政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/63700
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 113318/144297 (79%)
造访人次 : 51100088      在线人数 : 921
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻
    政大機構典藏 > 理學院 > 心理學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/63700


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/63700


    题名: 注意力訓練在社交焦慮者的改變機制── 以事件相關電位(ERP)為指標探討
    The Intervention Effect of Attentional Training in Social Anxiety Individuals: An ERP Study
    作者: 馮雅群
    Feng, Ya Chun
    贡献者: 許文耀
    郭柏呈
    Hsu, Wen Yau
    Kuo, Bo Cheng
    馮雅群
    Feng, Ya Chun
    关键词: 社交焦慮
    注意力訓練
    事件相關電位
    social anxiety
    attentional training
    ERP
    日期: 2013
    上传时间: 2014-02-10 14:55:00 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本研究目的有兩個，第一想要驗證將注意導向中性或是正向訊息的注意力訓練效
    果，再來探討高社交焦慮者在訓練前後與低社交焦慮者注意力歷程之差異，以了解注意力訓練的改變機制，並藉此了解正向訊息所扮演的角色。為了回答這些問題，研究使用39名高社交焦慮者及16名低社交焦慮的大學生，對高社交焦慮的參與者，隨機分組進行訓練(中性訓練組、正向訓練組、中性控制組)，進行一次二十分鐘、每週兩次、一共八次的注意力訓練。在訓練前後，參與者各接受一次焦慮與憂鬱量表、注意力偏誤評估作業，並搭配事件相關電位(ERP) 的測量，來了解注意力訓練的效果及訓練的機制，並在訓練結束三個月後追蹤參與者的焦慮與憂鬱程度，以了解注意力訓練效果的維持狀況，並在訓練前後與低社交焦慮者進行比較。而低社交焦慮者僅填寫問卷及注意力評估作業搭配ERP，沒有進行注意力訓練。研究有幾項主要的發現：(1) 中性與正向訓練組在負向評價恐懼量表分數顯著下降，顯示訓練的有效性，並且由Early Directing Attention Negativity (EDAN) 可知中性與正向訓練組在訓練後的注意力均會遠離威脅臉孔，顯示訓練的效果在於避開威脅訊息。(2) 由臉孔引發之EDAN效果可以了解高、低社交焦慮者在面對中性-正向臉孔配對訊息時，正向臉孔對高社交焦慮者會比低社交焦慮者有較大的注意力引導作用。並且威脅與正向訊息(相對中性)對高社交焦慮者，也有較大的引導作用。顯示高、低社交焦慮者注意力歷程的差異在注意力後期。(3) 由正向評價恐懼量表分數，高社交焦慮者比低社交焦慮者較害怕正向訊息，並ERP資料顯示高社交焦慮者在正向訊息的處理上與威脅訊息相似。在注意力訓練上，正向訓練組的訓練效果來自於遠離威脅訊息，並不是多注意正向訊息，因此並不支持訓練效果在於多注意正向訊息。由第三點的結果支持高社交焦慮者害怕正向評價的看法。研究之貢獻在於提供一個對於社交焦慮的有效中介方式，並且由ERP工具探討注意力訓練的中介機制。
    The aims of this study were two-fold. The first one was to examine the Attentional Training effect of directing attention to neutral or positive information. Also, the present study compared high and low social anxiety individuals’ attention process before and after the training, thereby exploring the training mechanism and the role of positive information in social anxiety individuals. In this study, there were 39 high social anxiety participants and 16 low social anxiety participants. The high social anxiety participants were assigned randomly into neutral training, positive training, and neutral control group; all of them completed eight Attentional Training sessions (twice a week). Before and after the training, participants were asked to complete five questionnaires and attention evaluation tasks with Event-Related Potentials (ERP). The five questionnaires were asked to complete three months after the training as a follow-up. The low social anxiety participants only filled out the five questionnaires and attention evaluation tasks with ERP without any training. The scores were compared with the ones from the high social anxiety participants. Three key findings were revealed after the questionnaires’ scores and ERP analysis. First, after the training, the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE) scores were reduced in both neutral and positive training groups. This indicates that Attentional Training is effective. The face-evoked Early Directing Attention Negativity (EDAN) component shows that neutral and positive training groups would avoid threat faces after the training, which demonstrates the training mechanism is to avoid threat information. Second, from the information of face-evoked EDAN component, when neutral-positive face pairs were presented, positive faces are more attentive to the high social