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    Title: 「人治」或「法治」:中共黨軍結構與制度化趨向之研究
    “Rule of Man” or “Rule of Law”: A study of the structure and institutionalization trends between the Communist Party of China and the People’s Liberation Army
    Authors: 馬順隆
    Ma, Shun-Long
    Contributors: 魏 艾
    Wei, Ai
    馬順隆
    Ma, Shun-Long
    Keywords: 黨軍關係
    以黨領軍
    結構平衡
    控制與自主
    制度化領軍
    Party-Military relationship
    the Party leading the Army
    structural balance
    control and autonomy
    institutionalized commanding leadership
    Date: 2023
    Issue Date: 2024-02-01 11:23:43 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本論文研究意旨係基於共黨政權本質-「共產黨的領導地位」(the leading Role of the Communist Party)之統治原則,在面對領導人主要權力來源的轉變及軍事專業主義的自主性提升,軍隊可否在黨的控制範圍內發展;設若軍隊採以「利益團體」的觀點,表達其自主性立場,黨的控制機制究否可以保證軍隊的受控性。
    今從中共黨軍互動的權力運作層次,探索黨軍互動機制的構成要件,尤在共黨政權體制的權力變動與決策行為等過程,易生政權結構不穩定及權力支配不平均的現象,致而形塑共軍成為政權格局的關鍵力量,當下軍隊的認同與支持動向,至關重要;今以採用結構平衡理論觀點,結合領導人的兩難及制度化領軍的建立等變項,檢證黨軍之間的競合性互動與權力支配,以及雙方的行為調適與角色重構。
    本論文主要目的在探討中共黨軍之間「控制」與「自主」的互動模式演進及發展,從軍事專業主義的論點出發,以黨軍雙重菁英階層世代交替的轉型分立與體制結構權力政治的制度改革等作為分析架構,匯集聚焦在革命化意識型態及政治控制的「紅」,與軍事專業主義自主性的「專」,兩者之間構合的對應問題。
    研究的結果可見,面對共黨與軍隊的政治依附及結構完整,政治化控制的「紅」與專業化自主的「專」,已然衝擊黨軍之間傳統的共生模式,尤以面對共黨的「制度化領軍」之權威性與合法性,在特定事件與有關政策議題,仍必須爭取軍方支持,從而形成彼此競合性動態平衡的發展趨勢。
    而今對照習近平的統軍模式,實行毛式鬥爭路線的個人化集權作為,已與強調「責任制」的領導體制改革,尤顯名實不符。面對此種跨越制度的權力政治不確定性,必須更大程度的向制度面傾斜,採行深化制度以修補體制缺陷,進而固化及發揮領軍效力。
    The purpose of the dissertation is rooted in the nature of the Communist Party’s ruling principle, known as “the leading Role of the Communist Party.” This dissertation aims to address several questions, including: facing changes in the main sources of leadership power as well asthe emergence of military professionalism, whether thePeople’s Liberation Army (PLA)’s autonomy can be enhanced while being under the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s control. Assuming that the military asserts its autonomous position through the perspective of “interest groups,” whether the CPC’s control mechanisms can effectively ensure the controllability of the PLA.
    This dissertation investigates the process of power interaction between the CPC and the PLA, seeking to explore constituent components of the party-military interactive mechanism. Particularly, during the process of power changes and decision-making of the Communist Party regime, it is easy forunequal power control and an unstable regime structure to arise, thereby making the PLA a key force in shaping the political structure. As such, the instant recognition and support of the military are critical. Borrowing insights from equilibrium relationship theory, with the inclusion of variables such as leaders’ dilemma and institutionalized leadership, this dissertation examines the interplay between competition and cooperation, and power dynamics between the party and its military, as well as the behavioral adaptation and role reconstruction on both sides.
    This dissertation is dedicated to exploring the evolution and development of the interactive pattern of “control” and “autonomy” between the CPC and the PLA. From the perspective of military professionalism, this thesis takes the transformative separation of generations, along with institutional reform swithin the system as the analytical framework. It focuses on the corresponding nexus between the “Red” (Hong, i.e., Communist-minded) dimension of revolutionary ideology and political control and the “Professional” (Zhuan, i.e., professionally- competent) dimension of military professionalism and autonomy.
    This dissertation finds that facing the political attachment and structural integrity of the party and it smilitary, the “Red” element of politicized control and the “Professional” element of specialized autonomy have exerted significantin fluences on the conventional symbiotic model between the CPC and PLA. Given the authority and legitimacy of the CPC’s institutionalized commanding leadership, it remains imperative for the Party to win the military’s support in particular events and related policy issues, thus ultimately forming a competitive-cooperativebut balanced party-military relationship.
