Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51381
|
| Title: | 台灣政黨體系的變遷：1986-2008
The changing process of Taiwan`s party system:1986-2008 |
| Authors: | 莊天憐
Chuang, Tien Lien |
| Contributors: | 劉義周
Liu, I Chou
莊天憐
Chuang, Tien Lien |
| Keywords: | 政黨體系
政黨體系變遷
社會分歧
政治菁英
選舉制度
party system
the change of party system
social cleavage
political elites
electoral system |
| Date: | 2010 |
| Issue Date: | 2011-10-05 14:49:20 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本文討論焦點在於台灣政黨體系的變遷過程，影響台灣政黨體系變遷的因素，以及台灣政黨體系未來的可能走向。分別使用社會分歧理論、政治菁英理論以及制度論來解釋台灣政黨體系的變遷過程，並由各政黨在選舉結果的消長與選民政黨認同的變化兩個指標來觀察我國政黨體系的變遷。試圖建構一個通用的模式來解釋我國政黨體系發展的過程，以預期台灣政黨體系發展的未來走向。
經過全面觀察各政黨選舉結果的消長，以及選民政黨認同的變動情形之後，本文發現台灣政黨體系的變遷，主要發生在四個重要的時間點，第一個時間點是1986年民進黨的成立，第二個時間點是1993年新黨的成立，第三個時間點是2000年親民黨的成立與2001年台聯的成立，第四個時間點則是立委選制改變後的2008年立委選舉。
在變動的因素方面，雖然每一個變遷的時間點都有新政黨的出現，但是民進黨的出現是整個憲政環境由威權時期轉成民主化的結果，而新黨、親民黨與台聯則都是政治菁英之間的分裂。2008年主要是選舉制度的影響，不但新成立的政黨無法生存，連原有的小黨也都消失無蹤。
在穩定不變的因素方面，在台灣的政黨體系整個變遷的過程裡面，藍綠的區分一直都存在著。在藍綠對抗的主軸之下，台灣的政黨體系受到省籍、統獨立場以及國家認同等因素混合在內的分歧結構的長期影響，泛綠基本上掌握三成左右的基本盤，泛藍則是有四成出頭的支持度，中間還有二成多搖擺不定的部分，這個部分就是藍綠角逐的關鍵所在。這個藍綠對抗中第一個最重要的因素就是混雜了統獨立場、國家認同與省籍在內的社會與議題分歧，其次是政治菁英在歷次選舉過程中不斷地去操作這個分歧結構，藉此找到新政黨在意識型態光譜上的定位點，再加上SNTV選制容許小黨有生存空間，因此台灣的政黨體系隨之產生變遷。最後到了2008年，選舉制度的變革發揮了決定性的影響，使得我國的政黨體系確立為兩黨制。
在未來的發展趨勢上，研究發現，無論就政黨得票率、政黨支持度以及選舉制度的層面來看，國民黨似乎已經逐漸取回過半的優勢，民進黨則回到四成左右的基本盤。在沒有新議題或是新的政治社會分歧足以重新切割現有政黨體系之下，在目前雙首長制的憲政架構以及單一選區兩票制的國會選舉制度之下，我們預期政治菁英們的互動將朝向由國民黨代表泛藍勢力，民進黨代表泛綠勢力的兩黨政治體系逐步鞏固的方向前進。
The main theme of this thesis focuses on the changing process of Taiwan’s party system, the factors which effecting the changing process of Taiwan’s party system, and the trend of Taiwan’s party system in the future. The author use social cleavage theory、political elite theory and institutional theory to explain the changing process of Taiwan’s party system. The author also uses two indexes including the vote-share of each party in every election, and the changing of voter’s party identification to observe the changing of Taiwan’s party system. This thesis tries to build a general model to explain the developing process of Taiwan’s party system and predict the future trend of Taiwan’s party system.
After observing the election outcomes of each party and the changing of voter’s party identification, this thesis points out four important time points of Taiwan’s party system changing. The first time point is the presence of DPP in 1986, the second time point is the presence of NP in 1993, the third time point is the presence of PFP in 2000 and the presence of TSU in 2001, the fourth time point is the changing of electoral rule of legislative election in 2008.
About the changing factor, in spite of the new party presence in each changing time point, the presence of DPP is due to the constitutional environment which the authoritarian regime transferred into democracy. The presence of NP、PFP and TSU are the outcome of the separation of political elites. The changing of party system in 2008 is mainly effected by electoral system, not only the new parties can’t survive, but the existing small parties also disappear.
About the stable factor, during the changing process of Taiwan’s party system, there’s always a clearly distinction between “blue” and ”green”. Underneath the main stream of the confrontation between “blue” and “green”, Taiwan’s party system has long been effected by the cleavage structure which mixed with ethnic origin、unification or independent with china and national identity. The pan-green group basically maintains about 30% of vote share, the pan-blue group has more than 40% of vote share, the remaining 20% more of vote share is the key point for the struggle of pan-green and pan-blue forces. The most important factor in this confrontation process is the social and issue cleavage mixed with ethnic origin、unification or independent with china and national identity. Meanwhile the political elites are consequently manipulating the cleavage structure in every election process, in order to find some spaces in the ideological spectrum to form new parties. In addition to the SNTV electoral system allows small parties to appear and survive. That’s the reason why Taiwan’s party system changes over time. But in 2008, the changing of electoral system has the decisive influence and turn Taiwan’s party system into the two-party system.
