Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54339
|
| Title: | 文化如何影響環保行為？檢視26國人民的環保行為
A Cross-Cultural Analysis: Predicting People`s Environmental Behaviors in 26 Countries |
| Authors: | 張瑜倩
Chang, Yu Chien |
| Contributors: | 施琮仁
Shih, Tsung Jen
張瑜倩
Chang, Yu Chien |
| Keywords: | 環保行為
跨文化
Hofstede
theory of planned behavior
cultural orientations
environmental behavior |
| Date: | 2011 |
| Issue Date: | 2012-10-30 10:45:37 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | Environmental protection has become a global issue and attracted the attention of both the general public and governments around the world. Understanding people’s environmental attitude and their behavioral intention, measured as their willingness to pay cost for the environment, is therefore imperative. Research in this field is abundant, but it suffers from at least two limitations. First, previous literature focused mainly on predictors of human behaviors at the individual level and seldom examined the effect of cultural values. In addition, few studies have expanded their research scope beyond Western countries. This study addresses these gaps by investigating the factors, both at the national and individual level, shaping people’s intention to take actions in 26 countries. Employing Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory of planned behavior, the analysis at the individual level examines the impact of environmental attitude, self-efficacy, and subjective norms. At the same time, this study also looks into the effect of three cultural orientations developed by Hofstede, including Individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance. The data used in this study were Hofstede’s cultural indices and World Value Survey (WVS) with a total number of 38,511 participants in 26 countries. Hierarchical linear modeling is applied. The result showed that Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory of planned behavior fit well in the study. Three behavioral determinants (attitude, subjective norm, self efficacy) in the theory were positively related to environmental behavioral intentions. Aggregate cultural orientations also accounted for part of variations in relation to environmental behavioral intentions. In more individualistic countries, people were less likely to perform financial sacrifice behaviors for the environment than those in the less individualistic countries. Finally, this study suggested cultural orientations served as moderating variables on people’s environmental attitudes and subjective norms. Environmental attitudes exerted greater impacts on behavioral intentions in more individualistic countries, where the effects of subjective norms were weaker. |
| Reference: | Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1973). Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of specific behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(1), 41-57.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). New York: SpringerVerlag.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
Adler, N. (1986). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Boston: Kent.
Axelrod, L. J. (1994). Balancing personal needs with environmental preservation: Identifying the values that guide decisions in ecological dilemmas. Journal of Social Issues, 50(3), 85-104. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02421.x.
Aarts, H., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2003). The silence of the library: Environment, situational norm, and social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 18–28. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.18.
Berkowitz,L., and K. G. Lutterman. (1968). The traditional socially responsible personality. Public Opinion Quarterly, 32(2), 169-187.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change,Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Brown, T. C. (1984). The concept of value in resource allocation. Land Economics, 60(3), 231- 245.
Black, J. S., Stern, P. C. & Elworth, J. T. (1985). Personal and contextual influences on household energy adaptations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(1), 3-21.
Buttel, F. H. (1987). New directions in environmental sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 13, 465-488.
Balderjahn, I. (1988), Personality variables and environmental attitudes as predictors of ecologically responsible consumption patterns, Journal of Business Research, 17 (1), 51-6.
Betancourt, H. and Lopez, S.R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. American Psychologist, 48(6), 629-637. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.48.6.629.
Bagozzi, Richard P. and Pratibha A. Dabholkar (1994), “Consumer Recycling Goals and Their Effect on Decisions to Recycle: A Means-End Chain Analysis,” Psychology & Marketing, 11 (July/August), 313-340. doi: 10.1002/mar.4220110403.
Bagozzi, R. P., Wong, N., Abe, S., & Bergami, M. (2000). Cultural and situational contingencies and the theory of reasoned action: Application to fast food restaurant consumption. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9(2), 97–106. doi: 10.1207/S15327663JCP0902_4.
Banerjee, B. and McKeage, K. (1994), “How green is my value: exploring the relationship between environmentalism and materialism”, in Allen, C.T. and John, D.R. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, 21, 147-52.
Boldero, J. (1995). The prediction of household recycling of newspapers: The role of attitudes, intentions, and situational factors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(5), 440-462. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01598.x.
Campbell, E.Q. (1964). The internalization of moral norms. Sociometry, 27(4), 391- 412.
Cheung, S. F., Chan, D. K. S., & Wong, Z. S. Y. (1999). Reexamining the theory of planned behavior in understanding wastepaper recycling. Environment and Behavior, 31(5), 587-612. doi: 10.1177/00139169921972254.
