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| Title: | 緬甸的軍事政變與民主政治的變局
Portraying Changing Faces of Military Coup and Its Implications to Democracy in Myanmar |
| Authors: | 曾孟揚
Tseng, Meng-Yang |
| Contributors: | 楊昊
Yang, Hao
曾孟揚
Tseng, Meng-Yang |
| Keywords: | 緬甸
軍事政變
民主過渡
全國民主聯盟
政治發展
憲法改革
國際反應
戒律式民主
軍文關係
Myanmar
Military Coups
Democratic Transition
National League for Democracy (NLD)
Political Development
Constitutional Reform
International Response
Disciplined Democracy
Civil-Military Relations |
| Date: | 2024 |
| Issue Date: | 2024-09-04 14:22:55 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本文探討了緬甸的軍事政變及其對民主政治的影響。研究分析了從全國民主聯盟（NLD）在2015年和2020年選舉中取得勝利，到2021年軍事政變的過程，及此事件對緬甸民主進程的深遠影響。論文採用了歷史分析法，詳細回顧了緬甸從殖民時期到獨立後的政治發展，並重點分析了軍政府與民選政府之間的關係演變。
研究發現，緬甸的民主化進程受到多重內外部因素的影響，其中軍方的政治角色尤為關鍵。軍方長期掌握政治權力並透過憲法賦予自身廣泛的政治與行政權力，形成了所謂的「戒律式民主」，嚴重制約了民主制度的發展。此外，軍事政變常常是在軍方感受到政權威脅時發動，特別是在民選政府試圖修憲削弱軍方權力時更是如此。
2021年的政變不僅終結了緬甸短暫的民主開放期，也暴露了國內外對緬甸政治未來的深刻擔憂。軍方推翻民選政府後，國際社會的反應迅速而強烈，但國內外的壓力未能阻止軍政府鞏固權力。本文通過對緬甸軍事政變的案例分析，不僅揭示了軍政府與民主政治之間錯綜複雜的關係，也對緬甸未來的政治發展提出了重要的政策建議。
最後，國際社會應加強對緬甸的支持，促進政治對話與和平過渡，並支援緬甸在法治、民主治理及人權保護方面的努力。只有通過全面的國內外合作與持續的國際壓力，緬甸才可能重回民主化的道路。
This thesis examines the military coups in Myanmar, focusing on their impact on democratic processes, particularly following the National League for Democracy's (NLD) electoral victories in 2015 and 2020, leading up to the 2021 military coup. Utilizing historical analysis, this study traces Myanmar's political trajectory from colonial rule to modern day, highlighting the complex interrelations between military juntas and elected governments.
The findings reveal that Myanmar’s democratization is significantly hindered by the military’s entrenched power, legitimized extensively by the 2008 Constitution, which promotes a "Disciplined Democracy" that restricts genuine democratic governance. The study suggests that military coups are often prompted by perceived threats to military authority, especially when democratic reforms threaten its interests.
The 2021 coup marked a critical setback in Myanmar’s democratic development, eliciting a strong international response, yet insufficient to deter the junta’s grip on power. The thesis underscores the importance of international support for Myanmar’s democratic transition, advocating for enhanced political dialogue, and supports for legal and democratic governance. The study concludes that Myanmar’s journey towards democracy is complex and requires sustained domestic and international collaborative efforts to overcome significant challenges. |
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張正芊，2021/2/1。〈緬甸軍隊總司令敏昂萊發動政變 暴露政治野心〉，《中央通訊社》，<https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202102010300.aspx>。
張安翔，2021/2/22-28。〈緬甸軍頭政商利益交錯 昂山打擊貪腐觸發政變〉，《亞洲周刊》，<https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93%2F2021-08%2F1612842346082%2F%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E8%BB%8D%E9%A0%AD%E6%94%BF%E5%95%86%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E4%BA%A4%E9%8C%AF%E3%80%80%E6%98%82%E5%B1%B1%E6%89%93%E6%93%8A%E8%B2%AA%E8%85%90%E8%A7%B8%E7%99%BC%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A>。
張雅亭，2012/4/2。〈緬甸新浮動匯率制正式上路〉，《中央社》，<https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/ch/news/1884016 >。
張學海，2021/6/12。〈緬甸的三個經濟特區情況介紹〉，《臺灣法律網》， <https://www.lawtw.com/archives/473806 >。
梁東屏，2019/4/15-21。〈全民盟與緬軍方修憲攻防〉，《亞洲周刊》，<https://www.yzzk.com/article/details/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%84%A6%E9%BB%9E/2019-15/1554953416816/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E7%9B%9F%E8%88%87%E7%B7%AC%E8%BB%8D%E6%96%B9%E4%BF%AE%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BB%E9%98%B2/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2/%E6%A2%81%E6%9D%B1%E5%B1%8F >。
