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| 題名: | 古晉「老巴剎」唐人街語言景觀之研究
The Linguistic Landscape of Chinatown in Old Bazaar, Kuching |
| 作者: | 王康齡
Wang, Kang-Ling |
| 貢獻者: | 戴智偉
De Busser, Rik
王康齡
Wang, Kang-Ling |
| 關鍵詞: | 語言地景
語言選擇
語言轉變
唐人街
政府標誌
民間標誌
私人標誌
Linguistic landscape
Language shift
Chinatown
Language choice
Top-down sign
Bottom-up sign |
| 日期: | 2025 |
| 上傳時間: | 2025-09-01 17:06:18 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 本研究探查馬來西亞砂拉越古晉市唐人街老巴剎的語言地景。十九到二十世紀，老巴剎經歷了白人拉者統治(1841-1941)以及華人移居、英國殖民(1946-1963)、參組馬來西亞(1963-)，其複雜的歷史脈絡形塑多語言民族的社會，當中包括華裔、馬來人、三十多族原住民族，以及少數的印度裔和其他族群。傳統上，每個族群有自己的語言，例如：華裔族群使用多種漢語，馬來人使用馬來語，原住民族也有多種不同的語言。而當代社會中，馬來西亞教育廣泛使用馬來語、標準華語和英語作為教學語言。馬來西亞獨立後，依據1967年的國家語言法，政府大力推動馬來語的普及化，1980年代華裔族群開始組織民間運動推行「馬來西亞講華語運動」，英語則受殖民時期影響，被視為高社經地位的語言。
本研究使用1345張照片作為資料庫，探討馬來西亞古晉市唐人街老巴剎的語言地景，並著重於語言在公共空間標誌（包含廣告、路牌、招牌、看板等）之可見度和突顯度。研究也將標誌是否為政府、民間（私人）或者綜合型標誌列入分析。研究地點包括老巴剎的三條歷史的街道，分別為海唇街、中國街和亞答街。本研究啟發自Ben-Rafael等學者2006年的語言地景研究，並將其使用的三種社會理論，分別為皮耶．布爾迪厄（1991）的權力關係理論、厄文．高夫曼（1981）的自我呈現理論、和雷蒙·布東（1985）的理性選擇理論，融合為一個模型，用以解釋社會、政治、經濟、文化和語言之間的關係。
古晉老巴剎公共標誌中的語言使用顯現從華語轉變為英語和馬來語的趨勢。本研究有以下發現：一、政府和民間標誌中，為數眾多的英文單語標誌展現英語作為強勢語言的象徵權力，同時英語展現民間標誌產製者的自我呈現。二、在民間標誌中，華語常常是雙多語標誌的主要語言，與英語、馬來語以及標準華語外之其他多種漢語一起使用，以觸及更多族群。華語在這類招牌的高度突顯性顯示華語在老巴剎依然存在象徵權力，也同時為華人文化身分認同之象徵。標準華語外之漢語也常見於公共空間中的標誌，表現出19世紀以來，從中國不同地區遷徙而來的華裔移民各自語言族群內之身分認同。三、馬來語在政府標誌和民間標誌上分布數量的差異，彰顯了馬來語的政治象徵權力大於其經濟社會象徵權力，然而由於馬來語是到了20世紀後期才由政府推動的官方語言，即使馬來語在老巴剎的民間標誌的使用頻率仍不如英語和華語，已經有許多新的民間標誌使用馬來語，代表其地位越來越強勢。四、許多原住民語言並沒有出現在招牌上，可能原因是招牌傾向於使用強勢語言，而非許多尚未標準化的族語。五、華語和英語是老巴剎公共區域標誌中最常見的語言，其中以中文為主的和英文為主的雙多語標誌，在不同地點呈現迥異的分布情形。老巴剎屬於商業區，經歷語言轉變和人口變化，新標誌通常採英文為主的形式，傳統商店則是為了文化和傳承而使用較多以中文為主的標誌。海唇街較多新的店家進駐，中國街和木匠街相對較少，保存了許多舊的店家的標誌，故造成兩種招牌在不同地點分布差異。
古晉的殖民歷史和馬來西亞其他地區、新加坡、及其他東南亞地區不同，形塑了獨特且複雜語言地景，然而過去的研究皆未以系統性、全面性地的方式探查分析，本文填補了研究空缺，並詳實記錄了具有歷史意義的唐人街老巴剎的語言地景，反映了19世紀中期以來政策、民間和全球化趨勢對語言選擇、語言地景的影響。
This study investigates the linguistic landscape of Chinatown of Kuching (Sarawak, Malaysia), also known as Old Bazaar in Malaysia. This area witnessed the settling of large waves of Chinese immigrants in the 19th century under Brooke’s rule (1841-1941), a brief British period (1946-1963), and post-independence (1963-present). This Chinatown, or Old Bazaar, is currently a linguistically and ethnically diverse space inhabited by various ethnic groups, including Chinese, Malay, nearly 30 recognized indigenous groups, and a much smaller number of Indians and other ethnicities. Each group traditionally speaks distinctive languages: Chinese immigrants and descendants speak various mutually unintelligible Sinitic languages, Malay people speak the Malay language, and indigenous peoples speak a wide range of languages. The education systems in Malaysia primarily use Malay, Mandarin, and English. After the independence of Malaysia, Bahasa Malay (the standard form of Malay) was promoted by the National Language Act in 1967, and Mandarin gained prominence in the 1980s through a grassroots movement organized. English has historically been a prestige language since the colonial periods.
