政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/51519
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文筆數/總筆數 : 113324/144300 (79%)
造訪人次 : 51148802      線上人數 : 825
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜尋範圍 查詢小技巧：
  • 您可在西文檢索詞彙前後加上"雙引號"，以獲取較精準的檢索結果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜尋，建議至進階搜尋限定作者欄位，可獲得較完整資料
    •  進階搜尋


    請使用永久網址來引用或連結此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51519


    題名: 摩爾多瓦共產黨執政之研究（2001~2009年）
    A Study of the PCRM Government, 2001-2009
    作者: 蕭力榮
    貢獻者: 林永芳
    蕭力榮
    關鍵詞: 社會民主主義
    摩爾多瓦共產黨
    沃羅寧
    德左分離問題
    推特革命
    Social Democracy
    Party of Communist of the Republic of Moldova
    Vladimir Voronin
    Separatism of Transnistria
    Twitter Revolution
    日期: 2010
    上傳時間: 2011-10-07 14:29:44 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 歐洲社會民主主義與共產主義皆源自馬克思的社會主義，俄羅斯無產階級革命成功後使得兩者在實際作為中開始分化。隨後社會民主主義在西歐議會制度中得以持續發展，而第二次世界大戰後東歐則被蘇聯納入共產主義陣營之中。然而，歷經近百年的實踐後兩者終究殊途同歸，其同歸的方式是由社會民主主義更新發展成為更符合現代政治價值的「第三條路」，尤其蘇東劇變後的20年間，東西歐的左派政治皆已趨於穩定，特別是東歐各國的共產黨繼承政黨在社會民主化後，更能相繼以聯合政府的方式取得上臺執政的機會。
    其中最受國際關注的，便是摩爾多瓦共產黨於2001年2月2日在國會選舉中獲得眾多選民的支持，在國會101席中取得71席的絕對多數，令其有權單獨組成政府，更尤甚者，推舉出自家的共黨總統沃羅寧；2005年沃羅寧二度蟬連總統職位，並由摩共繼續組成政府。自2001年起至2009年已連續執政八年，從執政前摩爾多瓦的政治背景、摩共得以重新回朝的原因探究，到其執政後國內外政治的重要議題，皆是本文專章著墨的重點。
    本文認為：第一，社會民主主義在後蘇20年中，積極從事理論與實踐的改革，在老左派與新右派之間已經走出新的「第三條路」；第二，研究摩共得以重新上臺的因素，除了本身對於政治制度的探索與改革之外，轉型時期的經濟危機與府會之爭，以及共產遺緒效應皆為主因；第三，摩共執政八年在經濟調息與外交政策的表現上成績斐然，但逐年下降的民主化評比卻突顯出共黨一貫僵化的政治思維，外加第二任期的經濟表現停滯，導致摩爾多瓦共產黨最終還是淪為最大在野黨。
    Both Social democracy and communism are derived from Karl Marx’s Socialism. However, they had come to a parting of the ways after the success of the proletarian revolution in Russia. Social democracy continued to develop under the parliamentary system in Western Europe, while communism thrived in Eastern European countries, which were controlled by USSR after WWII. Coming into the 21st century, however, the two reconciled and have once again merged and redefined themselves as “the Third Way”, which adapts itself to certain modern political values, and it had been growing steadily in the first two decades following the dissolution of Soviet Union. In Eastern Europe, successors of communist party have adapted themselves to this “Third Way”, which helped them come into power one after another by forming coalition governments.
    Among them, it was the Party of Communist of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which attracted international attention. The PCRM has won an absolute majority, gaining 71 out of a total of 101 seats, in the 2001 Moldovan Parliamentary election, enabled it to form the government, as well as, electing its very own communist President Vladimir Voronin. In 2005, the PCRM has once again won the election, and made President Vladimir Voronin re-elected to a consecutive term. The PCRM was in government between 2001 and 2009 for 8 years, and this research will look into a wide range of issues including the political background of PCRM, accounts of its regaining of political power, and important decisions of domestic and foreign policies made by the PCRM government.
    The first part of this research argues that social democracy had been actively reforming both in theory and practice in the two decades after the dissolution of USSR and it has successfully created a “Third Way” as opposed to the Old Left and the New Right. The second part argues that PCRM’s return to office can be attributed to its self-reformation, economic crisis, confrontations between the President and the Parliament in the period of transition, as well as, the communist legacy. In conclusion, it is argued that, although, PCRM government has made great achievements in foreign policies and in restructuring economy, Moldova’s score on democracy has worsened during its time in government, reflecting the ossified political ideology of communist party. It is this ossified political ideology alongside with the economic stagnation in its second term that led to the defeat of PCRM in the 2009 election and sent it back to opposition majority in the Parliament ultimately.