莊北寧、車宏亮，2019/2/19。〈緬甸議會批准設立修憲委員會〉，《新華網》，<http://big5.news.cn/gate/big5/www.xinhuanet.com/webSkipping.htm>。
莊嘉穎，2022/2/2。〈東協的「緬甸僵局」：不只對成員國的團結造成挑戰，更把東協長期存在的矛盾 一一顯露〉，《The News Lens 關鍵評論》，<https://www.thenewslens.com/article/162301>。
陳韻聿，2019/11/21。〈緬甸被控種族滅絕罪 翁山蘇姬將親征國際法院〉，《中央通訊社》，< https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/201911210289.aspx >。
曾勤博，2020/10/8。〈緬甸公司法（2017）施行二週年回顧〉，《ASEAN PLUS 南洋誌》，<https://aseanplusjournal.com/2020/10/08/myanmar_companies_law_review/ >。
董雪、鄭明達、蔣志强、趙博，2021/2/1。〈外交部：中方希望缅甸各方妥善处理分歧，维护政治和社会稳定〉，《新華網》，< http://www.xinhuanet.com/2021-02/01/c_1127050935.htm >。
趙洪，2013/10/30。〈中日在緬甸的競爭與合作〉，《中國評論》，2013年10月30日，<http://www.chinareviewnews .com/crn-webapp/mag/docDetail.jsp?coluid=0&docid=102829115&page=1>。
趙衍龍，2013/3/27。〈緬甸國防軍司令：軍隊希望緬成為有紀律民主國家〉，《新華網》，<https://world.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJzPDa>。
駐緬甸臺北經濟文化辦事處，2019/1/11。〈緬甸當局將對外資開放保險業務〉， <https://www.roc-taiwan.org/mm/post/1354.html>。
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雙曉，2020/3/18。〈為了選舉「翁山蘇姬對撞軍方」？一場修憲鬧劇顯現緬甸民主改革之路困局〉，《The News Lens 關鍵評論》，<https://www.thenewslens.com/article/132618/page2>。
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二、英文部分
（一）專書
Antiquerra, John Reiner M. & Buenaobra, Maribel & Lee, Chung Lun & Vier, Amaël, 2021. The 2020 Myanmar General Election: Democracy Under Attack. Bangkok: The Asian Network for Free Elections.
Anwar, Dewi Fortuna, 1994. Indonesia in ASEAN: Foreign Policy and Regionalism. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Press.
Beeson, Mark and Bellamy, Alex, 2007. Securing Southeast Asia: The Politics of Security Sector Reform. New York: Routledge Security in Asia Pacific Series.
Butwell, Richard A., 1969. U Nu of Burma. Stanford: Standford University Press.
Croissant, Aurel & Kuehn, David & Lorenz, Philip & Chambers, Paul W., 2013. Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dahl, Robert, 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Eur, 2003. The Far East and Australasia 2003. London: Routledge.
Hebditch, David and Conner, Ken, 2009. How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution. Barnsley: Greenhill Books.
Ibrahim, Azeem, 2016. The Rohingyas: Inside Myanmar's Hidden Genocide. London: C. Hurst & Co..
Myint, Thein, 1999. Kyaw Nyein. Yaangon: Sar-Ok-Zay.
Nu, Thakin, 1951. From Peace to Stability. Rangoon: Government Printing and Stationary.
Sarkesian, Sam C., 1980. Beyond the Battlefield: The New Military Professionalism. New York: Pergamon Press.
Schelling, Thomas C., 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Selth, Andrew, 2002. Burma’s Armed Forces: Power without Glory. Connecticut: Eastbridge.
Serra, Narcís, 2010. The Military Transition: Democratic Reform of the Armed Forces. New York: Cambridge University Press.
South, Ashley & Kempel, Susanne & Perhult, Malin & Carstensen, Nils, 2011. Myanmar - Surviving the Storm: Self-protection and survival in the Delta. Copenhagen: Local to Global Protection.
Steinberg, David, 2010. Burma/Myanmar - What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stepan, Alfred, 1988. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Svolik, Milan W., 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Trager, Frank N., 1966. Burma: From Kingdom to Republic: A Historical and Political Analysis. London: Pall Mall.
White, Chloé, 2015. Protection for Whom? Violations of International Law in Myanmar’s New ‘Race and Religion Protection’ Laws. Georgetown: Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace & Security.