anxiety individuals than the low social anxiety individuals. In addition, compared to neutral faces, positive and threat faces were more attentive to high social anxiety individuals. This result reveals that the attention process difference between high and low social anxiety individuals was in the later stage of attention. Lastly, from the Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale (FPE) scores, high social anxiety individuals were afraid of positive evaluation more than low social anxiety individuals. From the ERP analysis, the way that high social anxiety individuals process the threat faces resembled the positive faces. Since the training effect is to avoid threat information, not attentive to positive information, there is no prove that social anxiety is due to less attentive to positive information. The third results supports that social anxiety individuals are afraid of positive evaluation. The value of the study is providing an effective intervention to reduce social anxiety, and exploring the intervention mechanism of the Attentional Training by ERP.
    參考文獻: 貝克憂鬱量表第二版中文版指導手冊 (陳心怡譯) (民89)。台北市：中國型為科學研究社。(原著出版年：1994年)
    性格與社會心理測量總覽 (楊宜音、張志學) (民86)。台北市：遠流。(原著出版年：1990年)
    林肇賢(民97)。高社交焦慮者在指示遺忘作業之回憶表現──從遺忘觀點探討記憶偏誤。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
    洪友雯(民93)。焦慮症患者對於情緒干擾面孔之負向促發。國立成功大學行為醫學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台南。
    梁記雯(民102)。高社會焦慮者的注意力訓練療效與眼動歷程之探討。國立政治大學心理學系博士論文，未出版，台北。
    鄧閔鴻(民99)。廣泛性焦慮疾患的心理病理：病態憂鬱、注意偏誤與憂鬱的後設認知。國立台灣大學心理學研究所博士論文，未出版，台北。
    盧孟良、車先蕙、張尚文與沈武典(民91)。中文版貝克憂鬱量表第二版之信度和效度。臺灣精神醫學，16(4)，301-310頁。
    鍾思嘉、龍長風 (民73)。修訂情境與特質焦慮量表之研究。測驗年刊，31，27~36頁。


    Alden, L. E., Taylor, C. T., Mellings, T. M. B., & Laposa, J. M. (2008). Social anxiety and the interpretation of positive social events. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 577–590.
    American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
    Amir, N., Beard, C., Cobb, M., & Bomyea, J. (2009a). Attention modification program in individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 28–33.
    Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C. T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M.,& Chen, X. (2009b). Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 5, 961-973.
    Amir, N., & Elias, J. (2002). Allocation of attention to threat in social phobia: difficulty in disengaging from task irrelevant cues, Manuscript under review.
    Amir, N., Elias, J., Klumpp, H., & Przeworski, A. (2003). Attentional bias to threat in social phobia: Facilitated processing of threat or difficulty disengaging attention from threat? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1325–1335.
    Amir, N., Foa, E. B., & Coles, M. E. (1998). Negative interpretation bias in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 945-957.
    Amir, N., Weber, G.., Beard, C., Bomyea, J., & Taylor, C. T. (2008). The effect of a single session attention modification program on response to a public speaking challenge in socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 860–868.
    Asmundson, G. J., & Stein, M. B. (1994). Selective processing of social threat in patients with generalized social phobia: Evaluation using a dot-probe paradigm. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 107–117.
    Bar‐Haim, Y. (2010). Research Review: attention bias modification (ABM): a novel treatment for anxiety disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(8), 859-870.
    Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D. & Glickman S. (2005) Attentional bias in anxiety: A behavioral and ERP study. Brain and Cognition, 59,11-22.
    Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J., &
    van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-Related Attentional Bias in Anxious and Nonanxious Individuals: A Meta-Analytic. Study Psychological Bulletin, 133, 1, 1–24.
    Batty, M., & Taylor, M. J. (2003). Early processing of the six basic facial emotional expressions. Cognitive Brain Research, 17, 613–620.
    Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. C. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
    Beck, A. T., Steer, R, A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, Tex: Psychology Corporation.
    Bögels, S. M., & Mansell. W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 827-856.
    Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Millar, N., Bonham-Carter, C., Fergusson, E., Jenkins, J., & Parr, M. (1997). Attentional biases for emotional faces. Cognition & Emotion, 11(1), 25–42.
    Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., White, J., Groom, C., & de Bono, J. (1999). Attentional bias for emotional faces in generalized anxiety disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 267–278.
    Breck, B. E., & Smith, S. H. (1983). Selective recall of self-descriptive traits by socially anxious and nonanxious females. Social Behavior and Personality, 11, 71–76.
    Chen, Y. P., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., & Mansell, W. (2002). Patients with generalized social phobia direct their attention away from faces. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 677–687.
    Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press.
    Clark, D. M., & McManus, F. (2002). Information processing in social phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 92-100.
    Constans, J. I., Penn, D. L., Ihen, G. H., & Hope, D. A. (1999). Interpretive biases for ambiguous stimuli in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 643–651.
    Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002). Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 225–236.
    Eimer, M., & Holmes, A. (2007). Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 15-31.
    Eimer, M., Van Velzen, J., & Driver, J. (2002). Cross-modal interactions between audition, touch, and vision in endogenous spatial attention: ERP evidence on preparatory states and sensory modulations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(2), 254-271.
    Eldar, S. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2010). Neural plasticity in response to attention training in anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 40, 4, 667-677.
    Eldar, S., Ricon, T. & Bar-Haim, Y. (2008). Plasticity in attention Implications for stress response in children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 450–461.
    Foa, E. B., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Amir, N., & Freshman, M. (2000). Memory bias in generalized social phobia: Remembering negative emotional expressions. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 14, 501–519.
    Fergus, T. A., Valentiner, D. P., McGrath, P. B., Stephenson, K., Gier, S., & Jencius, S. (2009). The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Psychometric properties in a clinical sample. Journal of anxiety disorders, 23(8), 1177-1183.
    Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B.P., (2006a). Fear-relevant selective association and social anxiety: absence of a positive bias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 201–217.
    Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006b). Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,115(4), 760.
    Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolution and social anxiety: The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 723–751.
    Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Franklin, M. E., & Foa, E. (2000). Anticipated reactions to social events: Differences among individuals with genralized social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and nonanxious controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 731–746.
    Harter, M. R., & Anllo-Vento, L. (1991). Visual-spatial attention: preparation and selection in children and adults. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement, 42, 183.
    Hazen, R. A., Vasey, M. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2009). Attentional retraining A randomized clinical trial for pathological worry. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 627-633.
    Heeren, A., Lievens, L., & Philippot, P. (2011). How does attention training work in social phobia: Disengagement from threat or re-engagement to non-threat? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 8, 1108-1115.
    Heeren, A., Reese, H. E., McNally, R. J., & Philippot, P. (2012). Attention training toward and away from threat in social phobia: Effects on subjective, behavioral, and physiological measures of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 1, 30-39.
    Heinrichs, N. & Hofmann, S. G. (2001). Information processing in social phobia: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 5, 751-770.
    Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives, 2, 395-422.
    Helfinstein, S. M., White, L. K., Bar-Haim, Y., & Fox, N. A. (2008). Affective primes suppress attention bias to threat in socially anxious individuals. Behavour Research and Therapy, 46(7), 799–810.