    At present, in comparison to Xi Jinping’s military unification model, the personalized centralization of power, following the Maoist-style struggle,is incompatible with the reform of the leadership system that prioritizes “responsibility.” Given power political uncertainties that transcend the institution, it is essential to lean more towards the institutional dimension. This involves strengthening the institution to amend systemic flaws and, ultimately consolidating and promoting the effectiveness of commanding leadership.
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    胡敏遠,「從中國大陸『圍臺軍演』論美『中』大國競爭下我國家安全的新思考」,展望與探索(臺北),第21卷第1期(2023年1月),頁29-58。
    郁瑞麟,「共機擾臺頻次增加與模式轉換的軍事觀點」,展望與探索(臺北),第20卷第2期(2022年2月),頁65-78。
    段復初,「江澤民時期的中共黨軍關係與臺海安全」,復興崗學報(臺北),第76期(2002年12月),頁71-88。
    馬合坤,「中國人民解放軍第14軍簡史」,軍事歷史(北京),1987年第2期(1987年8月),頁18-19。
    馬振坤,「尋求恢復『歷史現狀』之中國軍事擴張與對臺威脅」,遠景基金會季刊(臺北),第20卷第2期(2019年4月),頁1-48。
    高民政,「中國共產黨與軍隊現代化」,探索與爭鳴(北京),2011年第6期,頁16-18。
    時殷弘,「困難與選擇:對臺灣問題的思考」,戰略與管理(北京),總第36期(1999年10月),頁1-4。
    時殷弘,「關於臺灣的幾項必須正視的大戰略問題」,戰略與管理(北京),總第39期、2000年第2期(2000年4月),頁27-32。
    郝詩楠,「變遷中的當代中國文武關係」,二十一世紀雙月刊(香港),總第133期(2012年10月號),頁64-72。
    凌雲,「對共軍人事異動之研析」,匪情研究(臺北),第33卷第7期(1990年7月),頁77-82。
    秦亞青,「關係本位與過程建構:將中國理念植入國際關係理論」,中國社會科學(北京),2009年第3期,頁69-86。
    陳世民,「習近平的戰略轉向與臺海局勢的變遷:2012-2018」,遠景基金會季刊(臺北),第20卷第2期(2019年4月),頁49-93。
    陳昌宏,「中共『十九大』登場-習近平展現毛鄧繼承氣勢」,中共研究(臺北),第51卷第5期(2017年9月),頁1-21。
    陳建貝,「共軍2021年7月晉升新任上將之意涵研析」,展望與探索(臺北),第19卷第9期(2021年9月),頁105-116。
    陳建貝,「中共五大戰區現任軍政首長之觀察與意涵」,展望與探索(臺北),第20卷第3期(2022年3月),頁56-75。
    陳嘉生,「從軍改解析中共軍事戰略轉變」,中共研究(臺北),第50卷第1期(2016年1月),頁29-42。
    陳煥森,「習近平鞏固軍權與共軍高階將領貪腐事件之研究」,展望與探索(臺北),第13卷第12期(2015年12月),頁72-98。
    陳煥森,「習近平軍隊指揮結構改革工作之研究:以鞏固軍權重振『黨指揮槍』紀律為分析觀點」,展望與探索(臺北),第14卷第10期(2016年10月),頁41-66。
    郭瑞華,「中共十六大人事布局分析」,展望與探索(臺北),第1卷第1期(2003年1月),頁9-24。
    郭瑞華,「中共政治菁英甄補的布局與特色:從20大到『兩會』」,展望與探索(臺北),第21卷第4期(2023年4月),頁56-76。
    常永富、朱純輝,「總政治部成立七十年的回顧與思考」,軍事歷史(北京),2001年第2期,頁20-24。
    習近平,「關於堅持和發展中國特色社會主義的幾個問題」,求是(北京),2019年第7期(2019年4月1日),頁1-4。
    梁書瑗,「習近平軍改後共軍黨建之概況」,歐亞研究(臺北),第16期(2021年7月),頁49-56。
    張延廷,「近期中共在我海域軍演狀況研析」,展望與探索(臺北),第20卷第9期(2022年9月),頁8-12。
    張執中,「中共十八屆三中全會評析」,展望與探索(臺北),第11卷第12期(2013年12月),頁1-7。
    張執中,「黨國意識型態的權力與制度:習近平時期的觀察」,展望與探索(臺北),第16卷第4期(2018年4月),頁71-88。
    張淑雅,「臺海危機與美國對『反攻大陸』政策的轉變」,中央研究院近代史研究所集刊(臺北),第36期(2001年12月),頁231-290。
    寇健文,「政治繼承與共產國家政權結構穩定性的比較研究」,問題與研究(臺北),第39卷第3期(2000年3月),頁57-74。