（二）專書論文
Alagappa, Muthiah, 2001. “Introduction,” in Muthiah Alagappa ed., Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia. California: Stanford University Press, pp. 1-28.
Edmunds, Timothy M., 2012. “Security Sector Reform,” in Thomas C. Bruneau and Florina Cristiana Matei eds., Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations. London: Routledge, pp. 48-60.
Kuehn, David, 2019. “Theoretical Landscape,” in Thomas C. Bruneau and Aurel Croissant eds., Civil-Military Relations: Control and Effectiveness Across Regimes. Colorado: Lynne Rienner, pp. 19-34.
Myoe, Maung Aung, 2019. “Myanmar Foreign Policy: Principles and Practices,” in Takashi Inoguchi, ed., The SAGE Handbook of Asian Foreign Policy. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 767-787.
O’Donnell, Guillermo A., 1992. “Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes,” in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O’Donnell and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies. (Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 1-17.
Pion-Berlin, David, 2006. “Foreword,” in Thomas C. Bruneau and Scoc D. Tollefson eds., Who Guards the Guardians and How: Democratic Civil-Military Relations. Texas: University of Texas Press, pp. iii-xiv.
Przeworski, Adam, 2003. “Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America,” in Robert A. Dahl, Ian Shapiro, and José A. Cheibub, eds., The Democracy Sourcebook. Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 81-85.
Steinberg, David, 2007. “Legitimacy in Burma/Myanmar: Concepts and Implications,” in Narayanan Ganesan and Kyaw Y. Hlaing eds., Myanmar: State Society and Ethnicity. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Press, pp. 109-142.
Taylor, Robert H., 2006. “‘One day, one fathom, bagan won’t move’: On the Myanmar Road to a Constitution,” in Trevor Wilson ed., Myanmar’s Long Road to National Reconciliation. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Press, pp. 3-28.
Than, Tin Maung Maung, 2006. “Myanmar: Military in Charge,” in N. John Funston ed., Government and Politics in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Press, pp. 203-251.
（三）期刊論文
Barany, Zoltan, 2018. “Burma: Suu Kyi’s Misstep”, Journal of Democracy, Vol.29, No.1, pp. 5-19.
Barany, Zoltan, 2021. “Burma: The Generals Strike Back”, Journal of Democracy, Vol.32, No.2, pp. 22-36.
Chambers, Paul, 2011. “Where Agency Meets Structure: Understanding Civil Military Relations in Contemporary Thailand” Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 290-304.
Cohen, Eliot, 2004. “Change and Transformation in Military Affairs,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 395-407.
Collier, David & Hidalgo, Fernando Daniel & Maciuceanu, Andra Olivia, 2006. “Essentially Contested Concepts: Debates and Applications,” Journal of Political Ideologies, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 211-246.
Crouch, Melissa, 2020. “Pre-emptive Constitution-Making: Authoritarian Constitutionalism and the Military in Myanmar,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 487-515.
Escribá-Folch, Abel, 2012. “Authoritarian Responses to Foreign Pressure: Spending, Repression, and Sanctions,” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 683-713.
Fishman, Robert M., 1990. “Rethinking State and Regime: Southern Europe’s Transition,” World Politics, Vol. 42, pp. 422-440.
Geddes, Barbara & Wright, Joseph & Frantz, Erica, 2014. “Military Rule,” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 17, pp. 147-162.
Guyot, James F., 2016/8. “Myanmar in 1990: The unconsummated election” Asian Survey, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 205-211.
Lasswell, Harold D., 1941/1. “The Garrison State.” The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.46, No.4, pp. 455-468.
Maung, Aung Myoe, 2017. "The NLD and Myanmar's Foreign Policy: Not New, But Different," Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 89-121.
Perlmutter, Amos and LeoGrande, William M., 1982/12. “The Party in Uniform: Toward a Theory of Civil-Military Relations in Communist Political Systems.” American Political Science Review, Vol.76, pp. 778-789.
Selth, Andrew, 2020. “All Going According to Plan? The Armed Forces and Government in Myanmar,” Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 1-26.
Shang, Po P., 2022. “Myanmar's Foreign Policy Shifting Legitimacy: Shifting Strategic Culture,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol.41, No.1, pp. 88-105.
Simpson, Adam & Farrelly, Nicholas, 2020. “The Rohingya Crisis and Questions of Accountability,” Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 486-494.
Skaaning, Svend E., 2006. “Political Regimes and Their Changes: A Conceptual Framework,” Working Paper, Vol. 55, pp. 1-30.
Song, Qingrun, 2013. “Myanmar's Economic Reform and Development: Prospects and Challenges,” Focus Asia, No.3, pp. 1-9.