Based on a dataset of 1345 photos, this thesis examines the linguistic landscape of Chinatown in Kuching, Malaysia, focusing on the visibility and prominence of various languages—English, Sinitic languages, Malay, and non-Malay indigenous languages—on public signs. These signs are produced by three distinct groups of sign producers: top-down (government sectors), bottom-up (private or individual), and hybrid entities. The study focuses on three key streets: Main Bazaar Street, China Street, and Carpenter Street. This study discusses the relationship between social, political, economic, and cultural phenomena, and language, using an integrated model of the three theories and conceptions in Ben-Rafael et al. (2006), specifically, Bourdieu’s (1991) power relation theory, Goffman’s (1981) presentation-of-self theory, and Boudon’s (1985) good-reason conception.
This study reveals a language shift from pan-Sinitic languages to English and Malay. A dominant pattern of English monolingual signs is observed across the three streets, reflecting the symbolic power of English in the socio-economic domain and its potential as the medium for identity expression. Pan-Sinitic languages are prevalent on bottom-up non-monolingual signs with less prominent presences of English, Malay, and non-Mandarin Sinitic languages. The use of pan-Sinitic languages is attributed to the symbolic power of Mandarin and the expression of ethnic Chinese identity, while the use of non-Mandarin Sinitic languages expresses topolect-based in-group identity. The inclusion of English and Malay on pan-Sinitic language-prominent signs is motivated by the sign owner’s intention to reach a wider audience. A producer-based prominence pattern is identified among signs featuring Malay: Malay is more visible on top-down signs than on bottom-up signs, as the former are motivated by its symbolic power in the political field. Despite lower visibility, the use of Malay in bottom-up signs shows its growing symbolic power over recent decades and its potential as a means of identity expression. Indigenous languages appear on only 2 signs, highlighting their limited symbolic power. Sign owners tend to favor dominant languages over non-Malay indigenous languages on public signs to appeal to a wider audience and to avoid making choices among non-standardized written forms, varieties, or languages. Finally, signs featuring English and pan-Sinitic languages show a location-based distributional variation, respectively. Under the influence of language shift, the former type of signs is frequently seen on Main Bazaar Street, which today hosts many new tourism-related businesses. The new signs related to these new businesses aim at attracting national and international non-Chinese-speaking tourists by emphasizing English. The latter type of signs is often seen on Carpenter Street and China Street, where many old shops’ signs are widely visible. The signs related to these old shops tend to prioritize preservation of tradition before the need to facilitate communication with those who do not read Chinese characters on these signs.
This research fills a gap in the literature, as previous studies have not systematically explored the linguistic landscape of Sarawak’s capital city, whose unique colonial history sets it apart from West Malaysia, Singapore, and other Southeast Asian countries. Additionally, this study provides a snapshot of the languages displayed in the historic Chinatown, reflecting the impact of policy changes, bottom-up movement, and globalization since the mid-19th century. After an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 lists the research questions. Chapter 3 reviews the linguistic landscape studies in Malaysia and Brunei and gives an overview of the integrated model that combines the three theories in Ben-Rafael et al. (2006). Chapter 4 concisely describes the methodology of this study. Chapter 5 presents and analyzes language distributions across different locations and producers. Chapter 6 discusses the application of the integrated model on language choices in Chinatown of Kuching. The final chapter is a concise summary of the study. |
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| 描述: | 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
110555007 |
| 資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110555007 |
| 資料類型: | thesis |
| 顯示於類別: | [語言學研究所] 學位論文
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