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    Title: 析論歐盟多層次治理中的境外治理—以歐盟地中海政策為例
    EU multi-level governance in external governance: the case of EU mediterranean policies
    Authors: 柯俊廷
    Ke, Jiun-Ting
    Contributors: 甘逸驊
    Kan, Yi-Hua
    柯俊廷
    Ke, Jiun-Ting
    Keywords: 多層次治理
    境外治理
    歐盟地中海政策
    地中海聯盟
    Multilevel governance
    External governance
    EU mediterranean policy
    Date: 2017
    Issue Date: 2017-03-01 17:32:16 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 　　歐盟多層次治理由超國家歐盟機構、國家、跨國家網絡與次國家代表團體串聯而成，此四層次行為者緊密相關並互動產出歐盟政策。此模式進而延伸至歐盟境外治理，使得管制(regulation)增加，區域無政府狀態也漸趨向制度化(institutionalized)。三大同步進展的推動力導致歐盟多層次治理。其一，歐盟公民共享世界觀形塑出歐盟內部一致性；其二，歐盟中央化(centralize)成員國不能或不願治理之議題領域；其三，歐盟分裂化(fragmentate)其治理權威予跨國家網絡與次國家代表團體。歐盟境外治理以其周邊為主，其面向潛在會員國的擴大政策(enlargement policy)將區域和平共榮區大幅擴張，為國際關係史上的巨大成就。同時，歐盟對於非潛在會員國的境外治理行為模式漸受關注。此即會籍條件性(membership conditionality)與政策條件性(policy conditionality)的比較。

    　　歐盟地中海政策即歐盟對於非潛在會員國境外治理的個案。相較於以中東北非區域或非洲區域為整體，地中海區域主義更加密切，並因而有其研究價值。歐盟作為成員國集體行動的代理人(agent)，在歐盟地中海政策的推展中，也漸產生前述的多層次治理模式。本文對歐盟地中海政策網絡進行檢驗，並發現其與主權國家的外交政策的相異性。就低主權爭議性而言，跨國家與次國家層次有效迴避殖民遺緒爭議與干涉內政疑慮；就高政策滲透性而言，跨國與地方網絡易於串聯滲透至地中海區域公民社會、企業及地方代表機構之中，有助於促成文化同質性與共同生活經驗，並從根本上促進和平共榮區的目標；就低強制性而言，歐盟地中海政策中的共有制(co-ownership)精神，國家、跨國家與次國家層次的自願參與及水平式合作，都使得地中海夥伴國較以往更願意納入歐盟地中海政策的治理網絡之中。
    EU multilevel governance consists of supranational institutions, nation states, transnational advocacy networks and subnational representative bodies. The interplay of these four levels contributes to EU policies, and even EU external governance, which mainly focuses on its neighborhood. EU enlargement policy toward potential member states successfully expands EU area of peace and prosperity. Meanwhile, EU external governance in non-potential member states become systematic and obvious. EU Mediterranean policy is a case of EU external governance in non-potential member states. Compared to the development of regionalism in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) or Africa, regionalism across Mediterranean Sea is much stronger and thus worth more researches. EU promotes its Mediterranean policy in a way of multilevel governance as well, especially after Arab uprising in 2011 as EU starts to cooperate more with legislatures and non-governmental organizations in Mediterranean regions instead of depending on governments there.

    This thesis examines the networks of EU Mediterranean policy and figures out that they are different from diplomatic policies of sovereign states. First, they involve less sovereignty issues since transnational and subnational level effectively avoid post-colonial disputes and intervention concerns. Second, they are highly accessible because of their strong connections with civil society, enterprises and local representative bodies in the Mediterranean region. Third, they uphold principle of co-ownership and political pluralism and participants are thus more willing to join the policy networks.
    Reference: 壹、中文部分

    一、 個人專書

    劉文秀，歐盟的超國家治理（北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2009年），頁29-47。

    二、 專書論文集

    卓忠宏，「歐盟地中海政策的歷史發展與建構模式」，收於蘇宏達編，歐洲聯盟的歷史發展與理論辯論（臺北，國立台灣大學出版中心：2011年），頁457-470。
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    三、 期刊論文

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    四、 研究報告

    吳東野，歐洲聯盟的外部治理: 外交暨安全政策的規範選擇(II)，（台北：中華民國行政院科技部，專題研究計畫成果報告編號：NSC 100-2410-H-004-088-MY2，2013年）。

    五、 研討會論文

    卓忠宏，「歐洲聯盟之地中海區域政策─從巴塞隆納進程分析」，全球化、歐洲化、在地化學術研討會論文集，南華大學歐洲研究所(2003)，頁39-41。

    六、 網路資料

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    四、 研究報告

    Attinà, Fulvio, “The Building of Regional Security Partnership and the Security Culture Divide in the Mediterranean Region,” Institute of European Studies Working Papers, No. AY0405-8 (2004), pp. 1-26
    Balfour, Rosa, “EU conditionality after the Arab Spring,” PapersIEMed, No. 16, joint series with EuroMesCo (2012), pp. 6-33.
    Bergasse, Emmanuel, Wojciech Paczynski, Marek Dabrowski, and Luc Dewulf, “The Relationship between Energy and Economic and Social Development in the Southern Mediterranean,” MEDPRO Technical Report, No. 27 (2013), pp. 2-26.
    Wolff, Sarah, “Migration and Refugee Governance in the Mediterranean: Europe and International Organisations at a Crossroads,” Istituto Affari Internazionali Working Papers, No. 15/42 (2015), pp. 1-25.

