Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35028
|
| Title: | 不對稱組織間交易關係之統治
Governance in asymmetric buyer-seller relationships |
| Authors: | 康敏平
Kang, Min-Ping |
| Contributors: | 司徒達賢
于卓民
Seetoo, Dah-Hsian
Yu, Chwo-Ming
康敏平
Kang, Min-Ping |
| Keywords: | 關係專屬投資
製造代工
事後保護策略
依賴程度
不對稱組織間關係
relation-specific investment
OEM
ex post safeguard strategy
dependency
asymmetric interorganizational relationship |
| Date: | 2005 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-18 13:36:28 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 代工廠商承接訂單時，為特定品牌客戶投資各種專屬的設備和人力是普遍存在的現象。相較之下，台灣的代工廠商處於相對弱勢的地位。代工廠商並不容易在交易初期就從品牌客戶端，取得對等的保護機制，故契約的執行的風險也相對升高。但實務上，我們發現台灣的代工廠商在沒有事前保護機制的情況下，卻仍持續為特定客戶投資。如果代工廠商必須先承諾關係專屬投資，才能爭取得到訂單。在沒有事前保護機制的情況下，代工廠商該有那些配套措施，來保護交易關係？
本研究以代工廠商角度，探討如何透過交易後的保護策略，改變代工廠商與客戶之間的依賴關係。本研究根據交易成本理論和權力依賴理論推論，代工廠商傾向先承諾關係專屬投資，並於交易後採取事後保護策略。事後保護策略有兩類，分別是槓桿策略（資源獲取、擴大客戶範疇）和連結策略（擴大垂直範疇、共同決策與行動）。槓桿策略企圖降低代工廠商的依賴程度；連結策略則會提高客戶的依賴程度。藉由代工廠商與品牌客戶之間的權力變化，進而保護關係專屬投資免於套牢的威脅。
本研究分三個子研究進行，分別為（1）探索性個案研究、（2）關係專屬投資量表發展、（3）問卷調查研究。第一、探索性個案研究發現，不對稱的組織間關係使得代工廠商必須配合品牌客戶的需求而承諾關係專屬投資，但在「小對大」的格局之下，較為弱勢的代工廠商仍有具有生存空間。個案研究發現代工廠商對品牌客戶的投資，除了單一交易的成本與利益之外，還會考量對未來交易以及其他交易對象的影響。所謂「將欲奪之，必固與之」，代工廠商透過關係專屬投資被整合到產業的價值網絡中，換取廠商的生存機會。
第二、關係專屬投資量表發展研究發現，關係專屬投資為一多構面構念，可分為「實體資產投資」、「無形資產投資」和「資產專屬程度」三個次構念。由此可知，關係專屬投資既是一種資產，有助於交易關係之維持；也可能成為負債，限於少數交易的困境。
第三、本研究整合交易成本理論和權力依賴理論，並根據個案研究和量表發展結果，推論關係專屬投資程度、事後保護策略、依賴程度三者之間的關係。問卷調查研究證實，代工廠商對品牌客戶的無形 資產投資會增加代工廠商的依賴程度。但如果代工廠商投資之後，採取資源獲取策略。藉由品牌客戶的背書，提升知名度或市場地位，則關係專屬投資與代工廠商依賴程度之間的關係就會減弱。另外，關係專屬投資也會提高客戶對代工廠商的依賴程度。投資實體資產和無形資產的代工廠商，會藉由擴大服務範疇，與客戶共同決策與行動，來提高客戶依賴程度。
In original equipment manufacturer (OEM)-supplier relationships, OEM suppliers commonly make investments that are specialized to the requirements of a particular buyer. Taiwanese OEM suppliers are small-medium firms with limited resources and low in market visibility. They are initially in a weak bargaining position, so they have no ability to vertical integrate or demand any kind of ex ante safeguards at all. Knowing that clients may have opportunistic behaviors, suppliers in Taiwan still make relation-specific investments for them without their commitments. How do these suppliers governance the asymmetric interorganizational relationships to avoid falling into the trap predicted by the transaction cost theory?
This study takes the view of a supplier, the small party in asymmetric OEM-supplier relationship, who adopts ex post strategies to create inter-organizational dependency with OEMs. According to transaction cost theory and power dependency theory, we argue that OEM suppliers are more likely to make relation-specific investments first and follow by ex post strategies. We model the ex post strategies adopted by OEM suppliers to protect specific investments in asymmetric OEM-supplier relationships by using leveraging strategy (resource acquisition, customer scope) and bonding strategy (vertical scope, joint action). Leveraging strategies will lower the level of suppliers’ dependence on OEMs while bonding strategy will increase the level of OEMs’ dependence on suppliers.