Chan, R. Y. K. (2001). Determinants of Chinese consumers’ green purchase behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 18(4), 389-413. doi:10.1002/mar.1013.
Cottrell, S. P. (2003). Influence of sociodemographic and environmental attitudes of general responsible environmental behavior among recreational boaters. Environment and Behavior, 35(3), 347-375. doi: 10.1177/0013916503035003003.
Cassandra Y. Johnson, J. M. Bowker and H. Ken Cordell. (2004). Ethnic Variation in Environmental Belief and Behavior : An Examination of the New Ecological Paradigm in a Social Psychological Context. Environment and Behavior, 36(2),157-186. doi: 10.1177/0013916503251478.
Cohen Patricia Cohen Stephen G. West Leona S. Aiken (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates the Third Edition.
Cordano, M., Welcomer, S., Scherer, R., Pradenas, L., & Parada V. (2010): Understanding Cultural Differences in the Antecedents of Pro-Environmental Behavior: A Comparative Analysis of Business Students in the United States and Chile. The Journal of Environmental Education, 41(4), 224-238. doi: 10.1080/00958960903439997.
Dunlap, R. E., Grieneeks, J. K., & Rokeach, M. (1983). Human values and proenvironmental behavior. In W. D. Conn (Ed.), Energy and material resources: Attitudes, values, and public policy (pp. 145-169). Boulder, CO: Westview.
Dunlap, R. E. & Van Liere, K. D. (1984). Commitment to the dominant social paradigm and concern for environmental quality. Social Science Quarterly, 64(2), 1013-1028.
Dunlap, R.E., and Scarce, R. (1991). Poll Trends: Environmental Problems and Protection. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(4), 651-672.
Dunlap, R.E., Van Liere, K.D., Mertig, A.G., & Jones, R.E. (2000). New Trends in Measuring Environmental Attitudes: Measuring Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A Revised NEP Scale. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 425–442. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00176.
Dietz, T., Stern, P. C., & Rycroft, R. W. (1989). Definitions of conflict and the legitimation of resources: The case of environmental risk. Sociological Forum, 4(1), 47-70.
Dietz, T., Stern, P. C., & Guagnano, G. A. (1998). Social structural and social psychological bases of environmental concern. Environment and Behavior, 30(4), 450-471. doi: 10.1177/001391659803000402.
Diamond, I & Orcnstein, G.F. eds. (1990). Reweaving the world: The emergence of ecofeminism. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
De Groot, J. and Steg, L. (2007), General Beliefs and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Role of Environmental Concerns in the TPB. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(8), 1817–1836. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00239.
Eckersley, R. (1989). Green politics and the new class: Selfishness or virtue? Political Studies, 37(2), 205-223.
Eckersley, R. (1992). Environmentalism and political theory. Toward an ecocentric approach. London: UCL Press.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison process. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202.
Fishbein, M. A., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Greenhalgh, S. (1994). Deorientalizing the Chinese family firm. American Ethnologist, 21(4),746-775.
Guagnano, G. A., Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1995). Influences of attitude-behavior relationships: A natural experiment with curbside recycling. Environment and Behavior, 27(5), 699-718. doi: 10.1177/0013916595275005.
Gouvenia,V .V.,& Ross,M. (2000). Hofstede and Schwartz`s models for classifying individualism at the cultural level: Their relation to macro- social and macro-economic variables. Psicothema,12(Suppl), 25-33.Manuscript submitted for publication.
Goldstein, N.J., Cialdini, R.B., & Griskevicius, V. (2006). A room with a viewpoint: Using normative appeals to motivate environmental conservation in a hotel setting. Journal of Consumer Research 35(3), (October 2008), 472-482.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14, 75–90.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill UK.
Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Executive; Feb 1993; 7 (1), 81.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D.D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study Across Twenty Cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2) (Jun, 1990), 286-316.
Heberlein, T. A., & Black, J. S. (1981). Cognitive consistency and environmental action. Environment and Behavior, 13(6), 717-734.
doi: 10.1177/0013916581136005
Honnold, J. A. (1984). Age and Environmental Concern: Some Specification of Effects. Journal of Environmental Education,16(1), 4-9.
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1986/1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8.
Huo, P., and Randall, D.M. (2005). Exploring subcultural differences in Hofstede`s value survey: The case of the Chinese. Asia pacific journal of management..8(3), 159-173. doi: 10.1007/BF01731938.
Harris P.G. (2006). Environmental perspectives and behavior in China: Synopsis and bibliography. Environment and Behavior, 38 (1), 5-21. doi: 10.1177/0013916505280087.