In the trend of future development, the research shows that, no matter in party’s vote share、party support rate or electoral system, KMT seems gradually having a leading advantage to get more than 50% of vote share. DPP has about 40% of vote share. If no more new issue or political-social cleavages to cut the existing party system, in the two-head executive constitutional structure and MMM electoral system, the interactions of political elites will tend to a consolidation of the two-party system which including a pan-blue force presented by KMT, and a pan-green force presented by DPP. |
| Reference: | 中文部分
小笠原欣幸
2000 〈2000大選中的宋楚瑜現象之研究〉，《中山人文社會科學期刊》，第八卷第一期，頁51-69。
王甫昌
1994 〈族群同化與動員：台灣民眾政黨支持之分析〉，《中央研究院民族學研究所集刊》，第七十七期，頁1-34。
1996 〈台灣反對運動的共識動員：一九七一至一九八九年兩次挑戰高峰的比較〉，《台灣政治學刊》，第一期，頁129-209。
王柏燿
2002 《台灣選民經濟投票之研究：1996-2001年》，國立政治大學政治學系碩士論文。
王振寰
1989 〈台灣的政治轉型與反對運動〉，《台灣社會研究季刊》，第二卷第一期，頁71-116。
王業立
1995 〈單記非讓渡投票制的政治影響：我國民意代表制度的探討〉，《選舉研究》，第二卷第一期，頁147-167。
2001 《比較選舉制度》，台北：五南。
2002 〈縣市長選舉結果與地方政黨版圖變遷〉，《國家政策論壇》，第二卷第二期。
2004 〈單一選區兩票制具內閣制精神？〉，《聯合報》，2004年8月31號。
立法院公報
2004 〈修憲公聽會會議〉，《立法院公報》，第九十三卷第三十六期，頁73-112。
朴允哲
2003 〈韓國社會運動的動員模式與政治社會性格：以新興社會運動為分析對象〉，《亞太研究論壇》，第二十一期，頁6。
江易平、李祖舜
1994 《逆水而行—新黨故事》，台北：商周文化。
李筱峰
1987 《台灣民主運動四十年》，台北：自立晚報。
何卓恩
2004 《殷海光與近代中國自由主義》，上海：上海三聯書店，頁141-142。
何思因
1994 〈台灣地區選民政黨偏好的變遷：1989-1992〉，《選舉研究》，第一卷第一期，頁39-52。
何思因、吳釗燮
1996 〈台灣政黨體系之下政黨認同的測量方法〉，《選舉研究》，第三卷第一期，頁1-17。
何振盛
2008 《政黨體系重組與憲政體制發展—台灣個案研究(1986-2008)》，國立政治大學中山人文社會科學研究所博士論文。
若林正丈
1998 《蔣經國與李登輝》，台北：遠流，頁154。
林佳龍
1989 〈威權侍從政體下的台灣反對運動：民進黨社會基礎的社會解釋〉，《台灣社會研究季刊》，第二卷第一期，頁117-43。
1999a 〈總統選制的選擇與效應〉，《新世紀智庫論壇》，第六期，頁44-65。
1999b 〈總統大選與政黨重組議題討論〉，台灣教授協會主辦「海內外台灣人國是會議」宣讀論文。
2000 〈台灣民主化與政黨體系的變遷：菁英與群眾的選舉連結〉，《台灣政治學刊》，第四期，頁3-56。
林震
2008 〈駕馭「第三波」：台灣和韓國民主化比較研究〉，《二十一世紀》網路版，2008年五月號，總第74期。網址：
http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/supplem/essay/0803080.htm
林濁水
2008 〈民進黨的戰國策〉，《自由時報》，4月26號。
林濁水、林文傑
1999 〈台灣政黨轉型與民眾統獨意向的變遷〉，《中國大陸研究》，第四十二卷第六期，頁59-76
林瓊珠
1998 《台灣政黨體系重組過程之研究：一九九一至一九九六年》，國立政治大學政治學系碩士論文。
2009 〈台灣民眾的「台灣人/中國人」認同與統獨立場穩定與變動之分析〉，發表於「台灣選舉與民主化調查計畫：2008年立法委員選舉國際學術研討會」，1月17-18日，台北：台灣大學。
林繼文
1999 〈單一選區兩票制與選舉制度改革〉，《新世紀智庫論壇》，第六期，頁69-79。
吳乃德
1992 〈國家認同與政黨支持—台灣政黨競爭的社會基礎〉，《中央研究院民族學研究所集刊》，第七十四期，頁33-61
1994 〈社會分歧和政黨競爭—解釋國民黨為何繼續執政〉，《中央研究院民族學研究所集刊》，第七十八期，頁101-130。
吳文程
1997 《台灣的民主轉型：從威權型的黨國體系到競爭性的政黨體系》，台北：時英。
2001 《政黨與選舉概論》，台北：五南。
吳東野
1997 〈「單一選區兩票制」選舉方法之探討-德國、日本、俄羅斯選舉之實例比較〉，《選舉研究》，第三卷第一期，頁69-102。
2001 〈論政黨合作與結盟：德國的發展經驗〉，《國家政策研究基金會國政研究報告》，http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/090/CL-R-090-018.htm。
吳重禮
2008 〈立法委員選舉制度改革的省思：匡正弊端或是治絲益棼〉，發表於「如何評估選舉變遷：方法論的探討」學術研討會，7月5日，台北：政治大學。
吳振嘉
2009 〈國民黨何以能一黨獨大？--論國民黨選民基礎的穩定與變遷〉，發表於「台灣選舉與民主化調查計畫：2008年立法委員選舉國際學術研討會」，1月17-18日，台北：台灣大學。
吳叡人
1994 〈三個祖國：台灣戰後初期國家認同的競爭與形成〉，「第一屆台灣政治學會年會」，12月17-18日。
胡佛、游盈隆
1984 〈選民的黨派抉擇：態度取向及個人背景的分析〉，《政治學報》，第十三期，頁1-49。
洪永泰
2001 〈立法委員選舉結果對政黨體系的影響〉，《國家政策研究基金會國政報告》，參閱網址：http://www.npf.org.tw/particle-648-2.html。
2003 〈真有「南方政治」嗎？〉，《中國時報》，2003年8月19號，15版。
施正鋒
1998 《當代政治分析》，臺北：前衛。
2006 〈憲政體制的選擇與憲政改造的過程〉，發表於「永續發展與制度變革學術研討會」，10月14日，台北：淡江大學台北校園校友聯誼會館。
施明德、陳嘉君
2010 《叛亂‧遺囑：美麗島軍法大審30週年紀念 1980美麗島軍法大審實錄》，台北：財團法人施明德講座基金會。
施佩萱
1998 《台灣選民政黨認同變遷之分析--橫向與縱向的觀察》，國立台灣大學政治學系碩士論文