We conducted three studies to explore the issues: (1) exploratory case research; (2) scale development of the construct of relation-specific investment; (3) survey research. First, we found that investment decision of small party is beyond the scope of a single transaction. After making relation-specific investments, OEM suppliers redeploy their resources and work closely with their buyers to maintain exiting and future transactions. They also acquire strategic resources from OEMs and apply them to a broader customer base.
Second, the concept of relation-specific investment is a multidimensional construct with three sub-dimensions as tangible investment, intangible investment, and asset specificity. Relation-specific investments create an inherent dilemma because they have the potential both to promote and reduce transaction cost for investing parties.
Third, we integrated two theories to explore the relationships between relation-specific investment, ex post strategies, and dependency. According to survey results of 146 OEM suppliers in Taiwan, we confirmed the positive relationship between suppliers’ intangible asset investment and their dependency on OEMs. However, if suppliers leverage their clients’ reputations and reposition themselves as first-tier suppliers, they can lower the level of suppliers’ dependency due to their relation-specific investments. On the other hand, the more relation-specific investments suppliers make, the morel likely suppliers would adopt bonding strategy by expanding vertical scope in supply chain and by actively involving in joint decision making. We found that relation-specific investment itself and suppliers’ bonding strategy will increase the OEMs’ dependency on suppliers. |
| Reference: | 一、中文部份
王慧美（2001）， 「國際代工夥伴關係下之資產專屬性與能力建構—供應商觀點分析」，國立台灣大學國際企業學研究所未出版之博士論文。
司徒達賢（2001），策略管理新論：觀念架構與分析方法，台北市：智勝文化。
司徒達賢（2005），管理學的新世界，台北市：天下遠見。
牟斯（M. Mauss）著，汪珍宜、何翠萍譯（1984），禮物 : 舊社會中交換的形式與功能。台北市：允晨。
邱志聖（2001），策略行銷分析：架構與實務應用，台北市：智勝文化。
吳筱雯（2005），「摩托智慧型手機將全面自製與我代工業關係喊卡」，工商時報，4月15日。
佘日新、梁家隆、陳厚銘（2000） 「廠商如何經由國外夥伴之技術合作提升企業技術能力—以台灣資訊電子廠商為例」，管理學報，17（2）: 297-319。
胡釗維（2004），「仿效惠普以夷制夷--戴爾大玩制衡戰術」，工商時報，11月22日。
苗豐強、蔡豐賜、何繼武、林振仁（2004），98/2：神達的維他命計畫。台北市：天下遠見。
商倩鳳（2003），「台灣廠商跨國代工與能力建構之關係—向客戶學習觀點」，第五屆全球化經營策略論壇，12/11-12，台北，政治大學企業管理學系主辦。
許文宗（2003），「代工範疇變化主動程度之研究--以台灣國際代工廠商為例」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
陳名君（2005），「鴻海精密贏的意志締造成長奇蹟」，天下雜誌，322: 107-112。
陳振祥、李吉仁（1997），「ODM的成因與策略運作—水平式產業下的策略聯盟型態」，中山管理評論，5（3）: 553-572。
黃玉珍（2005），「外商在台採購經部有獎」，經濟日報，5月21日。
黃銘章（2002），「影響代工供應商與顧客間夥伴關係因素之研究-以台灣電子資訊產業為例」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
喬友慶（2003），「國際化程度、產品差異化能力與績效之關連性：台灣企業之實證研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
趙郁文（1998），「跨國委託製造對台灣資訊電子廠商營運能力之提升效果」，中山管理評論，6（4）: 1113-1136。
鄭祥麟（2005），「策略聯盟所引發組織改變之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
簡俊成、洪清德（2003），「外部知識移轉之研究—以台灣上市上櫃製造業公司為例」，管理學報，20（5）: 929-964。
曠文琪（2005），「661億美元外商今年對台採購躍升兩成」，工商時報，11月23日。
蘇元良（2005），嗥嗥蒼狼—開拓台灣電子業新版圖。台北市：財訊。
二、英文部份
Ahuja, G. (2000), “The duality of collaborations: Inducements and opportunities in the formation of inter-firm linkage,” Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 317-343.
