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    題名: 日本海外直接投資之研究-以1994年至2007年為例-
    Studies on Japanese foreign direct investment:1994~2007
    作者: 蔡嘉惠
    貢獻者: 劉德海
    蔡嘉惠
    關鍵詞: 海外直接投資
    兼併
    跨國公司
    比較利益
    貿易與投資的替代效應
    日期: 2008
    上傳時間: 2010-04-09 10:01:25 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 日本為東北亞地區的主要國家，自二次大戰後受限於和平憲法規定，被迫禁止硬權力的發展；為求國力發展，日本以戰後重建、恢復經濟、繁榮富裕的和平原則，成為經濟大國。而日本海外直接投資（FDI）在對外經濟活動中所佔比例極重，不僅對日本經濟發展貢獻良多，在日本對外關係中也扮演重要角色；透過海外的大量投資、專業技術的把持，使得日本在國際關係中扮演舉足輕重的角色，而80年代末東亞地區盛行的雁行模式，便是由日本海外企業投資所主導。
    日本在國際關係上，向來為美國最重要也最忠實的伙伴；缺乏自衛武力的日本，在冷戰背景下，受到美國核傘的保護，並於國際事務上追隨美國的全球戰略，並以此原則確立冷戰時期日美外交事務的基軸。在吉田主義的指導原則下，日本致力於經濟復甦，而美國則扶持日本作為其戰略伙伴、大力支持日本經濟發展，並開放美國市場，協助日本產品進入美國。
    隨著日本經濟日漸發展，日美貿易產生順差，而後發展為日美貿易摩擦，最後在美國的壓力下，日本於1985年簽訂廣場協議，逼迫日幣升值；受到匯率的影響，日圓不斷升值，在1985年至1996年間，日幣對美圓的比例由250：1遽升為87：1。日幣的升值固然在國際上削弱日本產品的競爭力，但美元的相對貶值，卻造成日本的資本輸出熱潮。從1986年至1991年，日本的海外投資總額達4000億美元，成為全球最大的海外直接投資輸出國。1985年後，日商公司開始大量購買美國企業，或在美國開設工廠，日商公司的瘋狂收購行動，也引起美國民眾的恐慌。而此時期的日本企業因缺乏海外投資經驗，在資訊不明、非理性決策模式下大量收購收購美國資產，導致日商在期貨、地產等行業的損失慘重。
    本文將日本海外直接投資的研究範圍設定在1994年至2007年，主要是因為此時期的FDI不同於80年代末期的日本對美投資；不同於以往海外投資失敗的經驗，日本企業將國內失去比較利益的產業外移至其他工資低廉、生產成本較低的開發中國家，為貿易取向的海外投資。而日商企業至歐美等先進國家的投資，則是著眼於當地市場，為市場導向投資。隨著不同時期重大事件的發生，日商企業微調自己在全球佈局的戰略方向：NAFTA的成立，促使日本跨國公司加快前往墨西哥投資的腳步、亞洲金融風暴雖然重創該區開發中國家的經濟，但卻增強亞洲產品的競爭力，鑑於對亞洲開發中國家的經濟成長潛力與未來市場發展，日商企業依舊苦撐在此地區的生產據點、中國低廉的勞工成本則是吸引日商投資，造成熱潮、隨著中國經濟發展，工資相對於越南、印度提高，使得日商企業思考中國以外的投資熱點、由於印度等金磚四國的崛起，日商的投資觸角也延伸至南亞地區。
    在全球化的浪潮下，日本的海外投資已不再是單向行為，不僅影響與地主國間的經貿關係，也牽動著第三國的貿易活動：日本對中國的直接投資佔中美貿易順差絕大比例，透過對中國直接投資，將產品出口至美國，日商企業藉著中國的低廉工資降低生產成本，也縮減日美貿易順差，將此缺口部分轉移至中美順差。產品所標示的「中國製造」標籤，只能說明產品的最後製造地為中國，但生產資本投入、中間財與獲利企業可能是來自於不同國家。
    2008年自美國掀起之世界金融海嘯，較1997年亞洲金融風暴、2001年IT產業泡沫化更加嚴重，普遍造成全球國家景氣衰退、企業獲利短缺，在一片悲觀的氛圍下，仍有日商企業於海外投資活動中獲利。這些企業與眾不同的地方，正是在金融海嘯下生存的關鍵；日商企業的研發能力與不斷求新、求進步的活力，更是台灣企業值得借鏡的地方。


    關鍵詞：海外直接投資（FDI）、兼併（M&A）、跨國公司、比較利益、貿易與投資的替代效應。
    參考文獻: 壹、 中文專書
    陶秦（民78）。投資美國：外資如何改變美國面貌。（周天瑋 譯）。台北市：天下叢書。
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    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    92253014
    97
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0922530141
    資料類型: thesis
    顯示於類別:[外交學系] 學位論文

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