徐火炎
1992 「民主轉型過程中政黨的重組：台灣地區選民的民主價值取向、政黨偏好與黨派投票行為之分析」，《中央研究院人文及社會科學集刊》，第五卷第一期，頁213-263。
1993 〈選舉競爭與政治分歧結構的變遷：國民黨與民進黨勢力的消長〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，第六卷第一期，頁37-74。
1994 〈台灣選民的國家認同與黨派投票行為：1991至1993年〉，「第一屆台灣政治學會」，12月17-18日
1996 「台灣選民的國家認同與黨派投票行為：一九九一至一九九三年間的實證研究成果」，《台灣政治學刊》，第一期，頁85-127
1997 〈選舉與政黨重組的趨勢〉，收錄於游盈隆主編，《民主鞏固或崩潰》，頁245-264，台北：月旦出版社。
1998 〈台灣的選舉與社會分歧結構：政黨競爭與民主化〉，收錄於陳明通和鄭永年主編，《兩岸基層選舉與政治社會變遷》，頁127-167，台北：月旦出版社。
2003 〈台灣政黨版圖的重畫：民進黨、國民黨與親民黨的「民基」比較〉，《東吳政治學報》，第十四期，頁83-134。
徐永明
2000a 〈宋楚瑜現象：菁英分裂、選舉動員與政黨重組〉，《理論與政策》，第十四卷第二期，頁93-118。
2000b 〈「南方政治」的形成？台灣政黨支持的地域差別：1994-2000〉，發表於「新世紀的選舉學術研討會」，政治大學選舉研究中心主辦，台北。
徐永明、陳明通
1998 〈搜尋台灣民眾統獨態度的動力：一個個體動態模型的建立〉，《台灣政治學刊》，第三期，頁65-11
徐永明、陳鴻章
2004 〈多席次選舉中政黨的分合：以台灣區域立委選舉為例〉，《選舉研究》，第十一卷第一期，頁127-170。
郝柏村
1995 《郝總長日記中的經國先生晚年》，台北：天下文化出版股份有限公司，頁334。
郭琮淵
2005 《國民黨與民進黨政黨形象之跨時性分析：以三次總統大選選後調查為例》，私立東吳大學政治學系碩士論文。
莊天憐
2000 《我國獨立選民的發展與變遷(1989~1999)》，國立政治大學政治學系碩士論文。
陳文俊
1995 〈統獨議題與選民的投票行為—民國八十三年省市長選舉之分析〉，《選舉研究》，第二卷第二期，頁99-136。
陳文俊、黃志呈
2003 〈藍軍 VS. 綠營：2002年北高市長選舉之比較〉，發表於2003年台灣政治學會年會暨「世局變動中的台灣政治」學術研討會，台灣政治學會主辦，台北。
陳明通
1998 〈民進黨的政黨形象：一項縱時性的觀察〉，發表於「台灣政治學會第五屆年會」學術研討會，1998年12月12-13日。
陳佳吉
2003 《台灣的政黨競爭規範與民主鞏固》，台北：翰蘆。
陳坤森
1998 《美國政黨重組之理論與實際：1932~1988》，私立淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文。
陳陸輝
2000 〈台灣選民政黨認同的持續與變遷〉，《選舉研究》，第七卷第二期，頁39-52。
陳陸輝、周應龍
2003 〈台灣民眾統獨立場的趨勢分析〉，2003年台灣政治學會年會暨「世局變動中的台灣政治」學術研討會，台灣政治學會主辦，台北。
2008 〈如何評估單一選區兩票制下的候選人票與政黨票之間的連動關係〉，發表於「如何評估選舉變遷：方法論的探討」學術研討會，7月5日，台北：政治大學。
陳義彥
1996 〈不同族群政治文化的世代分析〉，《政治學報》，第二十七期，頁83-121。
陳義彥、陳陸輝
2003 〈模稜兩可的態度還是不確定的未來：台灣民眾統獨觀的解析〉，《中國大陸研究》，第四十六卷第五期，頁1-20。
陳詩瑜
2005 《我國政黨重組之研究：從一九七七年到二○○五年》，國立台灣師範大學政治學研究所碩士論文。
盛杏湲
2002 〈統獨議題與台灣選民的投票行為〉，《選舉研究》，第九卷第一期，頁41-80。
盛杏湲、陳義彥
2003 〈政治分歧與政黨競爭：二○○一年立法委員選舉的分析〉，《選舉研究》，第十卷第一期，頁7-40。
盛治仁
2006 〈單一選區兩票制對未來台灣政黨政治發展之可能影響探討〉，《台灣民主季刊》，第三卷第二期，頁63-86。
郭正亮
1998 《民進黨轉型之痛》，台北：天下遠見出版有限公司。
許介麟
1995 《戰後台灣史記》，台北：文英館。
張正莉
1993 《國民黨威權統治型態的轉型(一九八六~一九九二)》，國立政治大學政治學研究所碩士論文。
張君勱
1971 《中華民國民主憲法十講》，台北：台灣商務。
張佑宗、劉嘉如
2005 〈政黨的組合、解組與重構；台灣1996至2004年三屆總統選舉社會基礎的變遷〉，「台灣選舉與民主化」(2004總統大選)國際學術研會，5月21-22日。
張茂桂
1993 〈省籍問題與民族主義〉，收錄於張茂桂主編《族群關係與國家認同》，台北，業強出版社，頁233-278。
黃秀端
1994 〈經濟投票與選民投票抉擇〉，《東吳政治學報》，第三期：97-123。
黃俊達
2001 《台灣新生政黨的發展與策略：以親民黨為例》，私立東海大學政治學系碩士論文。
黃德福
1992 《民主進步黨與台灣地區政治民主化》，台北：時英出版社。
1994a 〈政黨競爭與政治民主化：台灣地區政黨體系的新挑戰〉，《選舉研究》，第一卷第二期，頁199-220。
1994b 〈選舉制度與政黨政治：台灣地區解嚴後選舉競爭的觀察〉，《理論與政策》，第七卷第四期，頁3-21。
2000 〈少數政府與責任政治：台灣『半總統制』之下的政黨競爭〉，《問題與研究》，第三十九卷第十二期，頁1-24。
黃德福、張佑宗
1994 〈邁向三黨競爭體系？—民主鞏固與台灣地區政黨政治的變遷〉，《政治學報》，第二十三期，頁197-225。
葛永光
2000 《政黨政治與民主發展》， 台北：空中大學。
2002 〈從北高兩市選舉看政黨力量消長〉，《國政研究報告》。
隋杜卿
2001 《中華民國的憲政工程：以雙首長制為中心的探討》，臺北：韋伯文化。
2002 〈我國現行中央政府體制的定位、爭議與前瞻〉，《國家政策論壇》，第二卷第二期。
游盈隆
1993 「政黨形象、意識型態與台灣選舉變遷」，中央研究院民族學研究所行為研究組「民主化與政黨競爭：何以國民黨繼續執政？」學術研討會宣讀論文，6月11日。
游清鑫
1995 〈台灣政黨競爭及體系之變遷〉，《政治學報》，第二十五期，頁181-206。
2002 〈政黨認同與政黨形象：面訪與焦點團體訪談的結合〉，《選舉研究》，第九卷第二期，頁85-116。
游清鑫、林瓊珠
2000 〈政黨重組？總體層次與個體層次的觀察〉，發表於「2000年選舉研究學術研討會」，政大選舉研究中心主辦，台北。
游清鑫、蕭怡靖
2003 〈台灣民眾政黨認同的持續與變遷〉，發表於2003年台灣政治學會年會暨「世局變動中的台灣政治」學術研討會，台灣政治學會主辦，台北。
彭懷恩
1987 《從政治發展看台灣政黨體系》， 台北：洞察。
1994 《台灣政黨政治》，台北：風雲論壇。
2005 《台灣政黨論》，台北：米羅文化。
詹松諭
2002 《解嚴後台灣政黨的分合與競爭》，私立東吳大學政治學系碩士論文。
鄒景雯
2001 《李登輝執政告白實錄》，台北：時報出版。
楊泰順
2001 〈政黨重組與當前政治生態〉，蘇永欽主編，《政黨重組：台灣民主政治的再出發？》，頁43-58。