Akerlof, G. A. (1970), “The market for ‘Lemons’: Qualitative uncertainty and the market mechanism,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84 (3): 211-221.
Amit, R. and P. Schoemaker (1993), “Strategic assets and organizational rents,” Strategic Management Journal, 14(1): 33-47.
Anderson, E. and B. Weitz (1992), “The use of pledge to build and sustain commitment in distribution channels,” Journal of Marketing Research, 29:18-34.
Anderson, J. C., and D. W. Gerbing (1998), “Structure equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach,” Psychological Bulletin, 103(3): 411-423.
Anderson, J. C., H. Håkansson, and J. Johanson (1994), “Dyadic business relationships within a business network context,” Journal of Marketing, 58(October): 1-15.
Argyres, N. S. and J. P. Liebeskind (1999), “Contractual commitments, bargaining power, and governance inseparability: Incorporating history into transaction cost theory,” Academy of Management Review, 24(1): 49-63.
Ariño, A. and J. Reuer (2004), “Designing and renegotiating strategic alliance contracts,” The Academy of Management Executive, 18(3): 37-48.
Armstrong, J. S. and T. S. Overton (1997), “Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys,” Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3): 396-402.
Axelrod, R. (1984), The Evolution of Cooperation, New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bakos, J. Y. and E. Brynjolfsson (1993), “Information technology, incentives and the optimal number of suppliers,” Journal of Management Information Systems, 10(2): 37-53.
Barney, J. B. and W. G. Ouchi (1986), Organizational Economics. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Baron, R. M. and D. A. Kenny (1986), “The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51: 1173-1182.
Bensaou, M. and E. Anderson (1999), “Buyer-supplier relations in industrial markets: When do buyers risk making idiosyncratic investments?” Organization Science, 10(4): 460-481.
Bierstedt, R. (1950), “An analysis of social power,” American Sociological Review, 15:730-738.
Blau, P. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York, NY: Wiley.
Boerner, C. S. and J. T. Macher (2003), Transaction cost economics: An assessment of empirical work in the social sciences,” Working paper, Georgetown University.
Bogazzi, R. P., Y. Yi, and L. W. Philips (1992), “Assessing construct validity in organizational research,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 36:421-458.
Bollen, K. A. (1998), Structural Equations with Latent Variables, New York, NY: John Wiley and Son.
Buchanan, L. (1992), “Vertical trade relationships: The role of dependence and symmetry in attaining organizational goal,” Journal of Marketing Research, 29(1): 65-75.
Buvik, A and G. John (2000), “When does vertical coordination improve industrial purchasing relationships ?” Journal of Marketing, 64(October): 52-64.
Business Week (2005), “Outsourcing innovations,” March 21: 52-57.
Carter, R. and G. M. Hodgson (2006), “The impact of empirical tests of transaction cost economics on the debate on the nature of the firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 27(5): 461-476.
Casciaro, T. and M. Piskorski (2005), “Power imbalance, mutual dependence and constraint absorption: A closer look at resource dependence theory,” Administrative Science Quarterly. 50(June): 167-199.
Celly, K. S., R. E. Speckman and J. W. kamauff (1999), “Technological Uncertainty, Buyer Preferences and Suppliers Assurances: An Examination of Pacific Rim Purchasing Arrangements,” Journal of International Business Studies, 30: 297-316.
Cheal, D. (1988), The Gift Economy. London, UK: Routledge.
Chen, H. and T. Chen (2002), “Asymmetric strategic alliances: A network view,” Journal of Business Research: 55(2): 1007-1013.
Chen, M-J (1996), “Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: Toward a theoretical integration,” Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 100-134.
Chen, M-J and D. Hambrick (1995), “Speed, stealth, and selective attack: How small firms differ from large firms in competitive behavior,” Academy of Management Journal, 38(2): 453-482.
Chisholm, D. (1993), “Asset specificity and long-term contracts: The case of the motion-pictures industry,” Eastern Economic Journal, 19(2): 143-155.
Cohen, W. M. and D. A. Levinthal (1990), “Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 128-152.
Conner, K. (1991), “A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of firm?” Journal of Management, 17: 121-154.
Cool, K. and J. Henderson (1998), “Power and firm profitability in supply chains: French manufacturing industry in 1993,” Strategic Management Journal, 19(10): 909-926.
D’Aveni, R. A. (1994), Hypercompetition: Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering. New York, NY: Free Press.
