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    题名: 永續轉型歷程中創新類型與社會科技體制的互動與變遷─以丹麥能源轉型與風機產業為例
    The Interactions and Changes of Innovation Types and Socio-technical Regime in Sustainability Transitions Process: A Case Study of Danish Energy Transition and Wind Turbine Industry
    作者: 王政憲
    Wang, Jeng-Shian
    贡献者: 許牧彥
    Hsu, Mu-Yen
    王政憲
    Wang, Jeng-Shian
    关键词: 波特假說
    永續轉型
    社會科技體制
    創新類型
    創新政策
    Porter hypothesis
    Sustainability transitions
    Socio-technical regime
    Innovation types
    Innovation policies
    日期: 2021
    上传时间: 2021-09-02 18:11:24 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 產業在經歷永續轉型如何同時兼顧環境保護與經濟競爭力？這是 Michael Porter 與 Claas van der Linde 於 1995 年所發表的論文的探討核心，後繼學者將其整理歸納為著名的「波特假說」。然而遺憾的是，如此理想性的期待，近三十年來卻少有實質性的內容補充。對此，本研究認為基進式創新是達成雙贏局面的關鍵。本研究的貢獻之一在於，以社會科技轉型的理論模型來彌補此文獻空缺，藉此重新檢視波特假說中所探討的幾個問題。同時我也發現轉型研究中缺乏對於「創新類型」的關照，因此本研究的另一貢獻在於釐清創新的類型，並探討產業在經歷永續轉型的過程中，創新類型、轉型路徑與雙贏局面之間的關聯。這些貢獻能適度彌補波特假說與社會科技轉型在理論上的不足。
    為了探究環境保護與經濟競爭力的雙贏局面如何發生，本研究選擇一個成功的歷史個案：以丹麥自 1972-2019 年間推動的能源產業轉型和風電設備產業發展為例。透過彙整大量的質性次級文獻，本研究將呈現此段期間所發生的關鍵事件、政策轉變、以及參與者互動等；接著使用多種量化數據來源，分析丹麥的電力產業的雙贏局面如何達成，以及風電設備產業在先行者優勢的建立。本研究得到的結果如下：首先，本研究發現創新類型中的基進式／分隔式創新為促成雙贏局面的關鍵。其次，永續轉型往往是以社會科技體制的根本翻轉為目標，進行逐步的調整──以轉型路徑來看，便是以「體制破壞」為最終目標，進行「體制延展」。由於任何轉型都會涉及既得利益的變動，因此一個穩定、可預測、逐步調整的轉型過程，似乎是造就產業在轉型後仍能保有經濟競爭力、同時達到環境保護的關鍵。最後，政府所提供的支持政策依照創新類型而有所差異。此外本研究也補充了先行者優勢的形成機制，並說明科技推力與需求拉力政策的併用對於延續先行者優勢的重要性，藉此指出波特假說中狹義強版本的論述瑕疵。
    How the industry make great balance on the environmental protection and economic competitiveness during the sustainability transitions is a core question that was explored by Michael Porter and Claas van der Linde in Journal of Economic Perspective, 1995; and it has come to be known as the "Porter hypothesis.” Such ideal expectancy, however, have unfortunately not been substantively complemented in the past 30 years. This study stresses that radical innovation is a critical point for achieving the win-win situation. One of the contributions of this study is to fill the research gap with socio-technical transitions theory, thereby revisiting several issues discussed in Porter hypothesis. I also find that there are a handful of discussions among the “innovation types” in the transition studies. So the other contribution of this study is to clarify the innovation types, and explore the relationship between innovation types, transition pathways and win-win situations in sustainability transitions process. These contributions can moderately make up for the theoretical shortcomings of both Porter hypothesis and socio-technical transitions theory.
    In order to explore how the win-win situation of environmental protection and economic competitiveness occurred, this study selects a successful historical case: the Danish energy transitions and wind power equipment industry development from 1972 to 2019. By compiling a large number of qualitative secondary literature, this research will try to present the key events, policy changes, and interactions among actors that occurred during this period; then, using a variety of quantitative data sources, analyze how Danish electricity sector achieve the win-win situation, and the establishment of the “first-mover advantage” in the wind power equipment industry. Here are pieces of our findings: First, we find that radical/segmenting innovation in the innovation types is a key to achieve a win-win situation. Secondly, sustainability transitions are often aimed at the fundamentally transition, and gradual adjustments are carried out. By the words of transition pathway, industries would conduct the “regime extension” with the ultimate goal of “regime disruption.” Any transition will involve changes in vested interests, so a stable, predictable, and gradual adjustment process seems to be the key to maintaining the economic competitiveness and environmental protection. Finally, the support policies provided by the government vary according to the innovation types. Moreover, this study also supplements the formation mechanism of the first-mover advantage, and explains the importance of the combined use of technology-push and demand-pull policies for the continuation of the first mover advantage, thereby pointing out the flaws in the narrowly strong version of the Porter hypothesis.
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    科技管理與智慧財產研究所
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