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    题名: 摩爾多瓦共產黨執政之研究（2001~2009年）
    A Study of the PCRM Government, 2001-2009
    作者: 蕭力榮
    贡献者: 林永芳
    蕭力榮
    关键词: 社會民主主義
    摩爾多瓦共產黨
    沃羅寧
    德左分離問題
    推特革命
    Social Democracy
    Party of Communist of the Republic of Moldova
    Vladimir Voronin
    Separatism of Transnistria
    Twitter Revolution
    日期: 2010
    上传时间: 2011-10-07 14:29:44 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 歐洲社會民主主義與共產主義皆源自馬克思的社會主義，俄羅斯無產階級革命成功後使得兩者在實際作為中開始分化。隨後社會民主主義在西歐議會制度中得以持續發展，而第二次世界大戰後東歐則被蘇聯納入共產主義陣營之中。然而，歷經近百年的實踐後兩者終究殊途同歸，其同歸的方式是由社會民主主義更新發展成為更符合現代政治價值的「第三條路」，尤其蘇東劇變後的20年間，東西歐的左派政治皆已趨於穩定，特別是東歐各國的共產黨繼承政黨在社會民主化後，更能相繼以聯合政府的方式取得上臺執政的機會。
    其中最受國際關注的，便是摩爾多瓦共產黨於2001年2月2日在國會選舉中獲得眾多選民的支持，在國會101席中取得71席的絕對多數，令其有權單獨組成政府，更尤甚者，推舉出自家的共黨總統沃羅寧；2005年沃羅寧二度蟬連總統職位，並由摩共繼續組成政府。自2001年起至2009年已連續執政八年，從執政前摩爾多瓦的政治背景、摩共得以重新回朝的原因探究，到其執政後國內外政治的重要議題，皆是本文專章著墨的重點。
    本文認為：第一，社會民主主義在後蘇20年中，積極從事理論與實踐的改革，在老左派與新右派之間已經走出新的「第三條路」；第二，研究摩共得以重新上臺的因素，除了本身對於政治制度的探索與改革之外，轉型時期的經濟危機與府會之爭，以及共產遺緒效應皆為主因；第三，摩共執政八年在經濟調息與外交政策的表現上成績斐然，但逐年下降的民主化評比卻突顯出共黨一貫僵化的政治思維，外加第二任期的經濟表現停滯，導致摩爾多瓦共產黨最終還是淪為最大在野黨。
    Both Social democracy and communism are derived from Karl Marx’s Socialism. However, they had come to a parting of the ways after the success of the proletarian revolution in Russia. Social democracy continued to develop under the parliamentary system in Western Europe, while communism thrived in Eastern European countries, which were controlled by USSR after WWII. Coming into the 21st century, however, the two reconciled and have once again merged and redefined themselves as “the Third Way”, which adapts itself to certain modern political values, and it had been growing steadily in the first two decades following the dissolution of Soviet Union. In Eastern Europe, successors of communist party have adapted themselves to this “Third Way”, which helped them come into power one after another by forming coalition governments.
    Among them, it was the Party of Communist of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which attracted international attention. The PCRM has won an absolute majority, gaining 71 out of a total of 101 seats, in the 2001 Moldovan Parliamentary election, enabled it to form the government, as well as, electing its very own communist President Vladimir Voronin. In 2005, the PCRM has once again won the election, and made President Vladimir Voronin re-elected to a consecutive term. The PCRM was in government between 2001 and 2009 for 8 years, and this research will look into a wide range of issues including the political background of PCRM, accounts of its regaining of political power, and important decisions of domestic and foreign policies made by the PCRM government.
    The first part of this research argues that social democracy had been actively reforming both in theory and practice in the two decades after the dissolution of USSR and it has successfully created a “Third Way” as opposed to the Old Left and the New Right. The second part argues that PCRM’s return to office can be attributed to its self-reformation, economic crisis, confrontations between the President and the Parliament in the period of transition, as well as, the communist legacy. In conclusion, it is argued that, although, PCRM government has made great achievements in foreign policies and in restructuring economy, Moldova’s score on democracy has worsened during its time in government, reflecting the ossified political ideology of communist party. It is this ossified political ideology alongside with the economic stagnation in its second term that led to the defeat of PCRM in the 2009 election and sent it back to opposition majority in the Parliament ultimately.
