hexun Wang.
Lu, X. X. and Siew, R. Y. (2005). “Water discharge and sediment flux changes in the Lower Mekong River.” Hydrological Earth System Science Discussion 2, 2287-2325.
Lu, X.X. and Siew, R.Y. (2006) “Water discharge and sediment flux changes over the past decades in the Lower Mekong River: possible impacts of the Chinese dams.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences.
Lu, XX; Wang, JJ; Grundy-Warr, C (2008). “Are the Chinese dams to be blamed for the lower water level in the Lower Mekong?” Modern Myths of the Mekong, Kummu M, Keskinen M, Varis O (eds). Helsinki University of Technology-TKK; 39–51.
MacLean, Ken; Maung, Chana; Putnam, Ann. (2004). “Lancang/Mekong and the Nu/Salween rivers: promoting regional watershed governance and distributive justice for downstream Burmese communities.” Earthrights International (ERI). Chiang Mai, Thailand
MacLeod, Calum. (2010, April 22). “China’s new dam seen as a water hog.” USA Today. Retrieved from: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/environment/2010-04-21-china-dam_N.htm
Magee, Darrin. (2005). “The Science of China’s Hydropower.” Role of Water Sciences in Transboundary River Basin Management, Thailand. 181-187.
Magee, Darrin. (2006a). “New Energy Geographies: Powershed Politics and Hydropower Decision Making in Yunnan, China.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Magee, Darrin. (2006b). “Powershed Politics: Yunnan Hydropower under Great Western Development.” The China Quarterly. No. 185, 23-41.
Magee, Darrin (2011). The Dragon Upstream: China’s role in Lancang- Mekong Development. In Öjendal, J., Hansson, S., and Hellberg, S. (eds.), Water, Politics, and Development in a Transboundary Watershed: The Case of the Lower Mekong Basin. Springer, New York.
McNabb, Robert (2004) Research Methods for Political Science: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe
Mertha, Andrew. (2008) China`s Water Warriors: Citizen Action and Policy Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 2008. Print.
Milliman J D, Meade R H. (1983). “World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans.” The Journal of Geology, 91: 1-21
Milliman J D, Syvitski J P M. (1992). “Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: The importance of small mountainous rivers The Journal of Geology. 100: 525- 544
Mekong River Commission (MRC). (2005a). “Overview of the Hydrology of the Mekong River Basin,” Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, 73pp.
Mekong River Commission (MRC). (2005b). “Integrated Basin Flow Management,” Phase 2. May 2005 Field Trip. Study Reach Notes. Draft 28 April 2005. Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, 77pp.
Mekong River Commission (MRC). (2009). “Adaptation to Climate Change in the Countries of the Lower Mekong Basin: Regional Synthesis Report.” MRC Technical Paper No. 24, Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, Laos, 89 pp.
Naik, Gautam, and Shai Oster. (2009, February 6). "Scientists Link China`s Dam to Earthquake, Renewing Debate." The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123391567210056475.html
Newbury, R., and M. Gaboury. (1993). “Exploration and rehabilitation of hydraulic habitats in streams using principles of fluvial behaviour.” Freshwater Biology. 29.195–210.
Nilsson, C., and M. Svedmark. (2002). “Basic principles and ecological consequences of changing water regimes: riparian plant communities.” Environmental Management. 30. 468 – 480.
Nilsson, C; Reidy, C; Dynesius, M; Revenge, C. (2005). “Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world’s large river systems.” Science 308:405–408
Nguyen, QM (2003). “Hydrologic impacts of China’s Upper Mekong dams on the Lower Mekong River.” Retrieved from: http://mekongriver.org/ publish/qghydrochdam.htm.
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (n.d.). From Copenhagen Accord to Climate Action. Retrieved from: http://www.nrdc.org/international/copenhagenaccords/
Osbourne, M., (2004). River at Risk, The Mekong and the Water Politics of China and Southeast Asia, Lowy Institute Paper 02.
Pang, C. (2001, August 24). Guangdong changkai shichang ying ‘xi dian’, jiezhi qunian leiji jieshou erbaisishi yi qianwate, zhifu liushiwu yiyuan [Guangdong opens market to welcome power transfer from west]. Jingji Ribao (Economic Daily).