楊鈞池
2001 〈政黨重組的日本經驗〉，蘇永欽主編，《政黨重組：台灣民主政治的再出發？》，頁109-126。
楊嘉容
2002 〈台灣選民政黨認同重組的初步探索：從國民黨的崩解出發〉，發表於2002年台灣政治學會年會暨「全球化與台灣政治」學術研討會，台灣政治學會主辦，台北。
新台灣研究文教基金會
1999 《沒有黨名的黨：美麗島政團的發展》，台北：時報文化。
鄧宇敦
2001 《台灣政黨選舉結盟之探究—以國、親、新三黨為例》，國立成功大學政治經濟研究所碩士論文。
劉義周
1987 「選民的政黨偏好」，雷飛龍主持「轉型期社會中的投票行為：台灣地區選民的科際整合研究(II)」研究計畫成果報告，頁113-153，台北：政治大學選舉研究中心，行政院國家科學委員會專題計畫成果報告，計畫編號：NSC79-0301-H-004-12。
1994 〈台灣選民政黨形象的世代差異〉，《選舉研究》，第一卷第一期，頁53-74。
1995 〈台灣的新政黨體系〉，《問題與研究》，第十三卷第十期，頁1-10。
1995 〈台灣民眾的中國觀〉，「第二屆台灣政治學會年會」，12月23-24日
1997 〈統獨態度的世代差異〉，「兩岸關係問題民意調查學術研討會」論文集，國立政治大學選舉研究中心與行政院大陸委員會舉辦，1997年5月17-18日。
2003 〈民眾的「台灣人/中國人認同」發展趨勢〉，發表於2003年台灣政治學會年會暨「世局變動中的台灣政治」學術研討會，台灣政治學會主辦，台北。
蔡佳泓
2007 〈政黨形象的測量尺度初探〉，《政治學報》，第四十三期，頁101-121。
蔡孟熹
1997 《台灣民眾族群認同、統獨立場與政黨偏好變遷之研究—1991~1996年之分析》，國立政治大學政治學系碩士論文。
蔡學儀
2002 〈國會改造之選舉制度方案比較〉，《選舉研究》，第九卷第二期，頁117-150。
2003 《解析單一選區兩票制》，台北：五南。
歐陽晟
1994 《台灣民主轉型政黨競爭型態社會基礎(1986-1992)》，國立台灣大學政治學系碩士論文。
鄭盛隆
2003 《台灣的階級投票研究: 1992 ~ 2001》，國立政治大學政治學系碩士論文。
薛永華
2003 《新黨的發展與衰退—歷史研究途徑的分析》，私立文化大學政治學研究所碩士論文。
謝侑道
1993 〈第五屆立法委員選舉台灣團結聯盟競選策略之研究〉，《中州學報》，第十七期，頁365-385。
謝相慶
1999 〈日本眾議院議員選舉制度及其政治效應—以1996年選舉為例〉，《選舉研究》，第六卷第二期，頁45-85。
2000 〈我國立法委員選舉制度及其選舉結果的影響〉，林繼文主編，《政治制度》，台北：中研院社科所。
2002 〈淺談立法委員選舉制度改革--單一選區兩票制〉，《國家政策研究基金會國政研究報告》，參閱網址：http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/IA/091/IA-R-091-029.htm。
謝復生
1992 《政黨比例代表制》，台北：理論與政策雜誌社。
謝復生、牛銘實、林慧萍
1995 〈民國八十三年省市長選舉中之議題投票：理性抉擇理論之分析〉，，《選舉研究》，第二卷第一期，頁77-92。
蘇永欽主編
2001 《政黨重組：台灣民主政治的再出發？》，台北：新台灣人基金會。
龔意琇
2002 「單一選區兩票制：並立制與聯立制（補償制）之分析」，《國家政策研究基金會國政分析》，參閱網址：http://www.npf.org.tw/post/3/2014。
英文部分
Abramson, Paul R.
1983 Political Attitudes in America: Formation and Change. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company Press.
Abramson, Paul R. and Charles W. Ostrom
1991 “Macropartisanship: An Empirical Reassessment.” American Political Science Review 85(1):181-192.
1992 “Question Wording and Macropartisanship: Response.” American Political Science Review 86(2): 481-486.
1994 “Question Form and Context Effects in the Measurement of Macropartisanship: Response.” American Political Science Review 88(4): 955-958.
Allsop, Dee and Herbert F. Weisberg
1988 “Measuring Change in Party Identification in an Election Campaign.” American Journal of Political Science，Vol.32，No4，pp.996-1017.
Anderson, Christopher.
1995 Blaming the GovernmentL Citizens and the Economy in Five Europe Democracies.Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
2000 “Economic Voting and Political Context: A Comparative Perspective.” Electoral Studies 19:151-170.
Bartels Larry M.
1998 “Electoral Continuity and Change, 1868-1996.” Electoral Studies 17: 301-326.
Beck, Paul Allen
1974 “A Socialization Theory of Partisan Realignment.” in Richard G. Niemi and Herbert F. Weisberg (eds.), Classics in Voting Behavior. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press. pp. 332-345.
1979 “The Electoral Cycle and Patterns of American Politics.” British Journal of Political Science 9, pp.129-56,132-40.
1984 “The dealignment Era in America.” In Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment.
1997 Party Politics in America, 8thedn. New York:longman.
Blondel, Jean.
