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| Title: | 武裝衝突法中陸戰法規之理論與實踐 |
| Authors: | 彭玉明 |
| Contributors: | 趙國材
彭玉明 |
| Keywords: | 武裝衝突法
陸戰法規
童兵
地雷
The Law of Armed Conflict
The Law of War on Land
Child Soldier
Landmine |
| Date: | 2006 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-18 20:35:28 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 武裝衝突法已成為各交戰國(方)爭取國際支持之重要手段，軍隊執行作戰任務，必須遵守武裝衝突法及國際法的相關規範，始可確保作戰行動的合法性及正當性。陸戰法規是一系列戰爭法規則和慣例的重要歷史淵源，為武裝衝突法之主體。隨著以規範交戰規則為主的海牙法體系與規範人道保護規則為主的日內瓦法體系逐漸整合，陸戰法規除規範作戰使用武器的規則外，其他有關交戰者、敵對行為及軍事佔領等規則均納入1949年日內瓦公約及1977年的兩項附加議定書。
觀察國際社會對陸戰法規實踐的面向，除可從戰史例證中得到驗證外，尚可從童兵、地雷、武裝衝突遺留爆炸物處理及文化資產保護等議題，得以進一步瞭解陸戰法規實踐的全貌。要禁止利用童兵的行為，除了國家行為者應負履約義務外，對非國家行為者侵犯兒童權利行為的制止是當務之急，國際刑事法院應扮演更積極的角色。2003年波灣戰爭中，《禁雷公約》雖未能阻止伊拉克使用人員殺傷雷，但已顯示該公約對非締約國產生的隱性約束力，禁用人員殺傷雷的規範雖未完全實現，但已為多數國家認同，未來可能成為一項習慣國際法。《戰爭遺留爆炸物議定書》雖可為解決武裝衝突結束後平民所面臨的主要威脅提供一項法律制度，但因條約內容強制性不足，成效尚難顯現。目前對文化資深保護的重點在於免遭武裝衝突毀損為主要議題，因武裝衝突而流落異域之文化資產回復或返還，可能成為未來發展之主要議題。
The Law of Armed Conflict has become one of the important means to win the international support for all belligerent. The army must comply with the Law of Armed Conflict in combat, in order to ensure the legitimacy of military operation. The law of war on land has its historical origins for regulations and customary of the Law of War, and also has codified as the main body of the Law of Armed Conflict. The Law of The Hague and the Law of Geneva have been gradually integrated. All these regulations of the law of war on land about combatant, hostilities and military occupation were included in the “Geneva Conventions of 1949” and two “Additional Protocols of 1977”, except the regulations of the use of the weapon.
Observing the different aspects of the law of war on land in the international community from the cases above, furthermore, the issues of “Child Soldier”, “Landmine”, “Explosive Remnants of Armed Conflict” and “Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict”, can help to understand the full view of the practice of the law of war on land. For stopping the use of child soldiers, the obligation of convention should be executed by the state actors, the task of top priority should prevent the infringements of the right of child of the non-state actors, and the International Criminal Court should play a more positive role. In the “Gulf War 2003”, the rule, “Convention on Prohibition of Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Landmines and on Their Destruction”, although it has not prevent Iraq from the use of anti-personnel landmine, had showed the indistinct effect of the convention to the powers in the conflict that may not be parties to the convention. Although the rule of prohibition of use of anti-personnel mines has not completely realized, it had already been approved by most states, and may become one of the international customary in the future. The “Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War annexed to the “Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V to the 1980 Convention)” provided a legal protection for the civilian after the armed conflict. Its effect was still too difficult to manifest, because the force of provisions of the protocol were insufficient. The protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict focuses on exempting from the damage of cultural property at present, but the issue like how to recover the cultural properties which were pillaged in armed conflicts, would become the main theme in the foreseeable future. |
| Reference: | 壹、中文部分
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二、譯作
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三、期刊論文
王俊南。〈武裝衝突法要義之闡釋〉，《陸軍學術雙月刊》，42卷489期。2006年10月，頁139-151。
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四、碩士論文
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五、網際網路專文
沈志華、李丹慧。〈1953年朝鮮停戰：莫斯科的安排和做法—關於朝鮮停戰談判最後階段的俄國檔案文獻〉。http://www.shenzhihua.net/cxzz/000023_4.htm
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貳、英文部分
一、官方文件
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U.N. Security Council Resolution 1261, on the Children and Armed Conflict, 30 Aug. 1999.
U.N. Security Council Resolution 1314, on the Children and Armed Conflict, 11 Aug. 2000.
U.N. Security Council Resolution 1379, on the Children and Armed Conflict, 20 Nov. 2001.
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二、專書
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Borrie, John, Explosive Remnants of War: A Global Survey (London: Landmine Action, 2003).
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Feilchenfeld, Ernst. H., The International Economic Law of Belligerent Occupation (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1942).
Fischer, David. Stopping the Spread of Nuclear Weapons: The Past and the Prospects (London: Routledge, 1992).