Peng, B. (2004, September 24). “ ‘Yun dian song Yue’ 12 nian leiji song dian 200 yi qianwashi” [‘Send Western Electricity East’ reaches 20 billion kWH over 12 years]. Chuncheng Wanbao (Spring City Evening News).
Podger, G., Beecham, R., Blackmore, D., Perry, C., and Stein, R. (2004). “World Bank Mekong Regional Water Resources Assistance Strategy: Modeled Observations on Development Scenarios in the Lower Mekong Basin,” World Bank, Vientiane, 122pp
Poulsen, A. F.; Poeu, Ouch; Viravong, Sintavong; Ubolratana, Suntornratnana; Nguyen, Thanh Tung.. (2002). “Fish migrations of the Lower Mekong Basin: implications for development, planning and environmental management.” MRC Technical Paper No. 8. MRC, Phnom Penh, October.
Plinston, D. and He, Daming (1999). “Policies and Strategies for the Sustainable Development of the Lancang River Basin,” Water Resources and Hydropower Report of TA 3139-PRC. Asian Development Bank, Manila, 36pp.
Quang, M.; Nguyen, P.E., (2003, June 28). “Hydrologic impacts of China’s Upper Mekong dams on the Lower Mekong River.” Retrieved from: http://www.mekonginfo.org/mrc_en/activity.nsf/0/CF3B1A24510BA45085256DE4006D6C29/$FILE/ HydrologicEffectsF.pdf
Rasanen, Timo A.; Koponen, Jorma; Hannu, Lauri; Kummu, Matti. (2012). "Downstream Hydrological Impacts of Hydropower Development in the Upper Mekong Basin." Water Resource Management. 26: 3495-3513.
Roberts, T. (2001). “Downstream ecological implications of China’s Lancang Hydropower and Mekong Navigational Project.” International Rivers Network (IRN) Report.
Rosen, D. H., and Houser, T. (2007). “China Energy, a Guide for the Perplexed.” Policy brief, Peterson Institute for International Economics.
SEARIN. (2004). "Downstream Impacts of Hydropower and Development of an International River: A Case-study Lancang-Mekong." Southeast Asia Rivers Network (SEARIN), November.
Schneider, Keith, Jennifer Turner, Aaron Jaffe, and Nadya Ivanova. (2011). "Choke Point China: Confronting Water Scarcity and Energy Demand in the World`s Largest Country." Vermont Journal of Environmental Law 12: 713-34. Print.
Scudder, T. (2005). “The future of large dams: dealing with social, environmental, institutional and political costs.” Sterling, VA. Earthscan.
Si, Meng (2011, February 14) “Hydropower’s green excuse.” China Dialogue. Retrieved from: https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4105-Hydropower-s-green-excuse
Shi, T. (1997) Political Participation in Beijing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Shih, Victor. "Factions Matter: Personal Networks and the Distribution of Banks Loans in China." Journal of Contemporary China 13.38 (2004): 3-19.
Son, Johanna. (2010, April 8). “Mistrust lingers over dams.” Asia Times. Retrieved from: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China /LD08Ad03.html
State Power Information Network. (2008). Zhongguo shuineng ziyuan gaikuang (Overview of China’s hydropower resources). Retrieved from: http://www.sp.com.cn/zgsd/zgsygk/200805/ t20080515_104282.htm
Stoett, Peter. (2005). "Mekong River Politics and Security." Confronting Environmental Change in East and Southeast Asia: Eco-Politics, Foreign Policy, and Sustainable Development. Vol. 1. Tokyo: United Nations UP. 167-82.
Stone, D. (2002). Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making (Revised Edition). New York: Norton.
Ta, K. T. O., Nguyen, V. L., Tateishio, M., Kobayashi, I., Tanabe, S., and Saito, Y. (2002). Holocene delta evolution and sediment discharge of the Mekong River, southern Vietnam. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 1807- 1819.
The Economist. (2005, September 29). "The Cauldron Boils." The Economist. The Economist Newspaper. Retrieved from: http://www.economist.com/node/4462719.
Tian, Huifang; Whalley, John. (2008). “China’s participation in global environmental negotiaions.” National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 14460.
Tilt, Brian, Braun, Y. A., and He, D. (2009). Social Impact Assessment of Large Dams: A Comparison of International Case Studies and Implications for Best Practice. Journal of Environmental Management 90(Supplement 3): S249–S257.
Tilt, Brian (2010). “The Struggle for Sustainability in Rural China: Environmental Values and Civil Society.” Columbia University Press, New York.