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    7. Ekiert Grzegorz and Hanson Stephen E. (eds.), Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe : Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule (New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003)
    8. Grzymała-Busse Anna Maria, Redeeming the Communist Past : the Regeneration of Communist Parties in East Central Europe.(New York : Cambridge University Press, 2002)
    9. Hamilton Daniel and Mangott Gerhard, The New Eastern Europe : Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova. (Washington, D.C. : Center for Transatlantic Relations, American Consortium on EU Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, c2007)
    10. Heintz Monica (ed.), Weak state, Uncertain Citizenship, Moldova. (New York : P. Lang, c2008)
    11. Hegarty Thomas, Moldova. (London : Routledge, 2003)
    12. Hensel Stuart and Gudim Anatol, “Moldova’s Economic Transition: Slow and Contradictory”, in AnnLewis (ed.), The EU and Moldova: on a Fault-line of Europe. (London: The Federal Trust, 2004)
    13. Kulik Anatoly and Pshizova Susanna (ed.), Political Parties in Post-Soviet space : Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Baltics. (Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2005)
    14. King Charles, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1999)
    15. Kitschelt Herbert, “Constraints and Opportunities in the Strategic Conduct of Post-Communist Successor Parties: Regime Legacies as Causal Argument” in Andras Bozoki and John T. Ishiyama eds., The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 2002)
    16. Kitschelt Herbert, Mansfeldova Zdenka, Markowski Randoslaw and Toka Gabor, Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
    17. Lewis Ann (ed.), The EU & Moldova : on a Fault-Line of Europe. (London : Federal Trust for Education and Research, c2004)
    18. Meyer Thomas with Hinchman Lewis P., The Theory of Social Democracy (Cambridge, U.K. ; Malden, Mass. : Polity, 2007)
    19. Padgett Stephen, Paterson William E., A History of Social Democracy in Postwar Europe (New York : Longman, 1991)
    20. Slomp Hans, European Politics into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division (Westport: Praeger. 2000).
    21. Sassoon Donald, One Hundred Years of Socialism : the West European Left in the Twentieth Century (New York : I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1996)
    22. Shub David and Shaplen Joseph (ed.), Social Democracy Versus Communism (Westport, Conn. : Hyperion Press, 1979)
    23. Timus Cristina, The Constitutional Ordinance of Republic of Moldova.1990-2007 : the Political Situation of Moldova after the Independence Proclamation till 2007(VDM Verlag, 2009)
    24. Wightman Gordon (ed.), Party Formation in East--Central Europe : Post-communist Politics in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria (Brookfield, Vt. : Edward Elgar, c1995)
    25. White Stephen, Batt Judy, and Lewis Paul G., Developments in Central and East European Politics 4. (Durham [N.C.] : Duke University Press, 2007)
    （二） 英文期刊
    1. Dziewanowski M. K., “The Foundation of the Communist Party of Poland”, American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 106-122.
    2. Gerald Easter, “Preference for Presidentialism: Postcommunist Regime Change in Russia”, World Politics, vol. 49, no. 2, January, PP. 184-211.
    3. Ishiyama John T., “Communist Parties in Transition: Structures, Leaders, and Processes of Democratization in Eastern Europe”, Comparative Politics 27, 1995, PP. 147-66.
    4. Levistsky Stephen and Way Lucan, “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism”, Journal of Democracy. vol. 13, no.2, P.53.
    5. Mahr Alison and Nagle John (eds.), “Resurrection of the successor parties and democratization in East-Central Europe”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, vol. 28, no.4, pp. 398~399.
    6. March Luke and Mudde Cas, “What’s Left of the Radical Lefts? The European Radical Left after 1989: Decline and Mutation”, Comparative European Polictics, vol.3, no.1(2005), pp23-49.
    7. Maurice Duverger, “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government”, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 8, no. 2, June, PP. 165-187.
    8. McFaul Michael, “Explaining Party Formation and Nonformation in Russia: Actors, Institutions and Chance”, Comparative Political Studies, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1159-1187.
    9. “Moldova: Regional Tensions over Transdniesria”, ICG Europe Report, no. 157, pp.23~24。
    10. Ecaterina McDonagh, “Is Democracy Promotion Effective in Moldova? The Impact of European Institutions on Development of Civil and Political Rights in Moldova”, Democratization, vol.15, no.1, pp. 148.
    11. Roper Steven, “From Semi-Presidentialism to Parliamentarism: Regime Change and Presidential Power in Moldova”, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 60, no. 1, pp.117-118.
    12. Protsyk Oleh, “Intra-Executive Competition between President and Prime Mimister: Patterns of Institutional Conflict and Cooperation under Semi-Presidentialism”, Political Studies, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 219-244.
    13. Skilling Harold Gordon, “The Formation of A Communist Party in Czechoslovakia”, American Slavic and East Europe Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 346-358.