Gasser, Hans-Peter. ‘International Humanitarian Law – An Introduction’, in Hans Haug (ed.), Humanity for All – The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, 1993), 22-71.
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Ingrid, Detter, The Law of War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edn., 2000).
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McDougal, Myres S., and Florention P. Feliciano, Law and Minimum World Public Order : The Legal Regulation and International Coercion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961).
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Rogers, A. P. V., Law on the Battlefield (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995).
Rosas, Allan, The Legal Status of Prisoners of War: A Study in International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts (Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1976).
Stone, Julius, Legal Controls of International Conflict: A Treatise on the Dynamics of Disputes and War-law (New York: Rinehart & Co., 1954).
Toman, Jiri, The Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Paris: UNESCO, 1996).
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三、期刊
Aldrich, George H., ‘The Law of War on Land’, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 90, Issue 1 (Jan. 2000), 42- 63.
Clement, Etienne, ‘Some Recent Practical Experience in the Implementation of the 1954 Hague Convention’, International Journal of Cultural Property, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1994), 11-25.
Dennis, Michael J., ‘Newly Adopted Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, No.4 (Oct. 2000), 789-796.
Eirinberg, Keith W., ‘The United States Reconsiders the 1954 Hague Convention’, International Journal of Cultural Property, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1994), 25-35.
Gerson, Allan, ‘War, conquered territory, and military occupation in the contemporary international legal system’, Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Summer 1977), 525-556.
Goldblat, Jozef, ‘The Biological Weapons Convention - An overview’, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 318 (June 1997), 251-265.
Harbom, Lotta, & Wallensteen, Peter, ‘Armed Conflict and Its International Dimensions, 1946–2004’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 42, No. 5 (Sept. 2005), 623-635.
Kastenberg, Joshua E., ‘The Legal Regime for Protecting Cultural Property During Armed Conflict’, Air Force Law Review, Vol. 42 (1997), 277-305.
Meron, Theodor, ‘The Humanization of Humanitarian Law’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94 (Apr. 2000), 239-277.
Meyer, David A., ‘The 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention and Its Emergence into Customary International Law’, Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 11 (1993), 349-376.
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Sopf, Davor, ‘Temporary Protection in Europe After 1990: The ‘Right to Remain’ of Genuine Convention Refugees’, Washington University Journal of Law & Policy Vol.6 (2001), 109-156.
Ticehurst, Rupert, ‘The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict’, International Review of the Red Cross, (Apr. 1997), 125-134.
Wright, Quincy, ‘The Meaning of the Pact of Paris’, American Journal of International Law, Vol.27, No.1 (Jan. 1933), 39-61.
Zander, Jean Pascal, ‘The CWC in the Context of the 1925 Geneva Debates’, The Nonproliferation Review, Vol.3, No.3 (Spring-Summer 1996), 38-45.
四、報紙
Butcher, Tim, ‘Marines Plan the Siege of Basra’, Daily Telegraph, 31 Mar. 2003, p. 15.
Catán, Thomas, ‘Iraq Business Deals May Be Invalid, Law Experts Warn’, Financial Times/UK, 29 Oct. 2003, p. 12.
‘Choosing Targets; Iraqi Fighters or Civilians? Hard Decision for Copters’, New York Times, 31 Mar. 2003, p. 5.
Weisman, Steven R., ‘US Set to Name Civilian to Oversee Iraq’, New York Times, 2 May 2003, p. 18.
五、網際網路專文
Genser, Jared, ‘Drum beats louder for UN action on Burma’, The Nation http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/05/10/opinion/opinion_30003658.php
Wiseman, Paul, ‘Cluster Bombs Kill in Iraq, Even after Shooting Ends’. USA TODAY http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-12-10-cluster-bomb-cover_x.htm
‘Child Soldiers: Global Report 2004’, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2004/csucs-glob-17nov.pdf
‘Infantry Conference Summary’, Infantry Online http://www.benning.army.mil/OLP/InfantryOnline/issue_39/art_255.htm
‘LM Report 2006’, Landmine Monitor, http://www.icbl.org/lm/2006/intro/survivor.html#fnB85
‘Landmine Charity MAG Clears Over One Million Mines and Bombs in Iraq Since the War and Says the Work Must Continue’, Relief Web http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64CPWU?OpenDocument
‘Off Target: The Conduct of the War and Civilian Casualties in Iraq’, Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/5.htm
‘US/UK Report on the conduct of the Persian Gulf War’, http://www.ndu.edu/library/epubs/cpgw.pdf
‘World Decries Taleban Plan to Raze Age-old Buddhas’, CNN.com/WORLD http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/03/02/afghan.statues.03/index.html
六、參考網站
紅十字國際委員會網站http://www.icrc.org/web/chi/sitechi0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_databases?OpenDocument
聯合國Official Documents System of the United Nations http://www.un.org/chinese/documents/index.html
瑞典斯德哥爾摩和平研究中心http://www.sipri.org/contents/conflict/MAC_patterns.html
人權觀察 http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/5.htm |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班
94922002
95 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094922002 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班] 學位論文
|
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