Dahl, R. A. (1957), “The concept of power,” Behavior Science, 2:201-218.
David, R. J. and S-K Han (2004), “A systematic assessment of the empirical support for transaction cost economics,” Strategic Management Journal, 25: 39-58.
Demstetz, H. (1988), “The theory of the firm revisited,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 4(1):141-161.
Dwyer, F. R. and O. C. Walker Jr. (1981), “Bargaining in an asymmetrical power structure,” Journal of Marketing, 45(winter): 104-115.
Dwyer, F. R., P. H. Schurr, and S. Oh (1987), “Developing buyer-seller relationships,” Journal of Marketing, 51(2): 11-27.
Dyer, J. H. (1996), “Does governance matter? Keiretsu alliances and asset specificity as sources of Japanese competitive advantage,” Organization Science, 7(6): 649-666.
Dyer, J. H. (1997), “Effective interfirm collaboration: How firms minimize transaction cost and maximize transaction value,” Strategic Management Journal, 31(2): 259-556.
Dyer, J. H. and H. Singh (1998), “The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage,” Academy of Management Review, 23(4): 660-679.
Dyer, J. H. and K. Nobeoka (2000), “Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: The Toyota case,” Strategic Management Journal, 21(special issue): 345-367.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989), “Building theory from case study research,” Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 532-550.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1991), “Better stories and better constructs: The case of for rigor and comparative,” Academy of Management Review, 16(3): 620-627.
El-Ansary, A. I. and Stern, L. W. (1972), “Power measurement in distribution channel,” Journal of Marketing Research, 9:47-52.
Emerson, R. M. (1962), “Power-dependence relations,” American Sociological Review, 27: 31-40.
Emerson, R. M. (1972), “Exchange theory, Part II: Exchange relations and networks,” in J. Berger, M. Zelditch Jr., and B. Anderson (eds.), Sociological Theory in Progress. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
Emerson, R. M. (1976), “Social exchange theory,” Annual Review of Sociology, 2: 335-362.
Erramilli, M. and C. P. Rao (1993), “Service firms’ international entry mode choice: A modified transaction cost approach,” Journal of Marketing, 57(July): 19-38.
Frazier, G. L., R. E. Spekman, and C. R. O’Neal (1988), “Just-in-time exchange relationships in industrial markets,” Journal of Marketing, 52(October): 52-67.
French, J. R. P., Jr. and B. H. Raven (1959), “The base of social power,” in D. Cartwright (ed.), Studies in Social Power, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Ganesan, S. (1994), “Determinants of long-term orientation in buyer-seller relationships,” Journal of Marketing, 58(2): 1-19.
Gaski, J. F. (1984), “The theory of power and conflict in channels of distribution,” Journal of Marketing, 48(3): 9-29.
Ghemawat, P. (1991), Commitment: The Dynamic of Strategy. New York, NY: Free Press.
Ghosh, M. and G. John (1999), “Governance value analysis and marketing strategy,” Journal of Marketing, 63 (special issue): 131-145.
Ghoshal, S. and P. Moran (1996), “Bad for practice: Critique of the transaction cost theory,” Academy of Management Review, 21: 13-47.
Gouldner, A. W. (1960), “The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement,” American Sociological Review, 25(2): 161-178.
Grant, R. M. (1996), “Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 17(special issue): 109-122.
Gulati, R. (1998), “Alliance and network,” Strategic Management Journal, 19(4): 293-317.
Gulati, R., P. R. Lawrence, and P. Puranam (2005), “Adaptation in vertical relationships: Beyond incentive conflict,” Strategic Management Journal, 26(5): 415-440.
Gulati, R., T. Khanna, and N. Nohria (1994), “Unilateral commitments and the importance of process in alliances,” Sloan Management Review, 35(3): 61-69.
Gundlach, G. T., R. S. Achrol, and J. T. Mentzer (1995), “The structure of commitment in exchange,” Journal of Marketing, 59(January): 78-92.
Hair, J. F., Jr., R. E. Rolph, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hart, O. (1995), Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structure. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Heide, J. B. and A. S. Miner (1992), “The shadows of the future: Effects of anticipated interaction and frequency of contact in buyer-seller cooperation,” The Academy of Management Journal, 35(2): 265-291.
Heide, J. B. and G. John (1988), “The role of dependence balancing in safeguarding transaction-specific assets in conventional channels,” Journal of Marketing, 52(January): 20-35.