    參考文獻: 一． 中文部分
    （一） 中文專書
    1. Anthony Giddens著，鄭武國譯，第三條路 社會民主的更新（台北市：聯經，1999年）。
    2. Anthony Giddens著，許家豪譯，第三條路及其批評（台北市：聯經，2002年）。
    3. Anthony Giddens著，黃瑞祺，全球化與第三條路：紀登斯在台灣（台北市：松慧，2005年）。
    4. Alex Callinicos著，陳文暉、胡志強譯，反第三條路（台北：韋伯，2007年）。
    5. Shugart Matthew、Carey John著，曾建元等譯，總統與國會–憲政設計與選舉動力（臺北：韋伯，2002年）
    6. Thomas Mayer著,殷敘彝譯，社會民主主義導論（北京：中央翻譯，1996年）。
    7. 王業立著，比較選舉制度（台北市：五南圖書，2006年）。
    8. 中共中央馬克斯恩格斯列寧斯大林著作編譯局編，列寧選集（第三卷）（北京：人民出版社，1995年）。
    9. 向文華主編，冷戰後社會黨研究（北京：中央編譯出版社，2006年）。
    10. 李邁先著，洪茂雄增訂，東歐諸國史（台北市：三民書局，2002年）。
    11. 李宏著，另一種選擇：歐洲民主社會主義研究（北京：法律，2003年）。
    12. 李慎明主編，世界社會主義跟蹤研究報告-且聽低谷新潮聲（之一）（北京：社會科學文獻，2006年）。
    13. 李慎明主編，2005年：世界社會主義跟蹤研究報告-且聽低谷新潮聲（之二）（北京：社會科學文獻，2005年）。
    14. 伯恩斯坦著，殷敘彝譯，社會主義的前提和社會民主黨的任務（北京：三聯書店，1973年重印）。
    15. 伯恩斯坦著，史集譯，一個社會主義者的發展過程（北京：三聯書店1962年版）。
    16. 金雁、秦暉著，十年滄桑：東歐諸國的經濟社會轉軌與思想變遷（上海：上海三聯書店，2004年）。
    17. 周陽山著，轉變中的共黨世界（台北市：遠流，1991年）。
    18. 周文賢、吳金潮，碩士論文撰寫方法（台北：華泰，1996年）。
    19. 馬克思著，中共中央馬克斯恩格斯列寧斯大林著作編譯局譯，哥達綱領批判（北京：人民出版社，1965年）。
    20. 陳林、候玉蘭等著，激進，溫和，還是僭越：當代歐洲左翼政治現象審視（北京：中英編譯，1998年）。
    21. 張月明著，民主社會主義在東歐（上海：上海人民，1999年）。
    22. 許禎元，政治學研究與網路應用（台北：立威，1998年）。
    23. 黃宗良、林勛健主編，共產黨和社會黨百年關係史（北京：北京大學，2002年）。
    24. 鄭偉著、程光泉主編，全球化與「第三條道路」（長沙：湖南人民，2003年）。
    25. 鄭偉著，全球化與第三條道路（長沙：湖南人民，2003年）。
    26. 劉書林著，論民主社會主義思潮（北京：高等教育，2004年）。
    27. 韓國棟、張文美編譯，世界各國共黨：基本資料（台北市：遠流，1991年）。
    28. 顧志紅編著，列國志：摩爾多瓦（北京：社會科學文獻，2004年）。
    29. 龔加成著，全球化背景下的新探索：冷戰結束後社會黨國際綱領與政策的演變（北京：中央編譯，2006年）。
    （二） 中文學位論文
    1. 林哲雍，「俄羅斯左派政黨研究（1991~2000年）」，淡江大學俄羅斯研究所碩士論文（2001）。
    2. 林奕亨，「論德國民主社會主義黨(PDS)之建構及其於德國政黨體系之角色」，淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文（2004）。
    3. 黃志榮，「俄羅斯右派政黨之研究」，淡江大學俄羅斯研究所碩士論文（2001）。
    4. 洪儀芸，「2005~2009 年德國社會民主黨政黨變遷之研究」，東吳大學德國文化研究所碩士論文（2008）。
    5. 姚蘊慧，「民主社會主義與福利資本主義之緣起與實踐─意識型態與國家發展觀點之分析」，國立政治大學中山人文社會科學研究所碩士論文（1998）。
    6. 劉璐娜，「瑞典社會民主面臨全球化挑戰之初探」，淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文（2001）。
    （三） 中文期刊
    1. 王秋准，「東歐共產黨社會民主黨化探析」，聊城大學學報，2008年第2期，頁126~128。
    2. 王志連，「關於東歐左翼政治力量演變的若干問題」，當代世界與社會主義(雙月刊)，2004年第5期，頁44~48。
    3. 王志連、姬文剛，「從社民黨到民左聯黨：波蘭左翼力量轉變的基本軌跡」，當代社會主義問題，2006年第4期，頁50。
    4. 孔寒冰，「摩爾多瓦不是紅色小國」，世界知識，2009年10月，頁52。
    5. 史志欽，「義大利共產黨的演變與分裂（摘要）」，國際政治研究，第3期（1997年），頁111~114。
    6. 李京洲摘譯，「世界、摩爾多瓦、社會主義-摩共中央第一總書記弗．沃羅寧在摩共四大上的報右」，國外理論動態， 2001年第7期，頁6~9。
    7. 李亞洲，「蘇聯解體後的摩爾多瓦共產黨」，世界政黨，頁23~31。
    8. 李亞洲，「蘇聯解體後摩爾多瓦共產黨重新掌權及其變化」，國際理論動態，2005年第8期，頁26。
    9. 李亞洲，「再度獲勝的摩爾多瓦共產黨」，當代社會主義問題，2006年第1期，頁50~58。
    10. 李亞洲，「摩爾多瓦共產黨再次執政的意義與前景」，馬克思主義研究，2006年第9期，頁105~108。
    11. 李永勝，「社會民主主義復興的實踐探索及其有關的啟示」，理論探索，2006年第5期，頁45~48。
    12. 任新民，「政治價值整合：歐洲社會民主黨執政實踐的重要內容」，思想戰線，2006年第6期，頁44~49。
    13. 汪亭友，「摩爾多瓦崛起與摩爾多瓦的『紅色政權』」，當代社會主義問題，2001年第4期，頁79~84。
    14. 汪亭友。「摩爾多瓦共產黨連續執政及其治黨治國綱領」，中共長春市委黨校學報，2005年第4期，頁21~26。
    15. 金高品、陳紅梅，「『第三條路』與當代民主社會主義的轉型」，浙江學刊，2006第6期，頁56~59。
    16. 柳丰華，「摩爾多瓦共和國總統沃羅寧」，俄羅斯中亞東歐研究，2003年第2期，頁87~88。
    17. 俞邃、路曉軍，「摩爾多瓦現象–社會主義生命力的重要標誌」，國外理論動態，2010年第2期，頁35~38。
    18. 秦暉，「孟什維克：正統馬克思主義在俄國的失敗」，二十一世紀雙月刊，2007年10月號總第103期，頁19~25。