Inglehart, R. (1977). The silent revolution: Changing values and political styles among Western publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Jones, R. E., & Dunlap, R. E. (1992). The social bases of environmental concern: Have they changed over time? Rural Sociology, 57(1), 28-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1549-0831.1992.tb00455.x.
Johnson, C. Y., Bowker, J. M., & Cordell, H. K. (2004). Ethnic variation in environmental belief and behavior: An examination of the new ecological paradigm in a social psychological context. Environment and Behavior, 36(2), 157-186. doi: 10.1177/0013916503251478.
Jinyang D., Gordon J. W. & Swinnerton G. (2006). A Comparison of Environmental Values and Attitudes Between Chinese in Canada and Anglo-Canadians. Environment and Behavior, 38(1), 22-47. doi: 10.1177/0013916505278458.
Kim, U. (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Conceptual clarification and elaboration. In U. Kim, H.C.
Keping, Y. (1995). Marx`s theory of civil society and its historical position. Social Sciences in China, Summer 1995, 88-97.
Karp, D. G. (1996). Values and their effect on pro-environmental behavior. Environment and Behavior, 28(1), 111-133.
doi:10.1177/0013916596281006.
Kuhn, K. M. (2000). Message format and audience values: Interactive effects of uncertainty information and environmental attitudes on perceived risk. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20(1), 41-51.
Liping, S., Hansheng, W., Sibin, W., Bin, L., & Shanhua, Y. (1995). Changes in China`s Social Structure Following the Reforms. Sciences in China, Summer 1995, 70-80.
Lindsay, J. J., & Strathman, A. (1997). Predictors of recycling behavior: An application of a modified health belief model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(20), 1799-1823. doi: 10.1111/j.15591816.1997.tb01626.x.
Louie, S. C. (1997). Self-construals and empathy in Asian Americans. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Boston.
Leung, C., & Rice, J. (2002). Comparison of Chinese Australian and Anglo Australian environ-mental attitudes and behavior. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(3), 252-262.
Li, L., Jin, H., Hao, H. W., Nu, W. S., & Xing, H. (2002). Fuzhou shi gong zhong huan jing yi zhi tiao cha fen xi [Investigation and analysis of public environmental attitudes in Fuzhou City]. Fujian Huan Jing [Fujian Environment], 19, 33.
McEvoy, J., IlL (1972). The American concern with the environment. In W. R. Butch, Jr., N. H. Cheek, Jr., & L. Taylor (Eds.) Social behavior, natural resources, and the environment. New York: Harper & Row.
Malpass, R.S. (1977). Theory and method in cross-cultural psychology. American Psychologist 32(12), 1069- 1079.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
McGuire, J. R. (1992). An examination of environmental attitudes among college students. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
Manfredo, M. J.,Yuan, S. M.,&McGuire, F. A. (1992). The influence of attitude accessibility on attitude-behavior relationships: Implications for recreation research. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(2), 157-170.
McCarty, J. A., & Shrum, L. J. (1994). The recycling of solid wastes: Personal values, value orientations, and attitudes about recycling as antecedents of recycling behavior. Journal of Business Research, 30(1), 53-62.
Mårtensson, M., & Petterson, R. (1997, August). Life course, livelihood and environmental practices. Paper presented at the Society, Environment and Sustainability. The Nordic Perspective, Oslo, Norway.
Min Hua Jen, Kelvyn Jones, Ron Johnston (2009). Global variations in health: Evaluating Wilkinson’s income inequality hypothesis using the World Values Survey. Social Science & Medicine, 68(4), 643-653
Newhouse, N. (1990). Implications of attitude and behavior research for environmental conservation. Journal of Environmental Education, 22(1), 26-32.
Ostman, R. E., and Parker, J. L.(1987). Impact of education, age, newspapers, and television on environmental knowledge, concerns, and behaviors. Journal of Environmental Education, 19(1), Fal 1987, 3-9.
Oom Do Valle, P., Rebelo, E., Reis, E., & Menezes, J. (2005). Combining behavioral theories to predict recycling involvement. Environment and Behavior, 37(3), 364-396. doi: 10.1177/0013916504272563.
Oreg, S., & Katz-Gerro, T. (2006). Predicting pro-environmental behavior cross- nationally: Values, the theory of planned behavior, and value-belief norm theory. Environment and Behavior, 38(4), 462-483. doi: 10.1177/0013916505286012.
Osborne JW. (2007). Advantages of hierarchical linear modeling. Pract Assess Res Eval, 7.