Tullos, Desiree. (2009). “Assessing the influence of environmental impact assessments on science and policy: an analysis of the Three Gorges Project.” Journal of Environmental Management. 90. S208-S223.
Tullos, Desiree; Brown, Philip H.; Kibler, Kelly; Magee, Darrin; Tilt, Bryan; Wolf, Aaron T. (2010). “Perspectives on the salience and magnitude of dam impacts for hydro development scenarios in China.” Water Alternatives. 3(2): 71-90.
Turin, D. R. (2012). "The Challenges of Climate Change Policy: Explaining the Failure of Cap and Trade in the United States With a Multiple-Streams Framework." Student Pulse, 4(06). Retrieved from http://www.studentpulse.com/a?id=656
United Nations (UN). (1997). “United Nations General Assembly Press Release GA/9248”, The Water Page. Rerieved from: http://www.thewaterpage.com/UNPressWater.htm
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1997) Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. Resolution 51/229.
Walker, Beth. (2013, February 1). “China gives green-light to new era of mega-dams.” China Dialogue. Retrieved from: https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/5678-China-gives-green-light-to-new-era-of-mega-dams/en
Wang, Yonggang. (2007 August 20). Wei goujian hexie shehui tianzhuanjiawa: Fang Yunnan huaneng lancangjiang shuidian youxian gongsi dongshi zhang kou wei. [To build a harmonious society: visit the Yunnan Huaneng Lanacang River Hydropower Co., Ltd. Chairman Kou Wei]. Yunnan Ribao (Yunnan Daily).
Wang, Chongyun; van der Meer, Peter; Peng, Mingchun; Douven, Wim; Hessel, Rudi; Dang, Chenlin. (2009). “Ecosystem Services Assessment of Two Watersheds of Lancang River in Yunnan, China with a Decision Tree Approach.” Ambio. 38, 1. 47-54.
Wang, Edward; Tuo, Cai. (2012). “China’s Participation in Global Governance on Climate Mitigation: Study on the Influence of Epistemic Communities in the Policy-making Process.” RCCPB Working Paper #22. Indiana University, Research Center for Chinese Politics and Business.
Wang, Hui. (2013, December 30). 19 jia huanbao zuzhi jianyi fagai yihuading heliu kaifa shanghai hongxian [19 environmental organizations propose changes to river development plans ecological red lines]. Huanbao Wang. Retrieved from: http://hope.huanqiu.com/domesticnew s/2013- 12/4708835.html
Wang, Pu; Lassoie, James P.; Dong, Shikui; Morreale, Stephen J. (2013). “A framework for social impact analysis of large dams: a case study of cascading dams on the Upper-Mekong River, China.” Journal of Environmental Management. Vol. 117. 131-140.
Wang, S. (2004). “The political logic of fiscal transfers in China.” In: Lu D, Neilson WAW (eds) China’s west region development: domestic strategies and global implications. World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc, River Edge, pp 101–136
Wang, Xiaomin. (2001). Láncāngjiāng gànliú shuǐdiàn kāifā de kuà jìng shuǐwén xiàoyìng [Hydropower development on the Mekong and its impact on the environment]. Dongnanya Yanjiu [Southeast Asian Studies]. Vol. 3. 10-14.
Walling, D.E., (2006). “Human impact on land–ocean sediment transfer by the world`s rivers.” Geomorphology 79, 192–216.
Walling, Des E. (2008a). “The Changing Sediment Load of the Mekong River.” Ambio. Vol. 37, No. 3.
Walling, Des E. (2008b). “The changing sediment loads of the world’s rivers.” Land Reclamation. No 39, 2008. 3-20.
Walling, Des E. (2009). “The Sediment Load of the Mekong River.” The Mekong. Chapter 6. Elsevier, Inc. 113-142.
Whittington, James. (2004, September 23). "China Facing Environment `crisis`" BBC News. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3683574.stm
World Commission on Dams, The (WCD). (2000). “Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making.” Earthscan, London.
Xie, Lei (2009). Environmental Activism in China. London and New York: Routledge.
Xie, Lei, and Hein-Anton Van Der Heijden. (2010). "Environmental Movements and Political Opportunities: The Case of China." Social Movement Studies 9.1. 51-68. Web.