Heide, J. B. and G. John (1990), “Alliances in industrial purchasing: The determinants of joint action in buyer-seller relationships,” Journal of Marketing Research, 27(February): 24-36.
Heide, J. B. and G. John (1992), “Do norms matter in marketing relationships?” Journal of Marketing, 56(2): 32-44.
Heide, J. B. (1994), “Interorganizational governance in marketing channels,” Journal of Marketing, 58(January): 71-85.
Hinkin, T. R. (1998), “A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires,” Organizational Research Methods, 1(1): 104-121.
Holm, D. B., K. Eriksson, and J. Johanson (1999), “Creating value through mutual commitment to business network relationships,” Strategic Management Journal, 20(5): 467-486.
Homans, G. C. (1974), Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
Hunt, S. D. and J. R. Nevin (1974), “Power in a channel of distribution: Sources and consequences,” Journal of Marketing Research, 11(2):186-193.
James, L. R. and J. M. Brett (1984), “Mediators, moderators, and test for mediation,” Journal of Applied psychology, 69(2): 307-321.
James, L. R., S. A. Mulaik, and J. M. Brett (2006), “A tale of two methods,” Organizational Research Methods, 9(2): 233-244.
Jap, S. D. (1999), “Pie-expansion efforts: Collaboration processes in buyer-seller relationships,” Journal of Marketing Research, 36 (4):461-475.
Jap, S. D. and S. Ganesan (2000), “Control mechanisms and the relationship life cycle: Implications for safeguarding specific investments and developing commitment,” Journal of Marketing Research, 37(2): 227-245.
Jones, C., W. S. Hesterly, S. P. Borgatti (1997), “A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms,” Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 911-945.
Joshi, A. W. and R. L. Stump (1999), “The contingent effect of specific asset investments on joint action in manufacturer-supplier relationships: An empirical test of moderating role of reciprocal asset investments, uncertainty, and trust,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(3): 291-305.
Joskow, P. L. (1985), “Vertical integration and long term contracts: The case of coal-burning electric generating plants,” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 1(1): 33-80.
Joskow, P. L. (1987), “Contract duration and relation specific investments: Empirical evidence from coal markets,” American Economic Review, 17(March): 168-185.
Joskow, P. L. (1988), “Asset specificity and the structure of vertical relationships: Empirical evidence,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 4(1): 95-117.
Joskow, P. L. (1990), “The performance of long-term contracts: Further evidence from the coal markets,” RAND Journal of Economics, 21: 251-274.
Kenny, D. A., D. A. Kashy, and N. Bolger (1998), “Data analysis in social psychology,” in D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, and G. G. Lindzey (eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 1. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Kim, S. K. and P. H. Hsieh (2003), “Interdependence and its consequences in distributor-supplier relationships: A distributor perspective through response surface approach,” Journal of Marketing Research, 40(1): 101-112.
Kim, S. M. and J. T. Mahoney (2006), “Mutual commitment to support exchange: Relation-specific IT system as a substitute for managerial hierarchy,” Strategic Management Journal, 27(5): 401-423.
Klein, B. (1996), “Why hold-ups occur: The self-enforcing range of contractual relationships,” Economic Inquiry, 34(July): 444-463.
Klein, B., R. Crawford, and A. Alchian (1978), “Vertical integration, appropriable rents and competitive contracting process,” Journal of Law and Economics, 21: 297-326.
Kogut, B. and U. Zander (1992), “Knowledge of the firm, combinative capability, and the replication of technology,” Organization Science, 3(3): 383-397.
Kotabe, M., X. Martin, and H. Domoto (2003), “Gaining from vertical partnerships: Knowledge transfer, relationship duration, and supplier performance improvement in the U.S. and Japanese automotive industries,” Strategic Management Journal, 24: 293-316.
Kraatz, M. S. (1999), “Learning by association? Interorganizational networks and adaptation to environmental change,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(6): 621-643.
Laumann, E. O., J. J. Galaskiewiez, and P. V. Marsden (1978), “Community structure as interorganizational linkage,” Annual Review of Sociology, 4: 455-484.
Law, K. S., C-S Wong, and W. H. Mobley (1998), “Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs,” Academy of Management Review, 23(4): 741-755.
Lawler, E. J. and S. B. Bacharach (1987), “Comparison of dependence and punitive forms of power,” Social Forces, 66: 446-462.
Lee, J., W. Chen, and C. Kao (2003), “Determinants and performance impact of asymmetric governance structures in international joint ventures: an empirical investigation,” Journal of Business Research, 56: 815-828.