    19. 隋成竹，「東歐社會民主黨執政的經驗教訓與歷史啟示」，全球視野，2008年第2期，頁140~142。
    20. 焦玉莉，「從綱領性政黨向媒體性政黨的轉變-社會民主黨新的策略手段評析」，遼寧行政學院學報，2005年第5期，頁237~239。
    21. 董樺，「摩爾多瓦：對共產黨的『否定之否定』」，環球南風窗，2001年9月 ，頁78~79。
    22. 楊連弟，「摩爾多瓦：紅色政權重新崛起」，當代世界，2001年4月，頁17~18。
    23. 鄭海照，「第三條路的歷史性」，南京林業大學學報（人文社會科學版）第9卷第1期，2009年3月，頁52~56。
    24. 趙嗚文，「步履維艱的摩爾多瓦」，瞭望新聞周刊，2002年第19期，頁60~61。
    25. 樊樂，「摩爾多瓦共產黨第二任期執政概況和選情分析」。當代世界，2008年9月，頁41~43。
    26. 龍舒甲，「摩爾多瓦獨立後的發展情勢」，問題與研究，第33卷第1期（1994），頁48~62。
    （四） 中文網路資源
    1. 王金雪編輯，「摩爾多瓦湧動革命潮 政府舉起反俄旗」，人民網，<http://world.people.com.cn/BIG5/14549/3222479.html>（2005年3月6日）。
    2. 「布爾什維克黨-清除經濟派的機會主義」，互動百科，<http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%85%9A >。
    3. 史志欽，「義大利共產黨的演變軌跡」，馬克思主義研究網，<http://myy.cass.cn/file/2006010517504.html>（2006年1月5日）。
    4. 「西元1903年7月30日布爾什維克和孟什維克兩派對立」，大公網，<http://www.takungpao.com/history/history-today/2010-07-30/345577.html>。
    5. 列寧，「共產國際第一次代表大會文獻」，河南共青團，<http://www.hnyouth.org.cn/columns/wx/ln191901.htm>。
    6. 「米勒蘭（Alexandre Millerand, 1859-1943）」，馬克思主義研究網，<http://myy.cass.cn/file/2006011823133.html>（2006年1月8日）。
    7. 「米勒蘭入閣事件」，馬克思主義研究網，<http://myy.cass.cn/file/2006012023957.html>（2006年1月29日）。
    8. 朱庭光，「瓦揚 E. M.」，中國大百科全書，<http://203.68.243.199/cpedia/Content.asp?ID=55490>。
    9. 李增偉，「冷門迭出，波蘭大選結果揭曉」，人民網，<http://www.people.com.cn/GB/guoji/22/84/20010927/570775.html> (2001年9月27日)
    10. 林懷藝，「普列漢諾夫對列寧組織原則的態度嬗變」，政治學論文網，<http://politics.csscipaper.com/socialism/scisocialism/4664.html>。
    11. 林德山，「當代社會黨的現代化理論」，學習時報，<http://big5.china.cn/chinese/zhuanti/xxsb/1098535.htm >。
    12. 「俄國軍事戰略大收縮」，聯合早報網，<http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2001/10/xmsb251001.html>（2001年10月25日）。
    13. 高楠編輯，「摩爾多瓦總統沃羅寧贏得連任絕非偶然」，人民網，<http://world.people.com.cn/GB/1030/3295546.html#>（2005年4月5日）
    14. 奚兆永，「民主社會主義的形成和演變—十二評民主社會主義“正統論”、“救國論”」，中國經濟史論壇，<http://economy.guoxue.com/article.php/12178/4>（2007年4月29日）。
    15. 殷叙彝，「法國社會黨對社會民主理論革新的項獻」，中國選舉與治理，<http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=109028>（2007年5月22日）。
    16. 曹鬆豪，「冷戰結束以來法國共產黨的變革探索」，人民網，<http://theory.people.com.cn/BIG5/49157/49163/4729829.html>（2006年8月22日）。
    17. 「蓋得」，中國百科網，<http://www.chinabaike.com/article/316/327/2007/2007022466268.html>。
    18. 「德國社會民主黨1903年德累斯頓代表大會 關於黨的策略問題的決議」，中國社會科學網，<http://www.cass.net.cn/zhuanti/y_party/ya/ya_d/ya_d_008.htm>。
    19. 「摩共轉變策略卻脫俄入歐 獨聯體政治地圖再改寫」，中安在線新聞中心，<http://news.big5.anhuinews.com/system/2005/03/08/001152844.shtm>（2005年3月8日）。
    20. 「摩爾多瓦總統說摩共將贏得大選並繼續國家改革進程」，多維新聞，<http://global.dwnews.com/big5/news/2008-10-25/4439707.html >（2008年10月25日）
    21. 「饒勒斯（Jean Jaures, 1859-1914）」，馬克思主義研究網，<http://myy.cass.cn/file/2006011823132.html >。
    二． 英文部分
    （一） 英文專書
    1. Brar Harpal, Social Democracy : the Enemy Within (London : H. Brar, 1995)
    2. Birch Simon, Elections and Democratization in Ukraine (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000)