Xinhua (2002, September 7). “Hydraulic Works on Lancang River not Detrimental to Mekong Ecology: Official”. Xinhua News. Retrieved from: http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/42308.htm
Xinhua (2002b, January 22). Yanjiu Biaoming: Lancangjiang bingfei meigonghe ni sha de zhuyao laiyuan [Studies have show that: Lancang not the main source of Mekong River sediment]. Xinhua News. Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2002-01/22/content_248013.htm
Xinhua (2002c, Janurary 20). Xiaowan dianzhan jiancheng jiang jianshao xiayou meigonghe ni sha [Xiaowan hydropower station built to reduce sediment in downstream Mekong]. Xinhua News. Retrieved from: http://www.yn.xinhuanet.com/tebd/xdds/xw/news012006.htm
Xinhua (2008a, July 19). “New Hydropower station completed in Yunnan”. China Daily. Retrieved from: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-06/19/content_6779088.htm
Xinhua (2008b, June 19). Zhang Guobao: Jiaqiang Lancangjiang liuyu shuidian kaifa dui shengtai huanjing ji xiayou diqu yingxiang de yanjiu [Zhang Guobao: Strenghten research on the Lancang River Basin development and its impacts on the downstream environment]. Xinhua News. Retrieved from: http://www.yn.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-06/19/content_13590449.htm
Xinhua (2011, May 12). Lancangjiang shuidian kaifa kaichuang shengtai huanboa sheji xianhe [Lancang river hydropower development created a precedent for eco-friendly design]. Xinhua News. Retrieved from: http://www.yn.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2011-05/12/content_22744101.htm
Xinhua (2012, September 6). “Largest hydropower station on Mekong River starts operation.” Xinhua News. Retrieved from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-09/06/c_131832819.htm
Xiong, Zhihong. (2005). “‘Environmental Impact Assessment’ – A Storm Stirs in 2005.” Friends of Nature (FON). Retrieved from: http://www.fon.org.cn/uploads/attachment/52051361523718.pdf
Xu, Y.C. (2002) “Powering China: Reforming the Electric Power Industry in China.” Aldershot: Ashgate.
Yan, Katy. (2012, November 27). “Megadams drown out small victories in the Upper Mekong”. International Rivers Network. Retrived from: http://www.internationalrivers.org/es/blogs/246/megadams-drown-out-small-victories-in-the-upper-mekong
Yan, Zhenwei; Wu Feike. (2012, July 17). Huaneng Lancangjiang Mahongqi yuanshi huo “Yunnan sheng jiechu gongxian jiang” [Hydrolancang Ma Hongqi wins the “Outstanding Contribution to Yunnan Awad”]. Zhongguo dianli xinwen (Zhong Electricity News).
Yang, R. (1998). Jiakuai Xiaowan shuidianzhan xiangmu de choujian cujin ziyuan youhua peizhi [Hasten preparations for the Xiaowan hydropower project, promote optimal resource allocation]. In: Zhongguo kexue jishu xiehui xuehui bu (ed) Zhongguo xibu nengyuan ziyuan kaifa ji youhua peizhi xueshu yantaohui wenji. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, pp 139–145
Yang, R. (2001). Yunnan shuidian jidi zai guojia shishi ‘xidian dongsong; zhong de zhuli zuoyong [Yunna’s Hydropower Base as the Fundamental Force in National Implementation of ‘Send Western Electricity East’]. Yunnan Shuili Fadian [Yunnan Water Power]. 17(4), 1-6.
Yang, Yueping. (2011). Zhongguo caiqu cuoshi xiaochu lancangjiang shuidian kaifa duo chugging shuiwei de yingxiang [China to take measures to eliminate the impact of hydropower development on the Lancang River water level exit]. Xinhua News. Retrieved from: http://www.yn.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2011-05/19/content_22805266.htm
Yi, Yimin. (2013, June 19). Kua guojie heliu shuidian kai jixu kaolv kua jing yingxiang [Transboundary river hydropower development in urgent need to consider cross-boarder impacts]. International Rivers Network (IRN). Retrieved from: http://www.guojiheliu.org/a/rivernews/china/2013/0619/478.html
Yin, Robert K. (1994) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Yong, Zhong; Bo, Li. (2009). “Dialogue Partner Report – China” Speech on the 7th Annual Mekong Flood Forum. AMFF-7. May 13-14. Bangkok, Thailand.