1992 “Dual Leadership in the Contemporary World,” in Arend Lijphart, ed., Parliamentary versus Presidential Government, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M. and Renee M. Smith.
1996 “The Dynamics of Aggregate Partisanship.” American Political Science Review 90(3):567-580.
Bratton, Kathleen A.
1994 “Retrospective Voting and Future Expectations: The Case of Budget Deficit in the 1988 Election.” American Political Quarterly 22:227-296.
Braungrart, R. G. and M. M. Braungrart
1983 “Generational Politics.” Micropolitics 3,349-415.
1989 “Political Generation.”，Research in Political Sociology，Vol.4，pp.281-319.
1990 “The Life-Course Development of Left and Right Wing Youth Activist Leader From the 1960s. ” Political Psychology，Vol.11，pp.243-282.
Bulter, David, and Donald Stokes
1974 Political Change in Britain：The Evolution of Electoral Choice, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
Burnham, Walter Dean
1970 Critical Elections and the Mainspring of American Politics, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
1989 “Political Generation.”，Research in Political Sociology，Vol.4，pp.281-319.
1990 “The Life-Course Development of Left and Right Wing Youth Activist Leader From the 1960s. ” Political Psychology，Vol.11，pp.243-282.
Cameron, David R.
1972 “Stability and Change in Patterns of French Partisanship. ” Public Opinion Quarterly，Vol.36, pp.19-30.
Campbell, Angus, Gerald, Gurin, and Warren E. Miller
1954 The Voter Decides, Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes
1960 The American Voter, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1966 Elections and the Political Order, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Carmines, Edward G., John P. McIver, and James A. Stimson
1984 “The Dynamics of Issue Evaluation: The United States”, In Russell J. Dalton, ed., Electoral Change in Advance Industrial Democracies, Princeton University Press, pp. 134-158.
1986 “On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution.”American Political Science Review.80(1):902-921.
1987 “Unrealized Partisanship: A Theory of Dealignment.” Journal of Politics 49: 376-400.
1989 Issue Evolutio:Race and The Transformation of American Politics.
Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Carr, Raymond.
1966 Spain: 1808-1939. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Chambers, Willam Nisbet and Walter Dean Burnham.
1967 The American Party Systems: States of Political Development. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Chappell, Henry W. Jr., and William R. Keech.
1985 “A New View of Political Accountability for Economic Performance.” American Political Science Review 79(4):10-27.
Chhibber, Pradeep K.
2001 Democracy without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Clark, Harold D. et al.
1979 Political Choice in Canada. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
Clark, Harold D., and Marianne C. Stewart
1987 “Partisan Inconsistency and Partisan Change in Federal States: The Case of Canada.” American Journal of Political Science 31(2): 283-407.
1994 “Prospections, Retrospections, and Rationality: The Bankers’ Model of Presidential Approval Reconsidered.” American Journal of Political Science 38(4): 1104-1123.
Clark, Terry D., and Jill N. Wittrock
2005 “Presidentialism and the Effect of Electoral Law in Postcommunist System.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 38: pp. 171-188.
Clubb, Jerome M., William H. Flanagan, and Nancy H. Zingale
1990 Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties and Government in American History. Beverly Hill: Sage.
Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Stanley Feldman, Kathleen Knight.
1987 “The Personal and Political Underpinnings of Economic Forecasts.” American Journal of Political Science, 31(3):559-583.
Converse, Philip E.
1964 “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Public.” In David Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent :206-61. New York: Free Press.
1966 “The Conception of Normal Vote.” In Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, Elections and the Political Order, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
1976 The Dynamics of Party Support: Cohort Analyzing Party Identification, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Converse, Philip E., and George Dupeux
1966 “Politicization of the Electorate in France and the United States. ” In Angus Campbell，Philip E. Converse，Warren E. Miller，and Donald E. Stokes，Elections and the Political Order，New York：John Wiley and Sons，Inc.
Converse, Philip E., and Gregory B. Markus
1979 “‘Plus ca Change...’ The New CPS Election Study Panel.” American Political Science Review, 73(1):2-49.
Cotter, Patrick R.
1985 “The Decline in Partisanship: A Test of Four Explanations. ” American Politics Quarterly, 13(1), pp.51-78.
Daalder, Hans.
2001 “The Rise of Parties in Western Democracies.” in Larry Diamond and Richard Gunther (eds) Political Parties and Democracy. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Dalton, Russel J.
1988 Citizen Politics in Western Democracies, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc.
Dalton, Russell J., Scott C. Flanagan, and Paul A. Beck (eds)
1984 Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Re-alignment or Dealignment? Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
Dempsey，John Richard
1975 Independent Voters: The Characteristics and Significance of Non-Aligned Voters in American Politics, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts.
Dennis, Jack
1975 “Trends in Support for the American Party System.” British Journal of Politics Science, 5(April), pp.187-230.
Ding-Ming Wang
1975 “The Impact of Policy Issues on Voting Behavior in Taiwan: A Mixed Logit Approach,” Journal of Electoral Studies, 8(2), pp.95-117.
Downs, Anthony.
1957 An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
Dunleavy, Patrick, and Margetts, Helen
1995 “Understanding the Dynamics of Electoral Reform,” International olitical Science Review 16(January), pp.9-29.
Durr, Robert H.
1993 “What Moves Policy Sentiment” American Political Science Review 87:158-170.
Duverger, Maurice
1964 Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. London: Methuen & Co., translated from the French publication of 1951.
1980 “A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government”, European Journal of Political Research, 8(2): 165-87.
Evans, Geoffrey, and Pippa Norris (ed.)
1999 Critical Election. Great Britain: Athenaeum Press.
Erickson, Robert S., Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson.
1998 “What Moves Macropartisan? A Response to Green, Palmquist, and Schickler.” American Political Science Review 92(4): 901-912.
Erie, Steven P.
1988 Rainbow’s End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1980-1985, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Erikson, Robert S.
1989 “Economic Conditions and the Presidential Vote.” American Political Science Review 83(2): 567-573.
Fell, Dafydd
2005a “Measuring and Explaining Party Changes in Taiwan: 1991-2004”, Journal of East Asian Studies, 5, pp.105-133.
2005b Party Politics in Taiwan: Party change and the democratic evolution of Taiwan, 1991-2004, NY: Routledge.
Fiorina, Morris P.