    3. Cook Linda J., Orenstein Mitchell A. and Rueschemeyer Marilyn, Left Parties and Social Policy in Postcommunist Europe. (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1999)
    4. Crowther William, Moldova`s Transition from Semi-Presidentialism : Parliamentary Intentions Presidential Outcome (Taipei, Taiwan : Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica, 2008)
    5. Dyer Donald L. with a foreword by Bernard Comrie (ed.), Studies in Moldovan : the History, Culture, Language and Contemporary Politics of the People of Moldova. (New York : Distributed by Columbia University Press, 1996)
    6. Dawisha Karen and Parrot Bruce (ed.), Democratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova.( New York : Cambridge University Press, 1997)
    7. Ekiert Grzegorz and Hanson Stephen E. (eds.), Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe : Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule (New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003)
    8. Grzymała-Busse Anna Maria, Redeeming the Communist Past : the Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe.(New York : Cambridge University Press, 2002)
    9. Hamilton Daniel and Mangott Gerhard, The New Eastern Europe : Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova. (Washington, D.C. : Center for Transatlantic Relations, American Consortium on EU Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, c2007)
    10. Heintz Monica (ed.), Weak state, Uncertain Citizenship, Moldova. (New York : P. Lang, c2008)
    11. Hegarty Thomas, Moldova. (London : Routledge, 2003)
    12. Hensel Stuart and Gudim Anatol, “Moldova’s Economic Transition: Slow and Contradictory”, in AnnLewis (ed.), The EU and Moldova: on a Fault-line of Europe. (London: The Federal Trust, 2004)
    13. Kulik Anatoly and Pshizova Susanna (ed.), Political Parties in Post-Soviet space : Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Baltics. (Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2005)
    14. King Charles, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1999)
    15. Kitschelt Herbert, “Constraints and Opportunities in the Strategic Conduct of Post-Communist Successor Parties: Regime Legacies as Causal Argument” in Andras Bozoki and John T. Ishiyama eds., The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2002)
    16. Kitschelt Herbert, Mansfeldova Zdenka, Markowski Randoslaw and Toka Gabor, Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
    17. Lewis Ann (ed.), The EU & Moldova : on a Fault-Line of Europe. (London : Federal Trust for Education and Research, c2004)
    18. Meyer Thomas with Hinchman Lewis P., The Theory of Social Democracy (Cambridge, U.K. ; Malden, Mass. : Polity, 2007)
    19. Padgett Stephen, Paterson William E., A History of Social Democracy in Postwar Europe (New York : Longman, 1991)
    20. Slomp Hans, European Politics into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division (Westport: Praeger. 2000).