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1969), The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. (Originally published in 1949)
Lorenzoni, G. and A. Lipparini (1999), “The leveraging of interfirm relationships as a distinctive organizational capability: A longitudinal studies,” Strategic Management Journal, 20: 317-338.
Lusch, R. F. and J. R. Brown (1996), “Interdependency, contracting, and relational behavior in marketing channels,” Journal of Marketing, 60(4): 19-38.
Lycos, B. R. (1996), “Empirical relevance of efficient contract theory: Inter-firm contracts,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 12(4): 27-52.
Macher, J. T., D. C. Mowery, T. S. Simcoe (2002), “E-business and disintegration of the semi-conductor industry value chain,” Industry and Innovation, 9(3): 155-181.
MacKenzie, S. B., P. M. Padsakoff and C. K. Jarvis (2005), “The problem of measurement model misspecification in behavioral and organizational research and some recommended solutions,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4): 710-730.
Magee, S. P. (1977), “Information and multinational corporations: An appropriability theory of direct foreign investment,” in J. Bhagwati (ed.), The New International Order, Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
Masten, S. E. (1984), “The organization of production: Evidence from the aerospace industry,” Journal of Law and Economics, 7: 403-417.
Masten, S. E. (1988), “A legal basis for the firm,” The Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 4 (spring): 181-198.
Masten, S. E. (1996), “Empirical research in transaction cost economics: Challenges, progress, directions,” in J. Groenewegen (ed.) Transaction Cost Economics and Beyond, Boston, MA: Kluwer.
Masten, S. E., (2002), “Modern evidence on the firm,” American Economic Review, 92(2): 428-432.
Más-Ruiz, F. J., J. L. Nicolau-Gonzálbez and F. Ruiz-Moreno (2005), “Asymmetric rivalry between strategic groups: Response, speed of response and ex-ante versus ex post competitive interaction in the Spanish bank deposit market,” Strategic Management Journal, 26(8): 713-745.
Mauss, M (1954), The gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies, translated by I. Cunnison (1970). London, UK: Cohen & West.
Mayer, K. J. (2006), “Spillovers and Governance: An analysis of knowledge and reputational spillovers in information technology,” Academy of Management Journal, 49(1):69-83.
Mayhew, B. H., L. N. Gary, and J. T. Richardson (1969), “Behavioral measurement of operating power structures: Characterizations of asymmetrical interaction,” Sociometry, 32:474-489.
Macneil, I. R. (1980), The New Social Contract, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
McGrath J. E. (1982), “Dilemmatics: The study of research choice and dilemmas,” in J. E. McGrath, J. Martin, and R. Kulka (eds.) Judgment Calls in Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Michaels, J. W. and J. A. Wiggins (1976), “Effects of mutual dependency and dependency asymmetry on social exchange,” Sociometry, 39: 368-376.
Molm, L. D. (1987), “Extending power-dependence theory: Power processes and negative outcomes,” in E. J. Lawler and B. Markovsky (eds.), Advance in Group Processes, Vol. 4. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Molm, L. D. (1988), “The structure and use of power: A comparison of reward and punishment power,” Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2): 108-122.
Molm, L. D. (1989), “Punishment power: A balancing process in power-dependence relations,” American Journal of Sociology, 94: 1392-1418.
Molm, L. D. (1990), “Structure, action and outcomes: The dynamic power of social exchange,” American Sociological Review, 55(3): 427-447.
Monteverde, K and D. J. Teece (1982), “Supplier switching costs and vertical integration in the automobile industry,” Bell Journal of Economics, 13: 206-213.
Monteverde, K. (1995), “Technological dialog as an incentive for vertical integration in the semiconductor industry,” Management Science, 41(10): 1624-1638.
Mowery, D. C., J. E. Oxley, and B. S. Silverman (1996), “Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer,” Strategic Management Journal, 17(special issue): 77-91
Narayandas, D. and V. K. Rangan (2004), “Building and sustaining buyer-seller relationships in mature industrial markets,” Journal of Marketing, 68: 63-77.
Nickerson, J. A., B. H. Hamilton and T. Wada (2001), “Market position, resource profile, and governance: Linking Porter and Williamson in the context of international courier and small package services in Japan,” Strategic Management Journal, 22:251-273.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978), Psychometric theory (2nd ed.), New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Nobeoka, K., J. H. Dyer, and A. Madhok (2002), “The influence of customer scope on supplier learning and performance in Japanese automobile industry,” Journal of International Business Studies, 33(4): 717-736.