You, Lianyuan. (1999). Láncāngjiāng gànliú shuǐdiàn kāifā de kuà jìng shuǐwén xiàoyìng [A study on temporal changes of river sedimentation in Lancang River basin]. Dili Xuebao [Acta Geographica Sinica]. Vol. 54. Supplement.
Yu, Xiaogang & Jia, Jiguo. (n.d.). “An overview of participatory social impact assessment for Manwa hydropower station in Lancang River.” 1-21.
Zhai, Hongjuan; Cui, Baoshan; Hu, Bo; Zhang, Kejiang. (2010). “Prediction of river ecological integrity after cascade hydropower dam construction on the mainstream of rivers in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR), China.” Ecological Engineering. Vol 36. 361-372.
Zhang, Lei. (2007). "China`s Environmental Governance of Rapid Industrialization." Environmental Governance in China. By Han Shi. Milton Park: Routledge. 123-44. Print.
Zhang, Silu. (2012a May 25). Zhongguo wei bao langcangjiang xiayou shengtai buxi zuo kuiben maimai [For the sake of protecting the Lancang River’s downstream ecology, China does not hesitate to lose business]. CRI Online.
Zhang, X., Liu, J., and Li, M. (2008). Hydropower development on the
Lancang: a recommendation for affected ethnic minorities. In McCaskill, D., Leepreecha, P., and He, S. (eds.), Living in a Globalized World: Ethnic Minorities in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Mekong Press, Chiang Mai.
Zhang, Xinxin. (2012b, September 7). Lancangjiang nuozhadu shuidianzhan shoutai jizu touchan jianhuan xiayou guojia honglao zaihai [Lanang River Nuozhadu hydropower station’s first unit slows floods in downstream countries]. Xinhua News. Retrieved from: http://www.yn.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2012-09/07/c_131833454.htm
Zhang, Yong; He, Daming; Lu, Ying; Feng, Yan; Reznick, Jake. (2013). “The influence of large dams building on resettlement in the Upper Mekong River.” Journal of Geographic Science. Vol. 23, No. 5. p947-957.
Zhao, Qinghe; Liu, Shiliang; Deng, Li; Dong, Shikui; Wang, Cong; Yang, Zhifeng; Yang, Juejie (2012a). “Landscape change and hydrologic alteration associated with dam construction.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 16. 17-26.
Zhao, Qinghe; Liu, Shiliang; Li, Deng; Dong, Shikui; Yang, Juejie; Wang, Cong. (2012b). “The effects of dam construction and precipitation variability on hydrologic alteration in the Lancang River Basin of southwest China.” Stoch Environmental Reservoir Risk Assessment. Vol. 26. 993-1011.
Zhongguo Xinyong Wang. (2012, September 6). Zhuanjia: Nuozhadu shuidian zhan dui xiayou guojia jiben wu yingxiang. [Expert: Nuozhadu hydropower station has basically no impact on downstream nations]. Zhongguo Xinyong Wang. Retrieved from: http://finance.chinanews.com/ny/2012/09-06/4164342.shtml
Zhong, Huaping; Wang, Jiansheng. (2010). Láncāngjiāng gànliú shuǐdiàn kāifā duì jìngliú de yǐngxiǎng fēnxī. [Impacts from hydropower development of main stream on runoff of Lancangjiang River]. Shuili shuidian jishu [Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering]. No. 41, vol. 12.
Zhu, Xufeng. (2008). “Strategy of Chinese policy entreprenuers in the third sector: challenges of “Technical Infeasibility.” Policy Sci. 41. 315-334.
Zi, Yinsheng; Qi, Shiguo; Luo, Rujun; Su, Meijun. (2004). “Comments on the ‘four rights’ of immigrants affected by dam construction.” UN Symposium on Hydropower and Sustainable Development. Oct. 27-29. Beijing, China.
Zuo, Xue; Liu, J. Paul; Ge, Qian. (2010). “Changes in hydrology and sediment delivery of the Mekong River in the last 50 years: connection to damming, monsoon, and ENSO.” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 36. 296-308.
Zuo, Xue; He, Ruoying; Liu, J. Paul; Warner, John C. (2012). “Modeling transport and deposition of the Mekong River sediment.” Continental Shelf Research. 37. 66-78. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
99253036
102 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0992530361 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Description |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 036101.pdf | | 4696Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 850 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