Stokke, Kristian & Aung, Soe Myint, 2020. “Transition to Democracy or Hybrid Regime? The Dynamics and Outcomes of Democratization in Myanmar,” European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 274-293.
Than, Tin Maung Maung, 2001/1. “Myanmar in 2000,” Asian Survey, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 148-155.
Trager, Frank N., 1956/11. “Burma’s Foreign Policy, 1948-56: Neutralism, Third Force, and Rice.” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 89-102.
Walsh, Jonh, 2015. “Thilawa Special Economic Zone and the Single Window.” Int. J. Services Technology and Management, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 27-39.
Way, Lucan, 2016/1. “The Authoritarian Threat: Weaknesses of Autocratic Promotion,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 64-75.
（四）官方文件
Advisory Commission on Rakhine, 2017/8. Towards a Peaceful, Fair and Prosperous Future for the People of Rakhine.
Asian Development Bank, 2015/2. Civil Society Brief Myanmar.
DICA, 2023/4/30. Foreign Investment of Permitted Projects as of (30/4/2023).
Far Eastern economic review, 1989. Asia 1988 Yearbook.
Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, 2018/9. Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar.
The Carter Center, 2020/11/10. Election Observation Mission: Myanmar, General Election, November 8, 2020.
United States Institute of Peace, 2018. China's Role in Myanmar's Internal Conflicts.
（五）網際網路
Alternative Asean Network, 2018/1/12. “Vice-Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, Tatmadaw Commander-in-Chief” Alternative Asean Network, <http://www.altsean.org/Research/Regime Watch/Executive/CIC.php>.
Alternative Asean Network, 2018/1/12. “Vice-Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, Tatmadaw Commander-in-Chief” Alternative Asean Network, <http://www.altsean.org/Research/Regime Watch/Executive/CIC.php>.
Amnesty International, 2021/1/8. “Myanmar: Leaked documents reveal global business ties to military crimes” Amnesty International, <https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/mehl-military-links-to-global-businesses/>.
Barron, Laignee, 2017/11/3. “Meet Min Aung Hlaing, the Chief of Myanmar's Notorious Military” Time, < https://burmacampaign.org.uk/meet-min-aung-hlaing-the-chief-of-myanmars-notorious-military-time/>.
Barron, Laignee, 2017/11/3. “Meet Min Aung Hlaing, the Chief of Myanmar's Notorious Military” Time, <https://burmacampaign.org.uk/meet-min-aung-hlaing-the-chief-of-myanmars-notorious-military-time/>.
BBC, 2015/11/5. “Suu Kyi 'will be above president' if NLD wins Myanmar election”, BBC, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34729659>.
Beech, Hannah, 2021/1/31. “Myanmar Leader, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Is Detained Amid Coup Fears” The New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/world/asia/myanmar-coup-aung-san-suu-kyi.html>.
CNN, 2008/8/7. “U.S. envoy: Myanmar deaths may top 100,000” CNN, <http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/05/07/myanmar.aidcyclone/index.html>.
David, Pu & Lovett, Lorcan, 2023/3/7. "Defections from Myanmar military slow as generals tighten grip," ALJAZEERA, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/7/myanmar-military-defectors>.
Eleven Media Group, 2022/12/24. “President Joe Biden signs the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), which includes the Burma Act,” Eleven Media Group, <https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/president-joe-biden-signs-the-national-defense-authorization-actndaa-which-includes-the-burma>.
Focus Economics “Myanmar Foreign Direct Investment (USD bn),” Focus Economics, <https://www.focuseconomics.com/country-indicator/myanmar/foreign-direct-investment-usd/>.
Goodman, Jack, 2021/2/5. “Myanmar Coup: Does the Army Have Evidence of Voter Fraud?,” BBC, <https://www.bbc.com/news/55918746/>.
GOV.UK, 2016/9/13. “PM meeting with Burmese State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi: 13 September 2016,” GOV.UK, <https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-meeting-with-burmese-statecounsellor-aung-san-suu-kyi-13-september-2016>.
Hein, Ye Myo, 2021/9/16. "Finding fault lines within the Tatmadaw," Frontier Myanmar, <https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/finding-fault-lines-within-the-tatmadaw/>.
Kasai, Teppei, 2021/12/2. “Japan Plays a Diplomatic Double Game on Rights in Myanmar,” Human Right Watch, <https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/12/02/japan-plays-diplomatic-double-game-rightsmyanmar>.
Lasseter, Tom, 2018/12/13. “Gunned Down” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/investigates/specialreport/myanmar-murder-politics/>.
