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| Title: | 中亞志願者加入「伊斯蘭國」之研究
A Study for Central Asian Volunteers Joining ISIS |
| Authors: | 陳鈺淇
Chen, Yu-Chi |
| Contributors: | 魏百谷
Wei, Bai-Ku
陳鈺淇
Chen, Yu-Chi |
| Keywords: | 激進化
安全化
伊斯蘭國
恐怖主義
社會排斥
Radicalization
Securitization
ISIS
Terrorism
Social exclusion |
| Date: | 2023 |
| Issue Date: | 2023-09-01 16:33:10 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 中亞人民加入「伊斯蘭國」 的志願者在該組織人數中佔有相當比例，2016至 2017 年間，由中亞人民及僑民發動的恐怖攻擊事件引發學界對該區域宗教恐怖主義發展的辯論。本研究基於激進化的層次分析模型，輔以社會運動和社會心理學理論，以跨學科的方式研究中亞人民加入「伊斯蘭國」推力與拉力因素之間的因果機制，將研究焦點著重在個/群體之間共同的不滿(grievance)丶集體的經驗以及激進化發生的環境，並研究「伊斯蘭國」的意識形態及如何運用社群媒體及線下招募方式構成對中亞人民的吸引力，期能助於釐清該區域安全威脅的真實性。
研究發現在「伊斯蘭國」宣傳敘事構築下，中亞志願者認為「伊斯蘭國」是一新穎而理想的政治秩序。區域內部的結構性推力因素是中亞政權為穩固統治合法性，封閉政治訴求管道的壓制性手段，加上長久未解決的族群、社會經濟問題與政權的腐敗行徑引起人民不滿。而俄羅斯作為激進化有利環境(radical milieu)，中亞移工在受到社會排斥後為降低壓力，選擇該組織招募者所提供的物質及心理上的支持作為應對策略，經由同儕團體及社會學習作用，促使中亞人民採取實際行動，加入該組織。宗教在中亞人民的激進化只是促成因素，中亞安全威脅應著重研究激進主義的伊斯蘭化，而非伊斯蘭的激進化。
The ranks of volunteers from Central Asia who joined the folds of ISIS constituted a notable contingent within the organization. Between 2016 and 2017, a series of terroristic incidents instigated by individuals and expatriates from Central Asia sparked a scholarly discourse regarding the evolution of religious terrorism in that region. The ultimate aspiration of this research is to shed luminance upon the authenticity of security threats prevailing within this region.
This study based on radicalization analysis, supplemented with socio-psychological and social movement theories, employs an interdisciplinary approach to delve into the causal mechanisms linking push and pull factors behind Central Asian involvement in ISIS. The research centers its focus on shared grievances, collective experiences, and the milieu in which radicalization takes root. Furthermore, it investigates the ideological underpinnings ISIS and its adept utilization of social media and offline recruitment to construct a compelling allure for Central Asian.
The study unravels that beneath the constructed narratives of ISIS propaganda, volunteers from Central Asia perceive ISIS as an innovative and ideal political order. Within the regional, Central Asian authorities employ repressive measures to consolidate their rule`s legitimacy and stifle avenues for political expression. This is compounded by unresolved ethnic and socio-economic issues along with corruption, all of which stoke the flames of discontent among the populace.
Outside the region, Russia emerges as a radical milieu, providing fertile ground for extremist ideologies to take root. Central Asian migrant workers, having experienced social exclusion, constantly under pressures. They find solace and material sustenance within the offerings provided by the recruiters of ISIS, thus choosing this path as a strategy for coping. Facilitated by the camaraderie of peer groups and the tenets of social learning, these circumstances propel the people of Central Asia to transition from contemplation to concrete action, aligning themselves with the folds of the organization. |
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Turaeva, Rano, 2019, “Imagined mosque communities in Russia: Central Asian migrants in Moscow,” Asian Ethnicity, Vol. 20, No.10, , pp.131-147 ,<https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2018.1525529>.
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(三) 專書
Baran Zeyno, 2004. Hizb ut-Tahrir. Islam’s Political Insurgency. Washington DC: The Nixon center.
Borum, Randy, 2011. Psychology of Terrorism, University of South Forida.
Buzan, Barry & Ole Waever, 2013. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge University Press.
Donatella Della Porta, 1995. Social Movements, Political Violence, and the State. A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany. Cambridge University Press.
Epkenhan, Tim, 2018. Origins of the Civil War in Tajikistan: Nationalism, Islamism, and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Space, Maryland:LEXINGT ON Books.
Khalid, Adeeb, 2007. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. Los Angeles：University of California Press.
Luong, Pauline Jones, 2017. Islam, Society and Politics in Central Asia, University of Pittsburgh Press.
McGlinchey, Eric. M., 2011, Chaos, violence, dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia. Central Eurasia in context. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
Mironova, Vera, 2019, From Freedom Fighters to Jihadists: Human Resources of Non State Armed Groups, Oxford University Press.
Naumkin, Vitaliy, 2005. Radical Islam in Central Asia: Between Pen and Rifle,Maryland:Rowman & Littlefield.