    寇健文,「中共與蘇共高層政治的演變:軌跡、動力與影響」,問題與研究(臺北),第45卷第3期(2006年5月),頁39-75。
    寇健文,「1987年以後解放軍領導人的政治流動:專業化與制度化的影響」,中國大陸研究(臺北),第54卷第2期(2011年6月),頁1-34。
    馮曉艷,「中國共產黨對臺方針的歷史特點」,雞西大學學報(黑龍江),第8卷第3期(2008年6月),頁45-58。
    黃光國,「儒家關係主義的理論建構及其方法論基礎」,教育與社會研究(臺北),第2期(2001年6月),頁1-34。
    黃基禎、陳瑞龍,「共軍軍事組織變革戰略意涵之解析」,中共研究(臺北),第50卷第4期(2016年7月),頁123-128。
    董慧明,「從中共黨軍關係探討共軍反腐倡廉之困境與機會」,展望與探索(臺北),第15卷第4期(2017年4月),頁76-100。
    董慧明,「監督管理還是分工合作?解放軍『團』級以上政治委員職能角色之研究」,中國大陸研究(臺北),第60卷第4期(2017年12月),頁25-51。
    楊念祖,「中共設立『深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組』意涵研析」,展望與探索(臺北),第12卷第4期(2014年4月),頁8-11。
    褚漢生,「從中共深化國防和軍隊改革探討習近平的『四個全面』總方略」,海軍學術雙月刊(臺北),第50卷第4期(2016年8月),頁6-34。
    蔡禾、趙巍,「社會學的實證研究辨析」,社會學研究(北京),1994年第3期,頁8-12。
    蔡東杰,「美國通過系列友臺法案之背景與影響評析」,展望與探索(臺北),第16卷第9期(2018年9月),頁1-7。
    蔡明彥,「中共推動軍事變革的特點及挑戰」,中共研究(臺北),第50卷第4期(2016年7月),頁116-122。
    蔡瑋,「中共對臺政策的決策組織與過程」,中國大陸研究(臺北),第40卷第5期(1997年5月),頁38-52。
    魯競,「中共黨軍關係狀況分析」,中共研究(臺北),第29卷第5期(1995年5月),頁41-62。
    劉遺倫,「中國對臺政策的歷史演變」,黨史文苑(北京),第6期(2005年6月),頁12-35。
    鄭曉時,「政體與軍隊:臺灣文武關係(1950-1987)的一個分析架構」,人文及社會科學集刊(臺北),第5卷第1期(1994年1月),頁120-172。
    龍飛,「鄧小平身後中共政局之走向」,中共研究(臺北),第27卷第10期(1993年10月),頁13-24。
    謝游麟,「共軍軍官制度之新變革」,空軍學術雙月刊(臺北),第684期(2021年10月),頁82-96。
    嚴震生,「美國眾議院議長裴洛西訪臺影響初探」,展望與探索(臺北),第20卷第9期(2022年9月),頁1-7。
    (三)書籍專章
    丁樹範,「黨還指揮槍?-軍隊改革與黨軍關係變化」,丁樹範主編,胡錦濤時代的挑戰(臺北:新新聞文化事業公司,2002年),頁96-119。
    丁樹範,「中共軍事研究」,行政院大陸委員會編印,中國大陸研究基本手冊(下冊)(臺北:行政院大陸委員會,2002年),頁11.1-11.49。
    中共中央文獻研究室主編,「中共中央關於整黨的決定」(1983年10月11日),十二大以來重要文獻選編(上册)(北京:人民出版社,1986年),頁400-402。
    毛澤東,「論聯合政府」,毛澤東選集(北京:人民出版社,1966年),頁1041-1042。
    白萬祥,「論中共當前的軍事問題」,中華戰略學會心理研究會印行,中共的三項戰略目標與大陸形勢(臺北:中國大陸雜誌社,1985年),頁255-275。
    列寧,「革命軍隊和革命政府」,列寧全集(北京:人民出版社,1963年),頁103-104。
    江澤民,「以改革創新的精神迎接世界軍事發展的挑戰」,解放軍總政治部編,論國防和軍隊建設(北京:解放軍出版社,2003年),頁243-250。
    林柏州、黃恩浩、陳鴻鈞、林彥宏,「中國在第一島鏈內外的軍事活動」,歐錫富、黃宗鼎主編,2018中共政軍發展評估報告(臺北:國防安全研究院,2018年),頁74-90。
    周羅庚、侯少文,「在改革開放中加強黨的領導」,夏禹龍、顧肖榮主編,20年來中國政治體制改革和民主法治建設(重慶:重慶出版社,1999年),頁219-240。
    俞雨霖,「黨政」,吳安家主編,中共政權四十年的回顧與展望(臺北:國立政治大學國際關係研究中心,1990年),頁67-118。
    俞雨霖,「一九七八年後中共的軍政關係的結構與趨勢」,林長盛編,解放軍的現狀與未來(臺北:桂冠圖書公司,1993年),頁19-52。
    俞雨霖,「中共軍人政治角色之研究」,林長盛編,解放軍的現狀與未來(臺北:桂冠圖書公司,1993年),頁127-165。
    施澤淵,「中國大陸深化軍隊改革-強化軍事投送能力」,李本京主編,兩岸不能打仗-俄烏戰爭的教訓(臺北:中華戰略學會、世界大同文創公司,2022年),頁20-67。
    段復初,「中共十六大後的黨軍關係-新模式的觀察」,政治作戰學校軍事社會科學研究中心編印,軍事社會科學的功能與運用(上冊)(臺北:政治作戰學校軍事社會科學研究中心,2004年),頁73-118。