    14. Solonari Vladimir, “Narrative, Identity, State: History Teaching in Moldova”, East European Politics and Societies, vol. 16, no.2, pp.414-415.
    15. Way Lucan A., “Pluralism by Default in Moldova”, Journal of Democracy, vol. 13 no. 4 ,2002, pp 127-141.
    （三） 英文網路資源
    1. “2003 electoral year”, ADEPT, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/monitoring/politics/comments/20030109/ > (9 January, 2003)
    2. “5+2 Format Negotiations in Chisinau”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=36538> (27 October, 2005)
    3. Alla Sevortova, “Country Report Moldova”, Center for Applied Policy Research, <http://www.cap.uni-muenchen.de/download/2003/2003_Skvartova.pdf >
    4. Andrew Osborn, “Russia Faces Loss of Another Ally after Moldovan Election”, The Independent News, <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-faces-loss-of-another-ally-after-moldovan-election-527528.html> (7 March, 2005)
    5. “Amnesty International Report 2003 - Moldova”, UNHCR, <http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,AMNESTY,MDA,3edb47da18,0.html> ( 28 May, 2003)
    6. “AMN Ready to Create A Post-election Coalition With PL PLDM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090706/#c11>
    7. “Background and outcome of elections”, Parliamentary Democracy - Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), <http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2215_01.htm >
    8. “Barometer of Public Opinion: Press-release”, Institute for Public Policy, <http://www.ipp.md/libview.php?l=en&idc=156&id=454 > (February-March 2009), p. 3.
    9. “Barometer of Public Opinion: Final report BPO”, Institute for Public Policy, <http://www.ipp.md/public/files/Barometru/2009/BOP_martie_2009_final_prima_parte_English1.pdf> (February-March 2009), p. 23
    10. Chivers C. J., “A Russian ‘Wine Blockade’ Against Georgia and Moldova”, The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/world/europe/06russia.html?ex=1301976000&en=873f1b6924a13245&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss> (April 6, 2006)
    11. Civic Coalition For Free And Fair Elections – Coalition 2009 Promo-Lex Association, “Final Report Monitoring Early Parliamentary Elections 29 July 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/files/elections/parliamentary2009/final-report-promo-lex-elections-july-2009-en.pdf>
    12. “Cooperation Has A Long Tradition”, European LEFT, <http://www.european-left.org/english/about_the_el/history/ >
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    18. “Country Report Moldova(2009)”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/nit/2009/NIT-Moldova-final.pdf>, PP. 368-369.
    19. “Crisis Watch – IDIS Moldova”, moldova.org, <http://upload.moldova.org/documents/election-and-politics/crisis-watch-6.pdf >
    20. “CEC Provides the Opposition with Access to Reports on Ballot Counting”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090408/ >
    21. “Constitutional Court Has Validated the 5 April Elections”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090422/>
    22. “CEC Forbids Several TV Spots of PCRM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090710/#c16>
    23. Douglas Jones, “The Communist Party of Grant Britain and the National Question in Wales, 1929-1991”, Cadair, <http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/6117/The%20CPGB%20and%20the%20National%20Question%20in%20Wales,%201920-1991%20%5BSecond%20Draft%5D.pdf?sequence=1 >
    24. Dmitry Babich, “Moldova’s West-Looking Communist”, Russia in Global Affairs, < http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/engsmi/861.html>
    25. Drought in Moldova (2007)”, The World Bank, <http://www.worldbank.org.md/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/MOLDOVAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21452985~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:302251,00.html>
    26. Elections in the Public of Moldova（摩爾多瓦選舉）：http://www.alegeri.md/en/
    27. “European Union’s New GSP Scheme – Final regulation modifies some earlier proposals”, ITCB, <http://www.itcb.org/Documents/ITCB-MI26.pdf>
    28. “Election of President of the Republic of Moldova from April 4, 2005”, e-Democracy.md, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/2005/>
    29. “Electoral Contestants in the 2009 Parliamentary Elections”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/>
    30. “European Observer: First the Communists Had 35%”, moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/story/2166>
    31. “Elections of President of the Republic of Moldova from May 20 and Jane 3, 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/2009/>
    32. “Elections in July 2009”, Inter-Parliamentary Union, <http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2215_09_jul.htm>
    33. “Elections of President of The Republic of Moldova From November 10 to December 7, 2009”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/presidential/20092/>
    34. “Farmaco Manager Warning Government”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=17478 > (24 January, 2002)
    35. “Former Dacia Hotel Owners Demanding Huge Compensation from Moldovan Government”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=31785 > (17 November, 2004)
    36. “Final Report Electoral Process Monitoring in the Transnistrian Region of Moldova / Parliamentary Elections 2009”, Promo-Lex, <http://www.promolex.md/upload/publications/en/doc_1244717743.pdf>
    37. Gel’man Vladimir, “The Dictatorship of Law in Russia: Neither Dictatorship, Nor Rule of Law”, The George Washington University, <http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pm_0146.pdf> (October 2000)
    38. “Global Comparativeness Report, 2008-2009”, World Economic Forum, <http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2008-09.pdf >
    39. “Interview with Dumitru Diacov”, Moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/interview/3/1>
    40. “Interview with Vlad Filat”, Moldova azi, <http://www.azi.md/en/interview/4/1>
    41. “Kozak Puts Responsibility for Memorandum Signature Failure on Moldova”, Moldova Azi, < http://old.azi.md/news?ID=26812> (25 November, 2003)
    42. “Liberal Party(PL)”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/pl/>
    43. Mazo Eugene, “Post-Communist Paradox: How the Rise of Parliamentarism Coincided with the Demise of Pluralism in Moldova”, CDDRL Working Paper, <http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20698/Post_Communist_Paradox.pdf>, p3.