OCDE y EEA (2007): Database on instruments used for environmental policy and natural resources management. Acceso a Base de datos en http://www2.oecd.org/ecoinst/queries/
Passino, E. M., & Lounsbury, J. W. (1976). Sex differences in opposition to and support for construction of a proposed nuclear power plant, In L. M. Ward, S. Coren, A., Gruft, & J. B. Collins, (Eds.), The behavioral basis of design, Books I (pp. 180-184). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross.
Pan, Z., & McLeod, J. M. (1991). Multi-level analysis in mass communication research. Communication Research, 18(2), 140-173. doi: 10.1177/009365091018002002.
Parkes, L. P., Bochner, S., Schneider, S. K. (2001). Person-organization fit across cultures: An empirical investigation of individualism and collectivism. Applied Psychology An International Review Psychologie Applique Revue Internationale, 50(1), 80-108.
doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00049.
Poortinga, W., Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2004). Values, environmental concern, and environmental behavior: A study into household energy use. Environment and Behavior, 36(1), 70-93. doi: 10.1177/0013916503251466.
Perkins HW. (2002) Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts. J Stud Alcohol Suppl, Mar(14), 164–172.
Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external locus of control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). The health belief model: Origins and correlates. Health Education Monographs, 2, 336–353
Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 91, 93–114.
Reizenstein, R.C., Hills, G.E. and Philpot, J.W. (1974), ”Willingness to pay for control of air pollution: a demographic analysis’”, in Curhan, R.C. (Ed.), 1974 Combined Proceedings, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, 323-328.
Salleh, A. K. (1984). Deeper than deep ecology: The eco-feminist connection. Environmental Ethics, 6, 339-345.
Scott, D., &Willits, F. K. (1991). Environmental concern of Pennsylvania citizens: Data from a statewide survey (Technical Report, A.E. and R.S. 219). University Park: Pennsylvania State University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology.
Sparks, P., & Shepherd, R. (1992). Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior: Assessing the role of identification with “green consumerism.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 55(4), 388-399.
Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. H. (1993). Social psychology across cultures: Analysis and perspectives. Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 10, 221-279. New York: Academic Press.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental socialpsychology, 25, 1-65. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Schwartz, S. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19-45. doi: 10.1111/j.15404560.1994.tb01196.x.
Schultz, P. W., Oskamp, S., & Mainieri, T. (1995). Who recycles and when—A review of personal and situational factors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(2), 105-121.
Schultz, P. W., and Zelezny, L. C. (1998). Values and proenvironmental behavior: A five- country survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(4), 540-559. doi: 10.1177/0022022198294003.
Schultz, P. W., and Zelezney, L. C. (1999). Values as predictors of environmental attitudes: Evidence for consistency across 14 countries. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19(3), 255-265.
Schultz, P. W. (2000). Empathizing with nature: The effects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 391-406. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00174.
Schultz, P. W., Zelezny, L. C., & Dalrymple, N. J. (2000). A multinational perspective on the relation between Judeo-Christian religious beliefs and attitudes of environmental concern. Environment and Behavior, 32(4), 576-591. doi: 10.1177/00139160021972676.
Schwartz, S. (in press). Mapping and interpreting cultural differences around the world.
Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Kalof, L., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). Values, beliefs and pro-environment action: Attitude formation toward emergent attitude objects.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(18), 1611-1636. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02636.x.
Stern, P.C. (2000). Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56( 3), 407–424.
doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00175.
Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-in-group relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(2), 323–338. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.323.
Triandis, H.C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96(3), 506-520. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506.
Triandis, H. C. (1990). Theoretical concepts that are applicable to the analysis of ethnocentrism. In R. W. Brislin (Ed.), applied cross-cultural psychology (pp. 34-55). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.C. Choi, & G. Yoon (1994), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 19-40). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907–924. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.696169.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). An integrated model of waste management behavior: A test of household recycling and composting intentions. Environment and Behavior, 27(5), 603-630. doi: 10.1177/0013916595275001.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1997). Understanding the determinants of consumer composting behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(7), 602-628. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00651.x.
Tesser, A., & Martin, L. (1996). The psychology of evaluation. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 400-432). New York: Guilford.
Vinken, J. Soeters, & P. Ester (Eds.), Comparing cultures: Dimensions of culture in a comparative perspective. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
Van Liere, K. D., & Dunlap, R. E. (1980). The social bases of environmental concern: A review of hypothesis, explanations and empirical evidence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44(2), 181-199. doi: 10.1086/268582.
White, L., Jr. (1967). The historic roots of our ecological crisis. Science, 55, 1203-1207.
Zhou, X. (1993). Unorganized interests and collective action in Communist China. American Sociological Review, 58(1), 54-73. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)
98461008
100 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098461008 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 100801.pdf | 1209Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 933 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