    21. Sassoon Donald, One Hundred Years of Socialism : the West European Left in the Twentieth Century (New York : I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1996)
    22. Shub David and Shaplen Joseph (ed.), Social Democracy Versus Communism (Westport, Conn. : Hyperion Press, 1979)
    23. Timus Cristina, The Constitutional Ordinance of Republic of Moldova.1990-2007 : the Political Situation of Moldova after the Independence Proclamation till 2007(VDM Verlag, 2009)
    24. Wightman Gordon (ed.), Party Formation in East--Central Europe : Post-communist Politics in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria (Brookfield, Vt. : Edward Elgar, c1995)
    25. White Stephen, Batt Judy, and Lewis Paul G., Developments in Central and East European Politics 4. (Durham [N.C.] : Duke University Press, 2007)
    （二） 英文期刊
    1. Dziewanowski M. K., “The Foundation of the Communist Party of Poland”, American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 106-122.
    2. Gerald Easter, “Preference for Presidentialism: Postcommunist Regime Change in Russia”, World Politics, vol. 49, no. 2, January, PP. 184-211.
    3. Ishiyama John T., “Communist Parties in Transition: Structures, Leaders, and Processes of Democratization in Eastern Europe”, Comparative Politics 27, 1995, PP. 147-66.
    4. Levistsky Stephen and Way Lucan, “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism”, Journal of Democracy. vol. 13, no.2, P.53.
    5. Mahr Alison and Nagle John (eds.), “Resurrection of the successor parties and democratization in East-Central Europe”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 28, no.4, pp. 398~399.
    6. March Luke and Mudde Cas, “What’s Left of the Radical Lefts? The European Radical Left after 1989: Decline and Mutation”, Comparative European Polictics, vol.3, no.1(2005), pp23-49.
    7. Maurice Duverger, “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government”, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 8, no. 2, June, PP. 165-187.
    8. McFaul Michael, “Explaining Party Formation and Nonformation in Russia: Actors, Institutions and Chance”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1159-1187.
    9. “Moldova: Regional Tensions over Transdniesria”, ICG Europe Report, no. 157, pp.23~24。
    10. Ecaterina McDonagh, “Is Democracy Promotion Effective in Moldova? The Impact of European Institutions on Development of Civil and Political Rights in Moldova”, Democratization, vol.15, no.1, pp. 148.
    11. Roper Steven, “From Semi-Presidentialism to Parliamentarism: Regime Change and Presidential Power in Moldova”, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 60, no. 1, pp.117-118.
    12. Protsyk Oleh, “Intra-Executive Competition between President and Prime Mimister: Patterns of Institutional Conflict and Cooperation under Semi-Presidentialism”, Political Studies, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 219-244.
    13. Skilling Harold Gordon, “The Formation of A Communist Party in Czechoslovakia”, American Slavic and East Europe Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 346-358.
    14. Solonari Vladimir, “Narrative, Identity, State: History Teaching in Moldova”, East European Politics and Societies, vol. 16, no.2, pp.414-415.
    15. Way Lucan A., “Pluralism by Default in Moldova”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 13 no. 4 ,2002, pp 127-141.
    （三） 英文網路資源
    1. “2003 electoral year”, ADEPT, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/monitoring/politics/comments/20030109/ > (9 January, 2003)
    2. “5+2 Format Negotiations in Chisinau”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=36538> (27 October, 2005)
    3. Alla Sevortova, “Country Report Moldova”, Center for Applied Policy Research, <http://www.cap.uni-muenchen.de/download/2003/2003_Skvartova.pdf >
    4. Andrew Osborn, “Russia Faces Loss of Another Ally after Moldovan Election”, The Independent News, <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-faces-loss-of-another-ally-after-moldovan-election-527528.html> (7 March, 2005)
    5. “Amnesty International Report 2003 - Moldova”, UNHCR, <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,AMNESTY,MDA,3edb47da18,0.html> ( 28 May, 2003)
    6. “AMN Ready to Create A Post-election Coalition With PL PLDM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090706/#c11>
    7. “Background and outcome of elections”, Parliamentary Democracy - Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), <http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2215_01.htm >
    8. “Barometer of Public Opinion: Press-release”, Institute for Public Policy, <http://www.ipp.md/libview.php?l=en&idc=156&id=454 > (February-March 2009), p. 3.