    高文謙,「中共黨史研究評述」,行政院大陸委員會編,中國大陸研究基本手冊(上册)(臺北:行政院大陸委員會,2002年),頁3.1-3.51。
    高輝,「關於江澤民接班問題分析」,中國大陸研究學會編輯,江澤民政權與兩岸關係論文集(臺北:中國大陸研究學會,1996年),頁63-72。
    莫大華、段復初、鞠德風,「中共軍事改革的變與常:鄧、江、胡軍事指導理論的分析」,楊開煌主編,中國改革開放三十年論文集(臺北:問津堂書局、中國大陸研究學會,2009年),頁385-418。
    習近平,「在中央軍委擴大會議上的講話(2012)」,中央軍委政治工作部編,習近平論強軍興軍(北京:中央軍委政治工作部,2017年),頁36-56。
    習近平,「堅持黨在新形勢下的強軍目標,努力建設鞏固國防和強大軍隊」,中央軍委政治工作部編,習近平論強軍興軍(北京:中央軍委政治工作部,2017年),頁467-474。
    陳德禹,「研究方法(三):社會科學領域」,朱浤源主編,撰寫博碩士論文實戰手冊(臺北:正中書局,1999年),頁180-198。
    寇健文,「中共與蘇共高層政治的演變、軌跡、動力與影響」,徐斯儉、吳玉山著,黨國蛻變:中共政權的菁英與政策(臺北:五南圖書出版公司,2007年),頁93-141。
    張天霖,「對中共重新強調現代化建軍方針之研析」,林長盛編,解放軍的現狀與未來(臺北:桂冠圖書公司,1993年),頁3-18。
    黃宗鼎、曾偉峯、龔祥生、陳穎萱、洪子傑,「習近平核心的中共政治發展」,歐錫富、黃宗鼎主編,2018中共政軍發展評估報告(臺北:國防安全研究院,2018年12月),頁5-38。
    鄧小平,「軍隊要服從整個國家建設大局」,建設有中國特色的社會主義(廣東:人民出版社,1984年),頁69-72。
    鄧小平,「第三代領導集體的當務之急」(1989年6月16日),鄧小平文選(第三卷)(北京:人民出版社,1993年),頁310-311。
    鄧小平,「會見參加中央軍委擴大會議全體同志時的講話」(1989年11月12日),鄧小平文選(第三卷)(北京:人民出版社,1993年),頁332-337。
    鄧小平,「在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的談話要點」(1992年1月18日-2月28日),鄧小平文選(第三卷)(北京:人民出版社,1993年),頁370-381。
    鄧小平,「黨和國家領導制度的改革」(1980年8月18日),鄧小平文選(第二卷)第二版(北京:人民出版社,1994年),頁321-341。
    鄧小平,「貫徹調整方針,保證安定團結」(1980年12月25日),鄧小平文選(第二卷)第二版(北京:人民出版社,1994年),頁361-365。
    歐錫富、周若敏,「中國軍事改革」,歐錫富、黃宗鼎主編,2018中共政軍發展評估報告(臺北:國防安全研究院,2018年12月),頁39-56。
    (四)研討會論文
    王韻,「社會情勢總結與預判」,發表於2022年中國大陸情勢總結與未來發展趨勢觀察學術研討會(臺北:國立政治大學東亞研究所、中共研究雜誌社主辦,2023年1月11日),頁16-25。
    (五)報刊文章
    「中央軍委下發『中央軍委關於深化國防和軍隊改革的意見』」,解放軍報(北京),2016年1月1日, 第1版。
    「中央軍委印發《現役軍官管理暫行條例》及相關配討法規」,人民日報(北京),2021年1月2日,第1版。
    「中國共產黨第二十次全國代表大會通過關於《中國共產黨章程(修正案)的決議》」,人民日報(北京),2022年10月23日,第2版。
    王文孝,「台灣軍力『和統』戒心極重」,星島日報(香港),1995年3月2日, A10版。
    朱建陵,「安排權力交班江澤民仿效鄧小平做法」,中國時報(臺北),1999年10月6日,第14版。
    朱海文,「從百年黨史中深刻把握黨指揮槍的必然邏輯」,解放軍報(北京),2021年11月22日,第7版。
    安東華,「黨的九大、十大、十一大:特殊年代的黨代會」,學習時報(北京),2022年7月22日,第5版。
    洪向華,「堅定擁護“兩個確立”、堅決做到“兩個維護”」,光明日報(北京),2023年2月7日,第1版。
    「軍隊要為改革開放發展經濟『保駕護航』」,解放軍報(北京),1992年3月24日,第1版。
    「軍委機關調整組建任務基本完成」,人民日報(北京),2016年1月12日,第2版。
    「習近平主持召開中央軍委深化國防和軍隊改革領導小組第一次全體會議」,解放軍報(北京),2014年3月16日,第1版。
    「習近平在中央軍委改革會議上強調-全面實施改革強軍戰略、堅定不移走中國特色強軍之路」,解放軍報(北京),2015年11月27日,第1版。
    「習近平在慶祝中國共產黨成立100周年大會上的講話」,人民日報(北京),2021年7月2日,第1版。
    「培養和造就千百萬無產階級革命接班人」,人民日報(北京),1964年8月3日,第1版。
    「經黨中央、中央軍委批准新修訂的《軍隊政治工作條例》頒布」,解放軍報(北京),2021年2月19日,第1版。
    二、英文部分
    (一)專書
    Allison, Graham T., Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1971).