    Hertel, P. T., Brozovich, F., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008). Biases in interpretation and memory in generalized social phobia. Journal of abnormal psychology, 117(2), 278.
    Hirsch, C. R., & Clark, D. M. (2004). Information-processing bias in social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 799–825.
    Holmes, A., Bradley, B. P., Nielsen, M. K., & Mogg, K. (2009). Attentional selectivity for emotional faces: Evidence from human electrophysiology. Psychophysiology, 46(1), 62-68.
    Holmes, A., Vuilleumier, P., & Eimer, M. (2003). The processing of emotional facial expression is gated by spatial attention: evidence from event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research, 16, 2, 174-184.
    Hope, D. A., Rapee, R. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Dombeck, M. J. (1990). Representations of the self in social phobia: Vulnerability to social threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 177–189.
    Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 348-365.
    Kashdan, T. B., Weeks, J. W., & Savostyanova, A. A. (2011). Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 786–799.
    Klumpp, H., & Amir, N. (2010). Preliminary Study of Attention Training to Threat and Neutral Faces on Anxious Reactivity to a Social Stressor in Social Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 263-271.
    Kolassa, I. T., & Miltner, W. H. R. (2006). Psychophysiological correlates of face processing in social phobia. Brain Research, 1118, 130-141.
    Leppänen, J. M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2004). Positive facial expressions are recognized faster than negative facial expressions, but why? Psychological Research, 69, 22-29.
    Li, S., Tan, J., Qian, M., & Liu, X. (2008). Continual training of attentional bias in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 905-912.
    Liang, C. W., Hsu, W. Y., Hung, F. C., Wang, W. T., & Lin, C. G. (2011). Absence of a positive bias in social anxiety: The application of a directed forgetting paradigm. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 204-210.
    Luck, S. J., & Hillyard, S. A. (1994). Spatial filtering during visual search: evidence from human electrophysiology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20(5), 1000.
    Lundh, L. G., & Öst, L. G. (1996). Recognition bias for critical faces in social phobics. Personaility and Individual Differences, 20, 725-731.
    MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 107–123.
    Mansell, W., & Clark, D. M. (1999). How do I appear to others? Social anxiety and processing of the observable self. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 419–439.
    Mansell, W., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., & Chen, Y. P. (1999). Social Anxiety and Attention away from Emotional Faces. Cognitive and Emotion,13, 6, 673-690.
    Mellings, T. M. B., & Alden, L. E. (2000). Cognitive processes in social anxiety: the effect of self-focus, rumination, and anticipatory processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 243-257.
    Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 160–165.
    Mueller, E. M., Hofmann, S.G.., Santesso, D.L., Meuret, A. E., Bitran, S. & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2009). Electrophysiological evidence of attentional biases in social anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39, 7, 1141-1152.
    Murray, A. M., Nobre, A. C., & Stokes, M. G. (2011). Markers of preparatory attention predict visual short-term memory performance. Neuropsychologia,49(6), 1458-1465.
    Musa, C. Z., & Lepine, J. P. (2000). Cognitive aspects of social phobia: a review of theories and experimental research. European Psychiatry, 15(1), 59-66.
    Öhman, A., Lundqvist, D., & Esteves, F. (2001). The face in the crowd revisited: a threat advantage with schematic stimuli. Journal of personality and social psychology, 80(3), 381.
    O’Toole, L., & Dennis, T. A. (2012). Attention training and the threat bias: An ERP study. Brain and Cognition, 78, 63–73.
    Pineles, S. L., & Mineka, S. (2005). Attentional biases to internal and external sources of potential threat in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,114(2), 314.
    Pishyar, R., Harris, L. M., & Menzies, R. G. (2004). Attentional bias for words and faces in social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17, 23–36.
    Pourtois, G., Grandjean, D., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. (2004). Electrophysiological correlates of rapid spatial orienting towards fearful faces. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 619-133.