    五、 官方網路資料

    DESERTEC, “About the DESERTEC-Foundation,” DESERTEC, < http://www.desertec.org/#!about-desertec/swlxg >, Accessed on 09/08/2016.
    DESERTEC-Africa, “Africa as Clean Energy Power House,” DESERTEC-Africa, < http://www.desertec-africa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25:africa-as-clean-energy-power-house&catid=5:desertec-africa >, Accessed on 09/08/2016.
    Erasmus+, “Participating Countries,” Erasmus+, < https://www.erasmusplus.org.uk/participating-countries >, Accessed on 04/08/2016.
    Erasmus+, “What Is the Aim?” Erasmus+, < https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/opportunities-for-organisations/innovation-good-practices/capacity-building-higher-education_en >, Accessed on 04/08/2016.
    European Commission Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA), “Tempus IV (2007-2013): Overview of the Programme,” European Commission Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency, < http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/tempus/programme/about_tempus_en.php >, Published on 12/12/2013.
    European Commission Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA), “Tempus Higher Education Reform Experts (HEREs),” European Commission Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency, < http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/tempus/programme/heres_en.php >, Published on 18/11/2015.
    European Commission Environment, “Financial Support for European Environmental Organisations,” European Commission Environment, < http://ec.europa.eu/environment/funding/finansup_arch.htm >, Published on 08/06/2016.
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    erasmus-plus/sites/erasmusplus/files/library//mobility-faqs_en.pdf >, Published on 10/2015.
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    European Commission, “European Union Restrictive Measures (Sanctions) in Force,” European External Action Service, < https://eeas.europa.eu/cfsp/sanctions/docs/
    measures_en.pdf >, pp. 60-61, Published on 07/07/2016.
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    六、 一般網路資料

    “Atlas of the Ottoman Empire,” Wikimedia Commons, < https://commons.wikimedia.org/
    wiki/Atlas_of_the_Ottoman_Empire > Accessed on 03/04/2016.
    “Mapping Mediterranean Migration,” BBC NEWS, < http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24521614 > Published on 15/09/2014.
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    “Morocco Trade, Exports and Imports,” Economy Watch, < http://www.economywatch.com/
    world_economy/morocco/export-import.html > Published on 30/03/2010.
    Afsaruddin, Asma, “Islamic Societies of the Middle East and North Africa: Religion, History, and Culture,” University of Notre Dame, < http://zyzx.haust.edu.cn/moocresource/data/20091107/U/NotreDame20090001/arabic-and-middle-east-studies/islamic-societies-of-the-middle-east-and-north/lectures/lecture-4.htm> Accessed on 10/04/2016.
    Asceles, “The Middle East and North Africa,” Middle East and North Africa Studies at Queens College, < http://mes.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2013/12/19/mean/> Published on 19/12/2013.
    Casillas, Peter, “Middle East Countdown to WWI,” A Cartoon History of the Middle East, < http://mideastcartoonhistory.com/1853-1916/1853E.html > Accessed on 10/04/2016.
    Daly, John C.k., “Is the Nabucco Pipeline Worth the Projected $11.4 Billion?” Hard Assets, < http://www.resourceinvestor.com/2010/01/03/nabucco-pipeline-worth-projected-114-billion >, Published on 04/01/2010.
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    Nacu, Andrei, “The Middle East and North Africa,” Ancient History, < http://www.ancient.eu/image/266/> Published on 26/04/2012.

    參、法文部分

    一、 專書論文集

    Moisseron, Jean-Yves, “Un Nouveau Paradigme dans le Partenariat Euro-Méditerranéen,” dans Behr Timo, Young Richard et Jean-Yves Moisseron, eds., Union pour la Méditerranée: Perspectives d’Avenir, (Brussels: Union Européenne, 2012), pp.13-19.
    二、 期刊論文

    Bauchard, Denis, “L’Union pour la Méditerranée: Un Défi Européen,” Politique Étrangère, Vol. 2 (2008), pp. 51-57.
    Jamet, Jean-François, “Intégration Régionale : Processus de Barcelone et Union pour la Méditerranée, Quels Scénarios d`Avenir,” Question d’Europe, No. 105 (2008), pp. 1-7.

    三、 網路資料

    Avril, Pierre, “Méditerranée : Bruxelles limite les visées de la France,” Le Figaro, < http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2008/05/20/01003-20080520ARTFIG00300-mediterranee-bruxelles-limite-les-visees-de-la-france.php > Publié le 20/05/2008.
    Bourmaud, François-Xavier, “Hollande renoue le dialogue méditerranéen,” Le Figaro, < http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2012/10/05/01003-20121005ARTFIG00673-hollande-renoue-le-dialogue-mediterraneen.php > Publié le 10/05/2012.
    Mekouar, Hamza, “Tout Ce Qu`il Faut Savoir sur l`Université Euro-Méditerranéenne de Fès” Medias 24, < http://www.medias24.com/SOCIETE/14531-Maroc-Tout-ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-sur-l-Universite-euro-mediterraneenne-de-Fes.html >, Published on 22/09/2014.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系
    103253001
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1032530011
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

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