    9. “Barometer of Public Opinion: Final report BPO”, Institute for Public Policy, <http://www.ipp.md/public/files/Barometru/2009/BOP_martie_2009_final_prima_parte_English1.pdf> (February-March 2009), p. 23
    10. Chivers C. J., “A Russian ‘Wine Blockade’ Against Georgia and Moldova”, The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/world/europe/06russia.html?ex=1301976000&en=873f1b6924a13245&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss> (April 6, 2006)
    11. Civic Coalition For Free And Fair Elections – Coalition 2009 Promo-Lex Association, “Final Report Monitoring Early Parliamentary Elections 29 July 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/files/elections/parliamentary2009/final-report-promo-lex-elections-july-2009-en.pdf>
    12. “Cooperation Has A Long Tradition”, European LEFT, <http://www.european-left.org/english/about_the_el/history/ >
    13. “Communists for Restoring Collective Ownership in Agriculture”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=17478 >(12 November, 2001)
    14. “CIS Observers Say Moldovan Election Was Rigged”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1143356.html>
    15. “Country Report Moldova(2006)”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=47&nit=396&year=2006>
    16. “Country Report Moldova(2007)”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=47&nit=430&year=2007>
    17. “Country Report Moldova(2008)”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=47&nit=461&year=2008>
    18. “Country Report Moldova(2009)”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/nit/2009/NIT-Moldova-final.pdf>, PP. 368-369.
    19. “Crisis Watch – IDIS Moldova”, moldova.org, <http://upload.moldova.org/documents/election-and-politics/crisis-watch-6.pdf >
    20. “CEC Provides the Opposition with Access to Reports on Ballot Counting”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090408/ >
    21. “Constitutional Court Has Validated the 5 April Elections”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090422/>
    22. “CEC Forbids Several TV Spots of PCRM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090710/#c16>
    23. Douglas Jones, “The Communist Party of Grant Britain and the National Question in Wales, 1929-1991”, Cadair, <http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/6117/The%20CPGB%20and%20the%20National%20Question%20in%20Wales,%201920-1991%20%5BSecond%20Draft%5D.pdf?sequence=1 >
    24. Dmitry Babich, “Moldova’s West-Looking Communist”, Russia in Global Affairs, < http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/engsmi/861.html>
    25. Drought in Moldova (2007)”, The World Bank, <http://www.worldbank.org.md/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/MOLDOVAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21452985~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:302251,00.html>
    26. Elections in the Public of Moldova（摩爾多瓦選舉）：http://www.alegeri.md/en/
    27. “European Union’s New GSP Scheme – Final regulation modifies some earlier proposals”, ITCB, <http://www.itcb.org/Documents/ITCB-MI26.pdf>
    28. “Election of President of the Republic of Moldova from April 4, 2005”, e-Democracy.md, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/2005/>
    29. “Electoral Contestants in the 2009 Parliamentary Elections”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/>
    30. “European Observer: First the Communists Had 35%”, moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/story/2166>
    31. “Elections of President of the Republic of Moldova from May 20 and Jane 3, 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/2009/>
    32. “Elections in July 2009”, Inter-Parliamentary Union, <http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2215_09_jul.htm>
    33. “Elections of President of The Republic of Moldova From November 10 to December 7, 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/20092/>
    34. “Farmaco Manager Warning Government”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=17478 > (24 January, 2002)
    35. “Former Dacia Hotel Owners Demanding Huge Compensation from Moldovan Government”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=31785 > (17 November, 2004)
    36. “Final Report Electoral Process Monitoring in the Transnistrian Region of Moldova / Parliamentary Elections 2009”, Promo-Lex, <http://www.promolex.md/upload/publications/en/doc_1244717743.pdf>
    37. Gel’man Vladimir, “The Dictatorship of Law in Russia: Neither Dictatorship, Nor Rule of Law”, The George Washington University, <http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pm_0146.pdf> (October 2000)
    38. “Global Comparativeness Report, 2008-2009”, World Economic Forum, <http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2008-09.pdf >
    39. “Interview with Dumitru Diacov”, Moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/interview/3/1>
    40. “Interview with Vlad Filat”, Moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/interview/4/1>
    41. “Kozak Puts Responsibility for Memorandum Signature Failure on Moldova”, Moldova Azi, < http://old.azi.md/news?ID=26812> (25 November, 2003)
    42. “Liberal Party(PL)”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/pl/>
    43. Mazo Eugene, “Post-Communist Paradox: How the Rise of Parliamentarism Coincided with the Demise of Pluralism in Moldova”, CDDRL Working Paper, <http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20698/Post_Communist_Paradox.pdf>, p3.
    44. March Luke, “The Moldovan Communists: from Leninism to Democracy?,” Central and Eastern European Online Library, <http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=34c5adaf-5d1f-483a-8045-ddbcead40634&articleId=7bdf01a9-4f1c-4992-9ba0-60e86a4290b1> (09/2005)
    45. Miscellaneous, “European Neighbourhood Policy Country Report: Moldova”, Central and Eastern European Online Library, <http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=c4700734-ca2c-4968-939d-d2c9a48b2886&articleId=db7cfda3-7b6f-4d5b-ad1c-f0394767ac34 > (June, 2004).