Roy, Oliver, 2007. Secularism Confronts Islam. New York:Columbia University Press.
Roy, Olivier, 2017. Jihad and death : the global appeal of Islamic State, London : Hurst Publishers.
Sageman, Marc, 2004. Understanding Terror Networks. University of Pennsylvania Press .
Schmid, Alex. P., 2011. The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism, Research, London & New York: Routledge.
Van Wie Davies, Elizabeth, 2007. Islam, Oil and Geopolitics: Central Asia After September 11.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
(四)專書論文
Aleef, Dastan, 2021, “Identity and Power—The Discursive Transformation of the Former Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan,” In Mihr, A. eds., Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West. Springer, Cham, pp. 175–193.
Bashirov, Galib, 2018, “Between Strong and Weak Securitization: A Comparative Study of Russian and Turkish Approaches, “in Marlene Laruelle and Caress Schenk eds., Eurasia on the Move: Interdisciplinary Approaches to a Dynamic Migration Region ,Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, Central Asia Program, ,<https://centralasiaprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/migration_final_print.pdf>.
Biard, Aurélie, 2018. Power, “Original” Islam, and the Reactivation of a Religious Utopia in Kara-Suu, Kyrgyzstan,in Laruelle, Marlène eds., Being Muslim in Central Asia: Practices, Politics, and Identities. Leiden:Brill Publishers, pp. 110-129.
Crenshaw, Martha,2001. “Theories of Terrorism: Instrumental and Organizational Approaches,” in David C. Rapoport eds., Inside Terrorist Organizations,.Portland:Frank Cass.
Haerpfer, Christian W., and Kseniya Kizilova, 2020. “Values and Transformation in Central Asia.” in Mihr, Anja eds., Transformation and Development, Berlin:Springer International Publishing, pp. 7–28., <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42775-7_2. >.
Hanks, Reuel, 2015.“ Islamization and Civil Society in Central Asia: Religion as Substrate in Conflict Management and Social Stability”. In C. Ziegler eds., Civil Society and Politics in Central Asia. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Leede, Seran de, 2022. “Female Supporters of Daesh: A Gender Perspective on the Motivating and Catalyzing Factors that Drive Central Asian Women Towards Daesh”,in Peter Knoope and Seran de Leede eds., Negotiating Gender in Central Asia: The Effect of Gender Structures and Dynamics on Violent Extremism,Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, Central Asia Program, pp. 95-114.
Miroslav, Tížik, 2012. “Religion and national identity in an enlarging Europe,” in Franz Höllinger and Markus Hadler eds., Crossing borders, shifting boundaries: National and Transnational Identities in Europe and beyond, Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
Rustamjon, Urinboyev, 2021. “Uzbek Migrant Workers in Russia: A Case Study.” in Migration and Hybrid Political Regimes: Navigating the Legal Landscape in Russia, 1st ed., University of California Press, pp. 48–61. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1f8850t.7>.
Rustamjon, Urinboyev, 2022. “Parallel Worlds of Uzbek Migrants in Russia and Turkey. In: The Political Economy of Non-Western Migration Regimes. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. ,<https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99256-9_3>.
(五)網路資料
Atran, Scott, 2010/03/10. “Pathways to and from violent extremism: The case for science-based field research,” Statement Before the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats & Capabilities,<https://hal.science/ijn_00505380>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Angus, Chris, 2016/02. “Radicalisation and Violent Extremism: Causes and Responses,” NSW Parliamentary Research Service, <https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/radicalisation-and-violent-extremism-causes-and-/Radicalisation%20eBrief.pdf>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Botobekov, Uran, 2016/09/20. Central Asian Children Cast as ISIS Executioners, The Diplomat, <https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/central-asian-children-cast-as-isis-executioners>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Berger, Martin, 2016/07/19. “Radical Islamic Terrorism Spreading Across Central. Asia Like Fire,” New Eastern watch, < https://journal-neo.org/2016/07/19/radical-terrorism-is-spreading-across-central-asia-as-fire/>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Bleuer, Christian, 2020/02/25. The Exaggerated Threat of Islamist Militancy in. Central Asia, World politics review, <https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/the-exaggerated-threat-of-islamist-militancy-in-central-asia/>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Baisalov, Ermek, 2020/07/23. “What is the Situation with Religious Education in Central Asia? Interview with Sebastien Peyrouse,” Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting, <https://cabar.asia/en/what-is-the-situation-with-r eligious-education-in-central-asia-interview-with-sebastien-peyrouse>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Cooney, Clarissa, 2019/10/08. “Does poverty result in violent extremism?,The Borgen Project, <https://borgenproject.org/does-poverty-result-in-violent-extremism/>.Accessed 13 June 2023.