Loyn, David, 2011/11/19. “Obstacles lie ahead in Burma's bid for reform” BBC, <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15798106>.
Lwin, Nan, 2020/12/2. “Chief of Myanmar’s Anti-Corruption Commission Steps Down,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chief-myanmars-anti-corruptioncommission-steps.html>.
MacAskill, Ewen, 2013/5/20. "Thein Sein becomes first Burmese president to visit US since 1966, " The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/20/thein-sein-burma-visit-usobama>.
MacFarquhar, Neil, 2010/10/21. “U.N. Doubts Fairness of Election in Myanmar” The New York Times, <https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/22/world/asia/22nations.html>.
McLaughlin, Timothy, 2021/2/2. “China Is the Myanmar Coup’s ‘Biggest Loser’,” The Atlantic, <https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/what-myanmars-coup-means-china/618101/>.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2023/2/1. “The Situation in Myanmar Two Years after the Coup d’État,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, <https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press1e_000366.html>.
Moe, Kyaw Zwa, 2019/9/23. “How Myanmar’s Military Chief Could Become President,” The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/commentary/myanmars-military-chief-become-president.html>.
Naing, Saw Yan, 2013/2/26. “Thein Sein Arrives in Norway for Start of European Tour”, The Irrawaddy, <https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/thein-sein-meets-burmese-in-norway.html>.
Nitta, Yuichi, 2019/7/18. “Myanmar investment inflows double from China as deals surge” Nikkei Asian Review, <https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Myanmar-investment-inflows-double-from-China-as-deals-surge>.
OONI, 2021/3/9. "Myanmar: Data on internet blocks and internet outages following military coup," OONI, <https://ooni.org/post/2021-myanmar-internet-blocks-and-outages/>.
Open Doors, 2022. “Student Mobility Fact Sheets: Myanmar,” Open Doors, <https://opendoorsdata.org/fact_sheets/student-mobility/>.
PTY, 2016/10/18. “Aung San Suu Kyi to visit India for four-day tour from Sunday,” The Indian Express, <https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/aung-san-suu-kyi-to-visit-indiafor-four-day-tour-from-sunday-3078768/>.
Regan, Helen, 2021/2/8. “Why the Generals Really Took Back Power in Myanmar,” CNN, <https://edi5on.cnn.com/2021/02/06/asia/myanmar-coup-what-led-to-it-intl-hnk/index.html>.
Republic of The Union of Myanmar, "What we have done so far", Republic of The Union of Myanmar, <https://crphmyanmar.org/functions/>.
Ryan, Megan & Self, Darin, 2021/2/2. “Myanmar’s Military Distrusts the Country’s Ruling Party. That’s Why It Staged a Coup and Detained Leaders and Activists,” Washington Post Monkey Cage, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/poli5cs/2021/02/02/myanmars-military-detained-dozens-top-leadershundreds-lawmakers-are-under-house-arrest/>.
Soe, Hein Myat, 2020/2/19. “The Game of Myanmar’s Senior General,” Myanmar Times, <https://www.mmtimes.com/news/gamemyanmars- senior-general.html>.
Steinberg, David, 2020/10/25. “Myanmar elections another step towards democracy?,” East Asia Forum, <https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/10/25/myanmar-elections-another-step-towards-democracy/>.
Sustainable Energy For All, 2022. "Middle-income population at risk in 2022," Sustainable Energy For All, <https://www.seforall.org/chilling-prospects-2022/middle-income-population-at-risk>.
Tran, Van, 2021/2/9. “Order from Chaos. To Understand Post-coup Myanmar, Look to Its History of Popular Resistance—Not Sanctions,” Brookings Institute, <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-fromchaos/2021/02/09/to-understand-post-coup-myanmar-look-to-its-history-of-popular-resistance-not-sanc5ons/>.
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VOA News, 2013/5/21. “Burma President Ends US Trip With Trade Deal”, VOA News, <https://www.voanews.com/a/burmese-president-to-meet-with-us-lawmakers-sign-tradedeal/1665055.html>.
Zaw, Sai, 2020/7/17. “Military Chief's Son Paid 'Very Low' Rent for His Upscale Restaurant on Government-Owned Land” Myanmar NOW, < https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/military-chiefs-son-paid-very-low-rent-for-his-upscale-restaurant-on-government-owned-land?page=15&fbclid=IwAR0sBoeFYQUGohEz5BybJo2nWIMLVU8j-dubRNEyuBvU4WGFA1ud17Ol-m0>. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
東亞研究所
109260006 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0109260006 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [東亞研究所] 學位論文
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Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
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| 000601.pdf | 1892Kb | Adobe PDF | 2 | View/Open |
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