    Pourtois, G., & Vuilleumier, P. (2006). Dynamics of emotional effects on spatial attention in the human visual cortex. Progress in brain research, 156, 67-91.
    Rapee, R. M., & Lim, L. (1992). Discrepancy between self and observer ratings of performance in social phobics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 728-731.
    Santesso, D, L., Meuret, A. E., Hofmann, S, G., Mueller, E. M., Ratner, K, G., Roesch, E. B., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2008). Electrophysiological correlates of spatial orienting towards angry faces: A source localization study. Neuropsychologia, 46, 5, 1338-1348.
    Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. ( 2009). Attention Training for Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 1, 5–14.
    See, J., MacLeod, C., & Bridle, R. (2009). The reduction of anxiety vulnerability through the modification of attentional bias: a real-world study using a home-based cognitive bias modification procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 65–75.
    Shyi, G. C.-W. (2010). A database of facial expression for basic emotions among Taiwanese-Chinese college students. Technical Report of Center for Research in Cognitive Science, National Chung Cheng Univeristy, Chiayi, Taiwan.
    Silvia, P. J., Allan, W. D., Beauchamp, D. L., Maschauer, E. L., & Workman, J. O. (2006). Biased recognition of happy facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 585-602.
    Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory: STAI. Consulting Psychologists Press.
    Spielberger, C, D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A, E., Marsh, B, J., & Maruish, M, E. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (2nd ed.)(pp. 993-1021). Mahwah, NJ: US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Streit, M., Dammers, J., Simsek-Kraues, S., Brinkmeyer, J., Wölwer, W., & Ioannides, A. (2003). Time course of regional brain activations during facial emotion recognition in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 342, 1-2, 101-104.
    Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (2000). Social phobia and interpretation of social events. Behavour Research and Therapy, 38, 273–283.
    Talsma, D., Slagter, H. A., Nieuwenhuis, S., Hage, J., & Kok, A. (2005). The orienting of visuospatial attention: An event-related brain potential study. Cognitive Brain Research, 25(1), 117-129.
    Taylor, C. T., Bomyea, J., & Amir, N. (2010).Attentional bias away from positive social information mediates the link between social anxiety and anxiety vulnerability to a social stressor. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 24, 403-408.
    Van Bockstaele, B., Koster, E. H. W., Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., & De Houwer, J. (2012). Limited transfer of threat bias following attentional retraining. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 794-800.
    Vassilopoulos, S. F. (2005). Social Anxiety and the Vigilance-Avoidance Pattern of
    Attentional Processing. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33, 13-24.
    Veljaca, K. A., & Rapee, R. M. (1998). Detection of negative and positive audience behaviours by socially anxious subjects. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 311–321.
    Voncken, M. J., Bfgels, S. M., & de Vries, K. (2004). Interpretation and judgmental biases in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1481–1488.
    Vogel, E. K., & Luck, S. J. (2000). The visual N1 component as an index of a discrimination process. Psychophysiology, 37(02), 190-203.
    Wadlinger, H., A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Looking Happy: The Experimental Manipulation of a Positive Visual Attention Bias. Emotion, 8, 1, 121–126.
    Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 33(4), 448.
    Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1995). Social anxiety and standard setting following social success or failure. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 613–631.
    Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1997). Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 416–424.
    Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., & Rodebaugh, T. L., (2008a). The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 22, 44-55.
    Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Norton, P. J., (2008b). Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 22, 386-400.
    Wells, T.T. & Beevers, C.G.. (2010). Biased attention and dysphoria: Manipulating selective attention reduces subsequent depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion, 24 (4), 719-728.
    Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester, England: Wiley.
    Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester, England: Wiley.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    心理學研究所
    99752021
    102
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099752021
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[心理學系] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 大小格式浏览次数
    202101.pdf2408KbAdobe PDF2971检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