CABAR, 2020/09/22. “Nation-building in Central Asia in the 30th anniversary of the independence. Interview with Helge Blakkisrud,” CABAR, <https://cabar.asia/en/nation-building-in-central-asia-in-the-30th-anniversary-of-the-independence-interview-with-helge-blakkisrud>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Farrell, William B., 2015/06/28. “Central Asia’s Moment of Instability,” The Diplomat, <https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/central-asias-moment-of-instability/>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Goble, Paul, 2014/04/17, Immigrants Will Form Half of Russian Federation’s Population in 2050, Experts Say, The interpreter, <https://www.interpretermag.com/immigrants-will-form-half-of-russian-federations-population-in-2050-experts-say/>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Hudson, Michael, 2021/10/18. “Central Asia’s neoliberal tragedy,”MR Online,
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Heathershaw, John, & Edward Lemon, 2017/05/02. “How can we explain radicalisation among Central Asia’s migrants?” Open Democracy, <https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/can-we-explain-radicalisation-among-central-asia-s-migrants/>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
International Crisis Group, 2003/07/10. “Central Asia: Islam and the State,” Crisis group,<https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/central-asia/uzbekistan/central-asia-islam-and-state>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
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Kislov, Daniil and Ernest Zhanaev, 2017/12/04. “Russia: Xenophobia and vulnerability of migrants from Central Asia,” The Foreign Policy Centre, <https://fpc.org.uk/russia-xenophobia-vulnerability-migrants-central-asia/>
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Meltzer, Christine E.et.al, 2017. “Media Effects on Attitudes toward Migration and Mobility in the EU:A Comprehensive Literature Review,”REMINDER project,<https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1140690/FULLTEXT01.pdf>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Neumann, Peter R., 2015/01/26. “Foreign fighter total in Syria/Iraq now exceeds. 20,000; surpasses Afghanistan conflict in the 1980s,” ICSR, <https://icsr.info/2015/01/26/foreign-fighter-total-syriairaq-now-exceeds-20000-surpasses-afghanistan-conflict-1980s/>.Accessed 13 June 2023.
Oppelaar ,Iris, 2017/03/08, “Central Asia and Islamic State: The Russian Connection,” The Diplomat, <https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/central-asia-and-islamic-state-the-russian-connection/>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Putz, Catherine, 2021/10/14. “Who Are Uzbekistan’s Remaining Religious Prisoners?” The Diplomat, <https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/who-are-uzbekistans-remaining-religious-prisoners/>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Peterson, Scott, 2004/04/05. “Why Uzbek women opt for bombs, ”The Christian Science Monitor, <https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0405/p01s04-wosc.html>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
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Raissova, Zulfiya, 2020/02/13. “Trends in Modern Labor Migration in Central Asia,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting Central Asian Bureau of Analytical Reporting. <https://cabar.asia/en/trends-in-modern-labor-migration-in-central-asia>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
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(六)新聞
Andijan Massacre Linked to Local Power Struggle,2005/09/29,Eurasianet,
<https://eurasianet.org/andijan-massacre-linked-to-local-power-struggle-source>.
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Bekmurzaev, Nurbek, 2022/10/17, Kyrgyzstan: Religious history course hampered. by lackluster materials and teachers,eurasianet,<https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-religious-history-course-hampered-by-lackluster-materials-and-teachers>.
Accessed 13 June 2023.
Ibraimov, Bakyt, Hamid Tursunov, 2014/03/24. Russian Blacklist Keeps Central. Asian Migrants Out, euraasianet, <https://eurasianet.org/russian-blacklist-keeps-central-asian-migrants-out>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Paraszczuk, Joanna, 2015/06/20, “Leave Nusra, Join IS,’ Uzbek Militant Urges In. New IS Video,” Radio Free Europe, <https://www.rferl.org/amp/islamic-state-video-urges-uzbeks-others-to-leave-al-nusra-front/27082876.html>.
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Stavridis, James, 2019/04/24. “Sri Lanka Attacks Mark the Birth of Terrorism 3.0.” bloomberg, <https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-04-23/sri-lanka-attacks-mark-the-birth-of-terrorism3-0>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Sputnik, 2015/09/15. “CSTO Thwarts 50,000 ISIL Recruitment Websites in Central Asia”, Sputnik,<https://sputnikglobe.com/20150915/1027014422.html>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Toktogul, Kakchekeyev, 2010/03/06. “IMU said to seek control over Central Asia,” central asia online,<http://centralasiaonline.com/cocoon/caii/xhtml/en_GB/feat ures/caii/features/main/2010/07/27/feature-02>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Turovsky, Daniil, 2015/05/05. “Congratulations, your brother’s become a martyr’.How Moscow’s migrant workers became Islamic State fighters,”The Guardian,<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/05/isis-russia-syria-islamic-extremism>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
The Moscow Times, 2014/09/23. “ Over 4 Million Immigrants Live in Russia Illegally, Official Says,” The Moscow Times, <https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/09/23/over-4-million-immigrants-live-in-russia-illegally-official-says-a39675>. Accessed 13 June 2023.
Wagner, Meg, 2014/08/24. “Apparent ISIS terrorists take photos with Nutella to seem softer, friendlier to West,” Daily News, <https://www.nydailynews.com/ne w s/world/isis-fighters-photos-nutella-friendly-article-1.1914450>. Accessed 13 June 2023. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
中東與中亞研究碩士學位學程
106560002 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0106560002 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [中東與中亞研究碩士學位學程] 學位論文
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