1981 Retrospective Voting in American National Elections，New Haven：Yale University Press.
Flanagan, William H. and Nancy H. Zingale
1988 Political Bahavior of the American Electorate，Dubuque，Iowa：Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
Franklin, Charles H.
1992 “Measurement and The Dynamics of Party Identification.” Political Behavior， 14(3): 297-309.
Franklin, Charles H., and John E. Jackson
1983 "The Dynamics of Party Identification." American Political Science Review，Vol.77，pp.957-973.
Freeman, John R., Daniel Houser, Paul M. Kellstedt, and John T. Williams
1988 “Long-Momoried Processes, Unit Roots, and Causal Inference in Political Science.” American Journal of Political Science 41: 1289-1327.
Fuh-Sheng John Hsieh, Dean Lacy, and Emerson M. S. Niou
1996 “Economic Voting in the 1994 Taiwan Elections.”, American Asian Review, 14(2):51-70.
1998 “Retrospective and Prospective Voting in a One-Party-Dominant Democracy: Taiwan’s 1996 Presidential Election.”, Public Choice, 97(3) :383-399.
Gamm, Gerald H.
1989 The Making of New Deal Democrats Voting Behavior and Realignment in Boston, 1920-1940. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Green, Donald, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler.
1998 “Macropartisan: A Replication and Critique.” American Political Science Review 92(4): 883-899.
Gosnell, Harold Foote.
1939 Machine Politics: Chicago Style, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Gunther, Richard, Giacomo Sani, and Goldie Shabad.
1986 Spain After Franco: The Making of a Competitive Party System. Berkerly: University of Caliafornia Press.
Gunther, Richard and Larry Diamond.
2003 “Species of Political Parties: A New Typology.” Party Politics. 9(2):167-199.
Gwag, Jin Young.
2009 “The Changing Alignment of Korean Political Parties and the Instability of the Political System.” The Journal of the Korean Association of Party Studies. 8(1): 115-145.
Hadley, Charles D.
1985 “Dual Partisan Identification in the South.” Journal of Politics 47: 254-69.
Hogopian, Frances.
1996 Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Herron, Erik S. and Misa Nishikawa.
2000 “Contamination Effects and the Number of Parties in Mixed-Superposition Election Systems.” Electoral Studies 20:63-86.
Howell, Susan E.
1981 “The Behavioral Compont of Changing Partisanship.” American Politics Quarterly，8(3)，pp.279-302.
Huntington, Samuel P.
1991 The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Huntington, Samuel P. and Joan M. Nelson.
1976 No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Counties, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald
1971 “The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-industrial Societies.” American Political Science Review 65: 991-1017.
1977 The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press.
1981 “Post-industrialism in an Environment of Insecurity.” American Political Science Review 75: 880-900.
Inglehart, Ronald and Avram Hochstein
1972 “Alignment and Dealignment of the Electorate in France and the United States. ” Comparative Political Studies, 5(4), pp.343-373.
Jacobson, Gary C., and Samuel Kernell.
1983 Strategy and Change in Congressional Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Jennings, M. Kent, and Richard G. Niemi
1966 “Party Identification at Multiple Levels of Government.” American Journal of Sociology 72: 86-101.
1976 “Party Identification and Voting Behavior in the West German Election of 1969.” In Budge Ian, Ivor Crewe, and Dennis Farlie, Party Identification and Beyond: Representations of Voting and Party Competition, London: John Wiley &Sons.
LaPalombara J., and Weiner M.
1963 “The Origin and Development of Political Parties”, in J. LaPalombara J. & M. Weiner(eds.), Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton. University Press: 34-36.
Lijphart, Arend.
1984 Democracy: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries, New Haven: Yale University Press. Kaase, Max.
John Fuh-Sheng Hsieh and Emerson M. S. Niou
1996 “Salient Issues in Taiwan’s Electoral Politics,” Electoral Studies 15(2): 219-235.
John Fuh-Sheng Hsieh and Jaewon JANG
2009 “social Cleavages, Electoral Systems, and Party Systems in Taiwan and South Korea.” paper presented in 2009 International Conference on Taiwan’s Election and Democratization Study.
Kamieniecki，Sheldon
1985 Party Identification, Political Behavior, and the American Electorate, Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Katz, Richard S.
1979 “The Dimensionality of Party Identification: Cross-National Perspectives.” Comparative Politics, January,: 147-163.
Katz, Richard S. and Peter Mair.
2002 “The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office: Party Organizational Change in Twentieth-Century Democracies.” in Richard Gunther, Jose Ramon Montero and Juan J. Linz (eds) Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Key, V. O., Jr.
1949 Southern Politics, New York: Vintage.
1955 “A Theory of Critical Elections.” Journal of Politics 17: 3-18.
1956 American State Politics. New York: Knopf.
1959 “Secular Realignment and the Party System.” Journal of Politics 21: 198- 210.
1964 Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 5th ed.,: 257-58, 261-62, 280.
Kinder, Donald R., and D. Roderick Kiewiet.
1981 “Sociotropic Politics: The American Case.” British Journal of Political Science 11: 129-162.
Kramer, Gerald H.
1971 “Short-Term Fluctuations in U.S. Voting Behavior, 1896-1964.” American Political Science Review 65(1): 131-143.
Lacy, Dean, and J. Tobin Grant
1999 “The Impact of the Economy on the 1996 Election.” In Reelection 1996: How Americans Voted, ed. Herbert F. Weisberg and Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier. Chatham, N. J. : Chatham House.
Ladd, Everett Carll
1991 “Like Waiting for Godot: the Useless of “Realignment” for Understanding Change in Contemporary American Politics”, In Byron E. Shafer, ed., The End of Realignment?: Interpreting American Electoral Eras, The University of Wisconsin Press,: 24-36.
Laakso, Markku & Taagepera, Rein
1979 “Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe,” Comparative Politics Studies,12(1): 3-27.
LaPalombara, J. & M. Weiner.
1966 “The Origin and Development of Political Parties”, in J. LaPalombara J. & M. Weiner(eds.), Political Parties and Political Development, Princeton University Press.
Lewis-Beck, Michael S.
1988 Economics and Elections: The Major Western Democracies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Brad Lockerbie.
1989 “Economics, Votes, Protests: Western European Cases.” Comparative Political Studies 22: 155-177.
Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Tom W. Rice.
1982 “Presidential Popularity and Presidential Vote.” Public Opinion Quarterly 46: 534-37.
Lipset, Seymour Martin.
1959 “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” The American Political Science Review 53(1): 69-105.