    44. March Luke, “The Moldovan Communists: from Leninism to Democracy?,” Central and Eastern European Online Library, <http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=34c5adaf-5d1f-483a-8045-ddbcead40634&articleId=7bdf01a9-4f1c-4992-9ba0-60e86a4290b1> (09/2005)
    45. Miscellaneous, “European Neighbourhood Policy Country Report: Moldova”, Central and Eastern European Online Library, <http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=c4700734-ca2c-4968-939d-d2c9a48b2886&articleId=db7cfda3-7b6f-4d5b-ad1c-f0394767ac34 > (June, 2004).
    46. Morozov Evgeny, “Moldova’s Twitter Revolution”, Foreign Policy, <http://neteffect.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/07/moldovas_twitter_revolution>
    47. “Map of Freedom in the World, 2002-2004 Editions”, Freedom House, <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2002>
    48. “Marian Lupu Says Cooperation between PDM and PCRM Possible”, allmoldova, <http://www.allmoldova.com/en/moldova-news/1249047121.html> (April 27, 2010)
    49. “Moldovan Government Drops Controversial Decisions”, Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Newsline <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1142622.html> (25 February, 2002)
    50. “Moldova’s Communist Gaining Political Support Against Militant Opposition”, Jamestown Foundation Monitor, vol.8, issue 79 <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=24104&tx_ttnews[backPid]=216> (23 April, 2002)
    51. “Moldovan President Says Country ‘Infected with Nationalist Virus’”, Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Newsline <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1142622.html> ( 25 February, 2002)
    52. “Moldova an European Cuba”, BBC news, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1291538.stm> ( 22 April, 2001)
    53. “Moldova Ready for Russia Belarus Union”, BBC news, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1281492.stm> ( 17 April, 2001)
    54. “Moldova-Supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom”, United State Central Command, <http://www.centcom.mil/en/moldova/>
    55. “Moldovan Opposition Deputies Sign Pledge to Boycott Presidential Poll”, RFE/RL, <http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1143356.html>
    56. “Moldova’s Orange Evolution Interview with Iurie Rosca”, Demokatizatisiya, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30207&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (21 September, 2005), p. 538, p.542.