Oliver, A. L. and M. Ebers, M. (1998), “Networking network studies: An analysis of conceptual configurations in the study of inter-organizational relationships,” Organization Studies, 19(4): 549-583.
Oliver, C. (1990), “Determinants of interorganizational relationships: Integration and future directions,” Academy of Management Review, 15: 241-256.
Ouchi, W. G. (1980), “Markets, bureaucracies, and clans,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1): 129-141.
Palay, T. (1984), “Comparative institutional economics: The governance of rail freight contracting,” Journal of Legal Studies, 13 (June): 265-288.
Podsakoff, P. M. and D. W. Organ (1986), “Self-report in organizational research: Problems and prospects,” Journal of Management, 12(4):531-544.
Parkhe, A. (1993), “Strategic alliance structuring: A game theoretic and transaction cost examination of interfirm cooperation,” Academy of Management Journal, 36(4): 794-829.
Pfeffer, J. and G. R. Salanick (1978), The External Control of Organizations, New York, NY: Harper &Row.
Pirrong, S. C. (1993), “Contracting practice in bilk shipping markets: A transaction cost explanation,” Journal of the Law and Economics, 36: 937-976.
Pisano, G. (1990), “The R&D boundaries of the firm: An empirical analysis,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 153-176.
Podolney, J. M. and T. E. Stuart (1995), “A role-based ecology of technological change,” American Journal of Sociology, 100: 1224-1260.
Podolny, J. M. (1993), “A status-based model of marketing competition,” American Journal of Sociology, 98: 829-872.
Podolny, J. M. (1994), “Market uncertainty and the social character of economic exchange,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 458-483.
Podsakoff, P. M. and D. W. Organ (1986), “Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects,” Journal of Management, 12(4): 531-544.
Popo, L. and T. Zenger (1998), “Testing alternatives theories of the firm: Transaction cost, knowledge-based, and measurement explanations for make-or-buy decisions in information services,” Strategic Management Journal, 19: 853-877.
Popo, L. and T. Zenger (2002), “Do formal contract and relational governance function as substitutes or complements?” Strategic Management Journal, 23(5): 707-725.
Porter, M. (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors, New York, NY: Free Press.
Powell, W. W. (1990), “Neither market nor hierarchy: Network forms of organization,” in L. L. Cummings and B. M. Staw (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 12: 295-338. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Richardson, J. (1996), “Vertical integration and rapid response in fashion apparel,” Organization Science, 7(4): 400-412.
Rindfleisch, A. and J. B. Heide (1997), “Transaction cost analysis: Past, present, and future applications,” Journal of Marketing, 61 (4): 30-54.
Rindonva, V., I. O. Williamson, A. P. Petkova, and M. Sever (2006), “Being good or being known: An empirical examination of the dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of organization reputation,” Academy of Management Journal, 48(6): 1033-1049.
Rokkan, A. I., J. B. Heide, and K. H. Wathne (2003), “Specific investments in marketing relationships: Expropriation and bonding effects,” Journal of Marketing Research, 40(2): 210-224.
Rubin, J. A. and B. R. Brown (1975), The Sociology of bargaining and negotiations. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Rumelt, R. P. (1986), Strategy, Structure, and Economic Performance. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Sausser, S. (2000), “Transaction cost and contractual incompleteness: the case of electricity de France,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 42: 189-206.
Schneider, B., M. G. Ehrart, D. Mayer, J. Saltz, and K. Niles-Jolly (2006), “Understanding organization-customer links in service settings,” Academy of Management Journal, 48(6): 1017-1032.
Shelanski, H. A. and P.G. Klein (1995), “Empirical research in transaction cost economics: A review and assessment,” The Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, 11(2): 335-361.
Shenkar, O. (2001), “Cultural Distance revisited: Towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of culture differences,” Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3): 519-535.
Sheth, J. N. and A. Parvatiyar (1995), “Relationship marketing in consumer markets,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(4): 255-271.
Shrout, P. E. and N. Bolger (2002), “Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations,” Psychological Methods, 7:422-445.
Simon, H. (1945), Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-making Process in Administrative Organizations. New York, NY: Free Press.
Sobrero, M. and S. Schrader (1998), “Structuring inter-firm relationships: A meta-analytic approach,” Organization Studies, 19(4): 585-615.