1994 “The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited.” American Sociological Review Vol. 59(February): 1-22.
Lipset, Seymour and Stein Rokkan
1967 Party Systems and Voter Alignment. New York: Free Press.
Lockerbie, Brad
1989 “Change in Party Identification：The Role of Prospective Economic Evaluation.” American Politics Quarterly，17(3)，pp.291-311.
Mackuen, Michael B., Robert S. Erikson, and James A. Stimson
1989 “Macropartisanship.” American Political Science Revire，Vol.83，pp.1125-1142.
1992 “Question Wording and Macropartisanship.” American Political Science Review 86: 475-486.
1996 “Comment on [Presidents and the Prospective Voter].” Journal of Politics 58: 793-801.
Maggiotto, Michel A., and James E. Piereson
1977 “Partisan Identification and Electoral Choice: The Hostility Hypothesis.” American Journal of Poilitical Science,11(4): 745-767.
Mainwaring, Scott P.
1999 Rethinking Party System in the Third Wave of Democratization. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Mannheim, Karl
1952 “The Sociological Problem of Generations.” in P. Kecskemti (ed.), Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.
Markus, Gregory B. and Phillip E. Converse
1979 “A Dynamic Stimulataneous Equation of Electoral Choice.” American Political Science Review，Vol.73: 1055-1070.
Markus, Gregory B.
1982 “Political Attitudes during an Election Year: A Report on 1980 NES Panel Study.” American Political Science Review 76(3): 538-560.
1988 “The Impact of Personal and National Economic Conditions on the Presidential Vote: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Analysis.” American journal of Political Science 32: 137-154.
Matthews, Donald R. and James W. Prothro
1966 “The Concept of Party Image and Its Importance for the Southern Electorate”，in M. Kent Jennings and L. Harmon Zeigler ed.，The Electoral Process，Englewood Cliffs，N.J.：Prentice Hall，INC.，pp.139-174.
Mayhew, R. David
2002 “Electoral Realignments: a Critique of an American Gentre.” Yale University Press.
McAllister, Ian and Donley T. Studlar
1995 “New Politics and Partisan Alignment: Values, Ideology and Elites in Australia.” Party Politics 1: pp.197-220.
McDonald, N. A.
1963 The Study of Political Parties, New York: Random House.
McDonald, Michael D., and Susan E. Howell
1982 “Reconsidering the Reconceptualizations of Party Identification.” Political Methodology,8(4), pp.73-91.
Meffert, Michael F., Helmut Norpoth and Anirudh V.S. Ruhil.
2001 “Realignment and Macropartisanship.” American Political Science Review 95(4): 53-962.
Miller, Warren E., J. Merrill Shanks.
1996 The New American Voter, Havard University Press.
Morlino, Leonardo
1995 “Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in South Europe,” in Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandourous, and Hans-Jurgen Puhle, eds. The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 351-388.
Nadeau, Richard, and Michael Lewis-Beck
2001 “Mational Economic Voting in U. S. Presidential Elections.” Journal of Politics 63: 159-181.
Nadeau, Richard, Richard G. Niemi, and Antoine Yoshinaka.
2001 “A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context across Time and Nations.” Electoral Studies forthcoming.
Nardulli Peter F.
1995 “The Concept of a Critical Realignment, Electoral Behavior, and Political Change.” American Political Science Review 89(1): 10-22.
Nie, Norman H., Sidney Verba, and John R. Petrocik
1976 The Changing American Vote. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press.
Niemi, Richard G. et al.
1987 “Multiple Party Identifiers and the Measurement of Party Identification.” Journal of Politics 49(4): 1093-1103.
Niemi, Richard G., and M. Kent Jennings
1991 “Issues and Inheritance in the Formation of Party Identification.” American Journal of Political Science，35(4): 970-988.
Niemi, Richard G., and Herbert F. Weisberg
1993 “How Meaningful is Party Identification?” In Richard G. Niemi and Herbert Weisberg (eds.), Classic in Voting Behavior : 210-23. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
Norpoth, Helmut
1987 “Under Way and Here to Stay: Party Realignment in the 1980s.” Public Opinion Quarterly,51(3): 376-391.
Norris, Pippa
2004 Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
O’Donnell, Guillermo
1992 “Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes.” In Scott Mainwaring, Gillermo O’ Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issue in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame, In.: University of Notre Dame Press.
1997 “Illusions about Consolidation.” in Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds.), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives, pp.40-57. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
1999 Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Page, Benjamin I., and Calvin C. Jones
1979 “Reciprocal Effects of Policy Preference, Party Loyalties and the Vote.” American Political Science Review, Vol.73, pp.1071-1089.
Paldam, Martin.
1991 “Hoe Robust Is the Vote Function? A Study of Seventeen Nations over Four Decades.” In Economics and Politics, ed. Helmut Norpoth, Michael S. Lewis-Beck, and Jean-Dominique Lafay. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Palmer, Harvey D.
1999 “Making Sense of the Noise in Personal Financial Evaluations: Reconsidering the Evidence of Pocketbook Economic Voting.” Unpublished paper, University of Mississippi.
Petrocik, John R.
1974 “An Analysis of Intransitivities in the Index of Party Identification.” Political Methodology, Vol.1, No.3: 31-47.
1981 Party Coalitions: Realignment and the Decline of the New Deal Party System. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Phillips, Kevin P.
1969 The Emerging Republican Majority, New Rochelle, N. Y.: Arlington House.
Pomper, Gerald
1967 “Classification of Presidential Elections.” Journal of Politics 29(8): 535-566.
1975 Voter’s Choice: Varieties of American Behavior , New York: Dodd Mead.
Powell, G. Bingham, Jr., and Guy D. Whitten.
1993 “A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context.” American Journal of Political Science 37: 391-414.
Pridham, Geoffrey.
1990 “Southern European Democracies on the Road to Consolidation: A Comparative Assessment of the Role of Political Parties.” In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, New York: Chapman and Hall Inc.
Przworski, Adam.
1986 “Some Problems in the Studies of the Transition to Democracy.” In Guillermo O’ Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds. Transitions from Authoritarianism Rule: Comparative Perspective, Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins University Press.
Rabinowitz, George, Macdonald, Stuart Elaine
1987 “The Dynamics of Structual Realignment.” American Political Science Review, 81(3):775-795.
Rae, Douglas W.
1971 The Political Consequence of Electoral Law(rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Reed, Steven
2003 Japanese Electoral Politics: Creating a New Party System, New York: Routledge Curzon.
2007 “Duverger’s Law is Working in Japan.” 選舉研究 22: 96-106.