    57. “Moldova Agrees Russian Gas Deal”, BBC News, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4620844.stm> (January 1, 2006)
    58. “Moldova’s Trade Deficit Close to US$2.5bn”, moldova.org, <http://economie.moldova.org/news/moldovas-trade-deficit-close-to-us25bn-163824-eng.html> (November 10, 2008)
    59. “‘Moldova Naostra (Our Moldova) ’Alliance, (AMN)”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/opponents/amn/>
    60. “M. Lupu: Joining the Democratic Party Is Not A Communist Project”, moldova org, <http://politicom.moldova.org/news/m-lupu-joining-the-democratic-party-is-not-a-communist-project-201943-eng.html>
    61. Occasional Paper by the Directorate-Gerneral for Economic and Financial Affairs, “European Neighbourhood Policy: Economic Review of ENP Countries, no. 25”, European Commission, <http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/publication7544_en.pdf>
    62. “OSCE Mission Head Welcomes Law on Status for Transnistria”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=35222> (25 July, 2005)
    63. “Opposition was too slow, Constitutional Court Chairman says”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090423/#c2>
    64. Policy Association for Open Society （公眾社會政策協會）： http://www.pasos.org
    65. Policy Documentation Center （政策文獻中心）：http://pdc.ceu.hu/countries/Moldova.html
    66. “Parliament Passes Law on Main Principles of Status for Transnistria”, Moldova Azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=35209> (22 July, 2005)
    67. “Paper Presented at the International Conference “Participation in the Stability Pact as An Accelerator of the Social and Economic Reforms in the Region””, Policy Documentation Center, <http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002599/01/stability_pact_ipp.pdf> (December, 2001)
    68. “President Says Moldova shall Mobilize All Efforts to Implement EU-RM Action”, moldova azi, <http://old.azi.md/news?ID=34016>
    69. “Platform of the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova for 2005 Parliamentary Elections”, e-democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2005/opponents/pcrm/program/>
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    71. “PL Assaults PLDM”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090317/b>
    72. “PLDM, PL Reconfirm Readiness to Make A Post-electoral Coalition”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090401/#c15>
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    75. “PL, PLDM and AMN Set Up A Political Council for Dialogue and Cooperation”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/20092/electoral-news/20090622/#c2>
    76. Rosa Luxemburg, “On the Spartacus Programme”, Luxemburg Internet Archive, <http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1918/12/30.htm>
    77. “Russia Imports First Moldova Bulk Wine in Two Years”, Earth Times, < http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/246703,russia-imports-first-moldova-bulk-wine-in-two-years.html> (December 17, 2008)
    78. “Republic of Moldova: Selected Issues Paper”, International Monetary Fund, <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10232.pdf > (July 27, 2010), pp. 9-10.
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    82. “Russian Foreign Ministry Is ‘Deeply Concerned’”, e-Democracy, <http://www.e-democracy.md/en/elections/parliamentary/2009/electoral-news/20090408/#c12 >
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    85. Socor Vladimir , “Moldova’s Voronin Reelected President with Broad Democratic Support”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol.2, Issue.66, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30207&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (5 April, 2005)
    86. Socor Vladimir, “Moldova’s Political Sea Change”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol.2, Issue.70, <http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=30241&tx_ttnews[backPid]=176&no_cache=1> (11 April, 2005)
    87. Senyuva Ozgehan, “Parliamentary Elections in Moldova, April and July 2009”, Electoral Studies, <http://www.ces.metu.edu.tr/docs/ozgehan_article.pdf>, p. 2.
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    89. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe（歐安會）：http://www.osce.org/
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    三． 俄文部分
    （一） 俄文
    1. Фурман Дмитрий, " Удивительная Молдова", Rossiia v global`noi` politike, No.005 Vol.5, 2007, cc 186-196.
    2. Владимир Брутер, " Политические процессы в Молдове в 1988 - 2003 гг", Международный институт гуманитарно-олистических иследований, <http://www.igpi.ru/bibl/igpi_publ/moldova-brooter.html>
    （二） 俄文網路資源
    1. Аргументы и Факты（論點與事實）： http://gazeta.aif.ru/
    2. База Данных Фом（社會意見基金會）：http://bd.fom.ru/
    3. ВЦИОМ: Всероссийский Центр Изучения Общественного Мнения（全俄羅斯社會意見調查中心）： http://wciom.ru/
    4. “В Ходе Последнех Проверок в Москве Пестициды обнаружены в 60% Молдавских и 44% Грузинских Вин”, REGNUM, < http://www.regnum.ru/news/622196.html> (April 12, 2006)
    5. “Делегация Европарламета Призывает Повысить Уровень Жизни", Экономическое Обозрение, <http://logos.press.md/Weekly/Main.asp?IssueNum=434&IssueDate=21.09.2001&YearNum=34&Theme=8&Topic=5521> (21 September, 2001)
    6. Левада-Центр（拉達中心）：http://www.levada.ru/
    7. Ленин В. И., “Что Делать? Наболевшие Вопросы Нашего Двидения,”Marxists Internet Archive, <http://www.marxists.org/russkij/lenin/1902/ogl6.htm>
    8. Ленин В. И., “Апрельские Тезисы,”ХРОНОС, <http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_l/lenin_apr.html>
    9. Ленин В. И., “Протест российских социал-демократов,” Ленин - революционер, мыслитель, человек, <http://leninism.su/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=671:ptotest-ross-sd&catid=42:tom-4&Itemid=53 >
    10. Партия Соммунистов Республики Молдова（摩爾多瓦共產黨人黨官網俄文版）：http://www.pcrm.md/main/index.php
    11. “Социально-экономическое положение Республики Молдова- 2010 году”, Национальное Бюро Статистики, <http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=ru&idc=263&id=2209>
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    俄羅斯研究所
    97263012
    99
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097263012
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[俄羅斯研究所] 學位論文

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