    46. Morozov Evgeny, “Moldova’s Twitter Revolution”, Foreign Policy, <http://neteffect.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/07/moldovas_twitter_revolution>
    47. “Map of Freedom in the World, 2002-2004 Editions”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2002>
    48. “Marian Lupu Says Cooperation between PDM and PCRM Possible”, allmoldova, <http://www.allmoldova.com/en/moldova-news/1249047121.html> (April 27, 2010)
    49. “Moldovan Government Drops Controversial Decisions”, Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Newsline <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1142622.html> (25 February, 2002)
    50. “Moldova’s Communist Gaining Political Support Against Militant Opposition”, Jamestown Foundation Monitor, vol.8, issue 79 <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=24104&tx_ttnews[backPid]=216> (23 April, 2002)
    51. “Moldovan President Says Country ‘Infected with Nationalist Virus’”, Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Newsline <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1142622.html> ( 25 February, 2002)
    52. “Moldova an European Cuba”, BBC news, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1291538.stm> ( 22 April, 2001)
    53. “Moldova Ready for Russia Belarus Union”, BBC news, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1281492.stm> ( 17 April, 2001)
    54. “Moldova-Supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom”, United State Central Command, <http://www.centcom.mil/en/moldova/>
    55. “Moldovan Opposition Deputies Sign Pledge to Boycott Presidential Poll”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1143356.html>
    56. “Moldova’s Orange Evolution Interview with Iurie Rosca”, Demokatizatisiya, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30207&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (21 September, 2005), p. 538, p.542.
    57. “Moldova Agrees Russian Gas Deal”, BBC News, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4620844.stm> (January 1, 2006)
    58. “Moldova’s Trade Deficit Close to US$2.5bn”, moldova.org, <http://economie.moldova.org/news/moldovas-trade-deficit-close-to-us25bn-163824-eng.html> (November 10, 2008)
    59. “‘Moldova Naostra (Our Moldova) ’Alliance, (AMN)”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/amn/>
    60. “M. Lupu: Joining the Democratic Party Is Not A Communist Project”, moldova org, <http://politicom.moldova.org/news/m-lupu-joining-the-democratic-party-is-not-a-communist-project-201943-eng.html>
    61. Occasional Paper by the Directorate-Gerneral for Economic and Financial Affairs, “European Neighbourhood Policy: Economic Review of ENP Countries, no. 25”, European Commission, <http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication7544_en.pdf>
    62. “OSCE Mission Head Welcomes Law on Status for Transnistria”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=35222> (25 July, 2005)
    63. “Opposition was too slow, Constitutional Court Chairman says”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090423/#c2>
    64. Policy Association for Open Society （公眾社會政策協會）： http://www.pasos.org
    65. Policy Documentation Center （政策文獻中心）：http://pdc.ceu.hu/countries/Moldova.html
    66. “Parliament Passes Law on Main Principles of Status for Transnistria”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=35209> (22 July, 2005)
    67. “Paper Presented at the International Conference “Participation in the Stability Pact as An Accelerator of the Social and Economic Reforms in the Region””, Policy Documentation Center, <http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002599/01/stability_pact_ipp.pdf> (December, 2001)
    68. “President Says Moldova shall Mobilize All Efforts to Implement EU-RM Action”, moldova azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=34016>
    69. “Platform of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova for 2005 Parliamentary Elections”, e-democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2005/opponents/pcrm/program/>
    70. “Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM)”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/pcrm/>
    71. “PL Assaults PLDM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090317/b>
    72. “PLDM, PL Reconfirm Readiness to Make A Post-electoral Coalition”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090401/#c15>
    73. “PL Provides Evidences on Election Fraud”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090407/#c4>
    74. “Persons Eligible to Vote Expected to Polling Places on July 29”, moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/story/4761>
    75. “PL, PLDM and AMN Set Up A Political Council for Dialogue and Cooperation”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090622/#c2>
    76. Rosa Luxemburg, “On the Spartacus Programme”, Luxemburg Internet Archive, <http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1918/12/30.htm>
    77. “Russia Imports First Moldova Bulk Wine in Two Years”, Earth Times, < http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/246703,russia-imports-first-moldova-bulk-wine-in-two-years.html> (December 17, 2008)
    78. “Republic of Moldova: Selected Issues Paper”, International Monetary Fund, <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10232.pdf > (July 27, 2010), pp. 9-10.
    79. “Results of the April 5, 2009 Parliamentary Elections”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/results/>
    80. “Republic of Moldova, Parliamentary Elections, 5 April 2009 Statements of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions”, OSCE, <http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/36823>, p. 1.
    81. “Riots and Vandalism Actions on the President and Parliament Headquarters”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090407/#c4>
    82. “Russian Foreign Ministry Is ‘Deeply Concerned’”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090408/#c12 >
    83. “Republic of Moldova, Parliamentary Elections, 5 April 2009 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report”, OSCE, <http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/37568>, pp. 1-3.
    84. “Republic of Moldova, Parliamentary Elections, 29 July 2009 OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report”, OSCE, <http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/moldova/38323>, pp. 1-3.