Spiller, P. (1985), “On vertical merger,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 1: 285-312.
Stabell, C. B. and Ø. D. Fjeldstad (1998), “Configuring value for competitive advantage,” Strategic Management Journal, 19: 413-437.
Strauss, A. and J. Corbin (1998), Basic of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stuart, T. E. (1998), “Network positions and propensities to collaborate: An investigation of strategic alliance formation in a high-technology industry,” Administrative science Quarterly, 43(3): 668-698.
Stuart, T. E., H. Hoang, and R. C. Hybels (1999), “Interorganizational endorsements and the performance of entrepreneurial ventures,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2): 315-349.
Stump, R. L., and J.B. Heide, (1996), “Controlling Supplier Opportunism in Industrial Relationships,” Journal of Marketing Research, 33(4): 431-441.
Subramani, M. R. and N. Venkatraman (2003), “Safeguarding investment in asymmetric interorganizational relationships: Theory and evidence,” Academy of Management Journal, 46(1): 46-62.
Takeishi, A. (2001), “Bridging inter- and intra-firm boundaries: Management of supplier involvement in automobile product development,” Strategic Management Journal, 22: 403-433.
Tedeschi, J. T., B. R. Schlenker, and T. V. Bonoma (1973), Conflict, Power, and Games. New York, NY: Aldine.
Telser, L. G. (1980), “A theory of self-enforcing agreements,” Journal of Business, 53(1): 27-44.
Thibaut, J. W. and H. H. Kelly (1959), The Social Psychology of Groups. New York, NY: Wiley.
Thompson, J. D. (1967), Organizations in Actions. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Tversky, A. (1977), “Feature of similarity,” Psychological Review, 84: 327-352.
Uzzi, B. (1997) “Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 35-67.
Van de Ven, A. H., A. L. Delbecq, and R. Jr. Koenig (1976), “Determinants of coordination modes within organizations,” American Sociological Review, 41: 322-338.
Vandegrift, G. (1998), “Asset specificity, long-term contracts, and the good faith requirement,” Eastern Economic Journal, 24(4): 475-493.
Volberda, H. W. (1996), “Toward the flexible form: How to remain vital in hypercompetitive environment,” Organization Science, 7(4): 359-374.
Von Hippel, E. (1988), The Sources of Innovation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Wathne, K. H. and J. B. Heide (2004), “Relationship Governance in a supply chain network,” Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 73-89.
Whetten, D. A. (1989), “What constitutes a theoretical contribution?” Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 490-495
Williamson, O. E. (1975), Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1983), “Credible commitments: Using hostage to support exchange,” American Economic Review, 73(4): 519-540.
Williamson, O. E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, New York, NY: Free Press.
Williamson. O. E. (1989), “Transaction cost economics,” in R. Schmalensee and R. D. Willing (eds.) Handbook of Industrial Organization. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Williamson, O. E. (1991), “Comparative economic organization: An analysis of discrete structural alternatives,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(2): 269-296.
Williamson, O. E. (1996), The Mechanisms of Governance. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Williamson, O. E. (1999), “Strategy research: Governance and competence perspectives,” Strategic Management Journal, 20(12): 1087-1108.
Williamson, O. E. (2000), “The new institutional economics: Taking stock, looking ahead,” Journal of Economic Literature, 38: 595-613.
Wimmer, B. S. and J. Garen (1997), “Moral hazard, asset specificity, implicit bonding, and compensation: The case of franchising,” Economic Inquiry, 35(July): 544-554.
Wrong, D. H. (1968), “Some problems in defining social power,” American Journal of Sociology, 73: 673-681.
Yan, A. and B. Gray (1994), “Bargaining power, management control, and performance in United States-China joint ventures: A comparative case study,” Academy of Management Journal, 37(6): 1478-1517.
Yin, R. (1994), Case Study Research: Design and Method. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zaheer, A. and N. Venkatraman (1994), “Determinants of electronic integration in the insurance industry: An empirical test,” Management Science, 40(5): 549-566.
Zaheer, A. and N. Venkatraman (1995), “Relational governance as an interorganizational strategy: An empirical test of the role of trust in economic exchange,” Strategic Management Journal, 16(5): 373-392.
Zajac, E. J. and C. P. Oslen (1993), “From transaction cost to transaction value analysis: Implications for the study of inter-organizational strategies,” Journal of Management Studies, 30: 131-145. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
企業管理研究所
90355501
94 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0903555012 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [Department of Business Administation] Theses
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