    Balasko, Dennis, The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century (New York, NY: Routledge, 2006).
    Bendix, Reinhard, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977).
    Bereday, George Z. F., Comparative Method in Education (New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc, 1964).
    Blackwill, Robert D. and Philip D. Zelikow, The United States, China, and Taiwan: A Strategy to Prevent War, Council Special Report, No.90(New York, NY: Council on Foreing Relations, 2021).
    Bo, Zhiyue, China’s Elite Politics:Political Transition and Power Balancing (Singapore: World Scientific, 2007).
    Browning, Gary, Abigail Halcli, and Frank Webster, Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1999).
    Bryman, Alan, Quantity and Quality in Social Research (London, UK: Routledge, 1993).
    Bullard, Monte R., China’s Political-Military Evolution: The Party and the Military in the PRC,1960 -1984(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985).
    Caro, Robert A., The Passage of Power (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012).
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    Kiselycznyk, Michael and Phillip C. Saunders, “Assessing Chinese Military Transparency,” in INSS China Strategic Perspectives, No.1(Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2010), pp.1-49.
    Kiselycznyk, Michael and Phillip C. Saunders, “Civil-Military Relations in China: Assessing the PLA’s Role in Elite Politics,” in INSS China Strategic Perspectives, No.2 (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2012), pp.1-22.
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    Marin, Alexandra and Barry Wellman, “Social Network Analysis: An Introduction,” in John Scott and Peter J. Carrington eds., The SAGE Handbook of Social Network Analysis (London: Sage, 2011), pp.11-25.
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    (四)研討會論文
    Mulvenon, James C., “An Uneasy Bargain : Party-Military Relations in Post-Deng China,” paper presented at the National Association of Asian Studies Conferences (Boston: NAAS,1999), pp.1-46.
    Description: 博士
    國立政治大學
    東亞研究所
    104260502
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104260502
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[東亞研究所] 學位論文

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