    85. Socor Vladimir , “Moldova’s Voronin Reelected President with Broad Democratic Support”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol.2, Issue.66, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30207&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (5 April, 2005)
    86. Socor Vladimir, “Moldova’s Political Sea Change”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol.2, Issue.70, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30241&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (11 April, 2005)
    87. Senyuva Ozgehan, “Parliamentary Elections in Moldova, April and July 2009”, Electoral Studies, <http://www.ces.metu.edu.tr/docs/ozgehan_article.pdf>, p. 2.
    88. “Severe Drought Drastically Reduces Crop Production in Moldova”, FAO Newsroom, <http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000667/index.html>
    89. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe（歐安會）：http://www.osce.org/
    90. “Teleradio-Moldova Journalists Call on President Voronin to Immediately Stop Persecution of Protesters”, Moldova Azi,<http://old.azi.md/news?ID=18153> (12 March, 2002)
    91. “The Moldova Court of Accounts Demands ‘Union Fenosa’ Out of Moldova”, Moldova Azi, < http://old.azi.md/comment?ID=21552 >(11 November, 2002)
    92. UN in Moldova（聯合國-摩爾多瓦）：http://www.un.md/country_prof/
    93. “U.S. Representatives Criticizes Kozak Memorandum ”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=27876> (16 February, 2004)
    94. “UN Helps Moldova from Recover 2007 Drought”, UNDP, <http://europeandcis.undp.org/poverty/show/5FA036E5-F203-1EE9-B83D3C39323CE910>
    95. “Voronin Says That Kozak Memorandum was Moldova’s Strategic Error”, Moldova Azi, < http://old.azi.md/news?ID=33817> (13 April, 2005)
    96. “Vladimir Voronin Calls for Recount of Ballots in April 5 Vote”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090410/#c5>
    97. “What Does Spartacus Leagues Want?” , Marxists Internet Archive, <http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1918/12/14.pdf>(December 14, 1918)
    98. “WB Predicts Problems for Moldova’s Pension System”, Moldova. org, <http://social.moldova.org/news/wb-predicts-problems-for-moldovas-pension-system-204876-eng.html> (December 11, 2009)
    99. “Zimmerwald Conference 1915: Revolutionaries Against the Imperialist War”, International Communist Current, <http://en.internationalism.org/wr/290_zimmerwald.html> (December 5, 2005)
    三． 俄文部分
    （一） 俄文
    1. Фурман Дмитрий, " Удивительная Молдова", Rossiia v global`noi` politike, No.005 Vol.5, 2007, cc 186-196.
    2. Владимир Брутер, " Политические процессы в Молдове в 1988 - 2003 гг", Международный институт гуманитарно-олистических иследований, <http://www.igpi.ru/bibl/igpi_publ/moldova-brooter.html>
    （二） 俄文網路資源
    1. Аргументы и Факты（論點與事實）： http://gazeta.aif.ru/
    2. База Данных Фом（社會意見基金會）：http://bd.fom.ru/
    3. ВЦИОМ: Всероссийский Центр Изучения Общественного Мнения（全俄羅斯社會意見調查中心）： http://wciom.ru/
    4. “В Ходе Последнех Проверок в Москве Пестициды обнаружены в 60% Молдавских и 44% Грузинских Вин”, REGNUM, < http://www.regnum.ru/news/622196.html> (April 12, 2006)
    5. “Делегация Европарламета Призывает Повысить Уровень Жизни", Экономическое Обозрение, <http://logos.press.md/Weekly/Main.asp?IssueNum=434&IssueDate=21.09.2001&YearNum=34&Theme=8&Topic=5521> (21 September, 2001)
    6. Левада-Центр（拉達中心）：http://www.levada.ru/
    7. Ленин В. И., “Что Делать? Наболевшие Вопросы Нашего Двидения,”Marxists Internet Archive, <http://www.marxists.org/russkij/lenin/1902/ogl6.htm>
    8. Ленин В. И., “Апрельские Тезисы,”ХРОНОС, <http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_l/lenin_apr.html>
    9. Ленин В. И., “Протест российских социал-демократов,” Ленин - революционер, мыслитель, человек, <http://leninism.su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=671:ptotest-ross-sd&catid=42:tom-4&Itemid=53 >
    10. Партия Соммунистов Республики Молдова（摩爾多瓦共產黨人黨官網俄文版）：http://www.pcrm.md/main/index.php
    11. “Социально-экономическое положение Республики Молдова- 2010 году”, Национальное Бюро Статистики, <http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=ru&idc=263&id=2209>
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    俄羅斯研究所
    97263012
    99
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097263012
    資料類型: thesis
    顯示於類別:[俄羅斯研究所] 學位論文

    文件中的檔案:

    檔案 大小格式瀏覽次數
    301201.pdf1877KbAdobe PDF21856檢視/開啟


    在政大典藏中所有的資料項目都受到原著作權保護.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回饋