Richardson, Bradley M.
1986 “Japan`s Habitual Voters：Partisanship on the Emotional Periphery.” Comparative Political Studies，19(3): 356-384.
1988 “Constituency Candidates Versus Parties in Japanese Voting Behavior.” American Political Science Review，82(3): 695-718.
1991 “Japanese Voting Behavior in Comparative Perspective.” In Flanagan，Scott C.，Shinsaku Kohei，Ichiro Miyake，Bradley M. Richardson，and Joji Watanuki，The Japanese Voter，New Haven and London：Yale University Press.
Riker, William
1986 “Duverger’s Law revisited.”in G. Lijphart and A. Lijphart (eds.), Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon.
Rose, Richard
1974 Politics in England: An Interpretation, Boston & Toronto: Little, Brown & Co., 2th edition.
Rosenstone J. Steven, Behr L. Roy, and Lazarus H. Edward
1996 “Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure,” Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2th ed.
Samuels, David
2002 “Presidentialized Parties: The Separation of Powers and Party Organization and Behavior,” Comparative Political Studies 35(May): 461-483.
Sanders, David.
1991 “Government Popularity and the Next General Election.” Political Quarterly 62: 235-261.
1993 “Why the Conservatives Won—Again.” In Britian at the Polls 1992, ed. Anthony King et al. Chatham, N. J. :Chatham House.
Sanders, David, David Marsh, and Hugh Ward.
1993 “The Electoral Impact of Press Coverage of the British Economy, 1979-87.” British Journal of Political Science 23: 175-210.
Sartori, Giovanni
1976 Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1986 “The Influence of Electoral Systems: Faulty Laws or Faulty Method?” in G. Lijphart and A. Lijphart (eds.), Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon.
1994 Comparative Constitutional Engineering: an Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes, New York: New York University Press.
Schaap, Ross D.
2005 “The House of Representatives’ Election in Japan, November 2003”, Electoral Studies,24(1): 136-142.
Schattschneider E. E.
1960 The Semisovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
1975 The Semi -Sovereign People , The Dryden Press.
Schoen, H.
1999 “Split-Ticket Votng in German Federal Electoions, 1953-1990: An Example of Sophisticated Balloting?” Electoral Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4:473-496.
Shively，W. Phillips
1980 “The Nature of Party Identification: A Review of Recent Developments.” In John C. Pierce, and John L. Sullivan, eds, The Electorate Reconsidered , Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg, and Martin P. Wattenberg(eds.)
2001 Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? Oxford UK: University of Oxford Press.
Singelman, Lee.
1979 “Presidential Popularity and Presidential Elections.” Public Political Quarterly 43: 532-34.
Silbey, Joel H, Allen G. Bogue, and Wiliam H. Flanigan
1978 The History of American Electoral Behavior. Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press.
Sorauf, Frank J. and Paul Allen Beck.
1988 Party Politics in America, 6th edition. Glenview, 111: Scott, Foreman, & Co. : 160-167.
Southwell, Priscilla L.
1994 “Economic Salience and Differential Abstention in Presidential Elections.” American Political Quarterly 24: 221-236.
Sundquist, James L.
1983 Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States, Washington D. C. : The Bookings Institution.
StØrm, K.
1990 “A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties.” American ournal of Political Science, 34(2), 565-598.
Taagepera, Rein
1998 “How Electoral Systems Matter for Democratization,” Democratization 5(Autumn): 68-91.
Taagepera Rein, and Matthew Soberg Shugart
1989 Seats & Votes: The Effects & Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Thies, Michael F.
2002 “The General Elections In Japan, June 2000,” Electoral Studies, 21,(1): 147-154.
Thomassen, Jocques
1976 “Party Identification as a Cross-National Concept: It`s Meaning in the Netherlands.” In Budge Ian, Ivor Crewe, and Dennis Farlie, Party Identification and Beyond: Representations of Voting and Party Competition, London: John Wiley & Sons.
Trilling, Richard J.
1975 “Party Image and Electoral Behavior.” In American Electoral Behavior, ed. S. Kirkpatrick. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.
Tse-min Lin, Yun-han Chu, and Melvin J. Hinich
1996 “Conflict Displacement and Regime Transition in Taiwan: A Spatial Analysis,” World Politics 48(4), pp.453-81.
Tufte Edward
1978 Political Control of the Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Uslander, Eric M.
1990 “Splitting Image: Partisan Affiliation in Canada’s “Two Political Worlds”” American Journal of Political Science 34, 4: 961-981.
Valentine, David and John R. Van Wingen
1980 “Partisanship, Indepnedence, and The Partisan Identification Question.” American Politics Quarterly, 8(2), pp.165-186.
Vowles, Jack
1997 “Waiting for the Realignment? The New Zealand Party System, 1972-93. ” Political Science 48: 184-209.
Wang T. Y. and I-Chou Liu
2004 “Contending Identities in Taiwan.” Asian Survey 44(4): 568-590.
Ware, Alan
1996 Political Parties and Party Systems, Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press, p.217.
Wattenberg, Martin P.
1982 “Party Identification and Party Images：A Comparison of Britain，Canada，Australia，and the United States.” Comparative Politics, October: 23-40.
1990 The Decline of American Political Parties: 1952-1988, Cambridge, Mass: Havard University Press.
1991 The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics: President Elections of the 1980s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1994 The Decline of American Political Parties: 1952-92, Cambridge, Mass: Havard University Press.
Weisberg, Herbert F.
1980 “A Multidimensional Conceptualization.” Political Behavior,2(1): 33-60.
Weisberg, Herbert F., and Charlies E. Smith, Jr.
1991 “The Influence of the Economy on Party Identification in the Reagan Years.” The Journal of Politics, 53(4): 1077-1092.
Whitten, Guy D., and Harvey D. Palmer.
1999 “Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting.” Electoral Studies 18: 49-67.
Wu, Yu-Shan
2004 “Taiwan Nationalism and It’s Implication.” Asian Survey 44(4): 614-625.
Yu, Ching-Hsin
2004 “Direcction and Strength of Voter’s Party Identification in Taiwan after 2000.” Soochow Journal of Political Science, No.19: 39-70.
2005 “The Evolving Party System in Taiwan, 1995-2004.” Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol.40: 105-123. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
政治研究所
902525013
99 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902525013 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [Department of Political Science] Theses
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 52501301.pdf | 4179Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 5548 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
