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Title:	中文兩種析取詞：選擇問句和直述句 Two Disjunctions in Mandarin Chinese: Alternative Question and Declarative Sentence
Authors:	洪政哲 Hong, Zheng-Zhe
Contributors:	陳奕勳 Chen, Yi-Hsun 洪政哲 Hong, Zheng-Zhe
Keywords:	還是或者選擇問句 Hamblin Semantics 是…還是 Haishi Huozhe Alternative questions Hamblin Semantics Shi…haishi
Date:	2024
Issue Date:	2024-08-05 15:05:51 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本篇論文主要探討中文的連接詞「還是」和「或者」的句法及語意特質。在中文的語法中，「還是」和「或者」都可以用來連接兩個選項。Liing(2014)、Liu 等 (2019)、Zhao(2002)和Huang等(2009)指出「還是」和「或者」在句法上有所區別。只有「還是」可以用來表達選擇問句，讓聽話者對於連接的兩個選項做出選擇，而「或者」則用來表達陳述句，但是並沒有要求聽話者對於連接的兩個選項做出選擇。然而，Shao(1994)、Zhang(2008)、Mashima(2019)和Li(2020)認為「或者」也可以用來表達選擇問句。本文不同意這觀點，並通過分析回應方式來反駁這些反例。我們認為這些反例屬於不同類型的問句，而不是選擇問句。我們採用Hamblin語義學（1973）的框架來解釋關於陳述句和各種問句類型。根據這理論架構中「還是」和「或者」的區別在於：「或者」由於其詞彙語意中具有存在閉鎖的特徵，形成一個非開放集合，因此無法表達選擇問句。而「還是」在其詞彙項中缺乏存在閉鎖同時仍有一個Q特徵，最後形成一個開放集合。論文前半部分是針對「還是」和「或者」的差異進行探討，之後我們針對「還是」的相似句型「是…還是」兩者間句法上和語意上的差異。有趣的是，兩者雖都屬於選擇問句，但在句法及語意上都還是存在著差異，「是…還是」是帶有分裂句特性的選擇問句，在語意上有排他性跟存在性預設的特點，這兩個特點都是「還是」句型沒有的。然而，也正是因為有這些特性差異才導致「是...還是」和「還是」在回答上有所差異。本文的貢獻在於釐清「還是」和「或者」在語意及句法上差異，儘管「還是」和「或者」都可以連接兩個選項，但它們在句法和語義上仍有區別。我們為這兩個析取詞提出了具體的形式語意。在以往的研究中，Liing(2014)、Liu 等(2019)、Zhao(2002)和Huang等(2009)表明「還是」和「或者」之間的區別在於前者可以表達選擇問句的意思，而後者則表達陳述句的意思。我們贊同學者們的說法也提出這兩個析取詞在Hamblin Semantics的差異。我們認為只有「還是」可以表達選擇問句的意思；「或者」不能。然而，當「或者」也可以表達其他類型的問題，但問句類型不會是選擇問句。 In Chinese syntax, both haishi and huozhe can be used to conjoin two disjuncts. Liing (2014), Liu et al. (2019), and Huang et al. (2009) indicate that haishi and huozhe have syntactic differences. Only haishi can be used to convey the meaning of an alternative question, while huozhe is used to convey the meaning of a declarative sentence. However, Shao (1994), Zhang (2008), Mashima (2019), and Li (2020) argue that huozhe can also convey the meaning of an alternative question. In this thesis, we disagree with the perspectives proposed by Shao (1994), Zhang (2008), Mashima (2019), and Li (2020) and analyze the responses to refute these counterexamples. We propose that these counterexamples are different types of questions, unlike alternative question. In this thesis, I adopt the framework of Hamblin Semantics (1973) to explain how declarative sentences and various question types are demonstrated in Hamblin Semantics. Adopting the framework of Hamblin Semantics, I propose that the difference between huozhe and haishi is as follows: huozhe is incapable of conveying alternative questions due to its lexical entry which has an existential closure that forms a non-open set. Then, haishi lacks an existential closure in its lexical entry while still maintaining a Q feature which accounts for its presence in interrogative forms that denote an open set. This thesis has also investigated the differences between the disjunction haishi and its related construction shi...haishi, with respect to their syntax and semantics. In particular, both are considered alternative questions. Although shi…haishi is regarded as an alternative question, its syntactic characteristics are like clefts. Only shi…haishi has two characteristics that clefts have. Semantically, shi…haishi has the meanings of exclusive condition and existential presupposition, unlike haishi. These two characteristics make different response between shi…haishi and haishi because of this feature. The contribution of this thesis is that although the disjunctions haishi and huozhe can both connect two disjuncts, they still have differences in syntax and semantics. We present a concrete compositional semantics for these two disjunctions. In previous studies, Liing (2014), Liu et al. (2019), and Huang et al. (2009) show that the difference between haishi and huozhe is that the former conveys the meaning of an alternative question, while the latter conveys the meaning of a declarative sentence. In this thesis, we agree with the perspectives proposed by Liing (2014), Liu et al. (2019), and Huang et al. (2009) and also explain the difference between the disjunctions haishi and huozhe under the framework of Hamblin Semantics. We argue that only haishi can convey the meaning of an alternative question, while huozhe cannot. However, if huozhe can also convey the meaning of other types of questions, it is not an alternative question.
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Description:	碩士國立政治大學語言學研究所 110555003
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110555003
Data Type:	thesis
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