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    题名: 析論歐盟多層次治理中的境外治理—以歐盟地中海政策為例
    EU multi-level governance in external governance: the case of EU mediterranean policies
    作者: 柯俊廷
    Ke, Jiun-Ting
    贡献者: 甘逸驊
    Kan, Yi-Hua
    柯俊廷
    Ke, Jiun-Ting
    关键词: 多層次治理
    境外治理
    歐盟地中海政策
    地中海聯盟
    Multilevel governance
    External governance
    EU mediterranean policy
    日期: 2017
    上传时间: 2017-03-01 17:32:16 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 　　歐盟多層次治理由超國家歐盟機構、國家、跨國家網絡與次國家代表團體串聯而成，此四層次行為者緊密相關並互動產出歐盟政策。此模式進而延伸至歐盟境外治理，使得管制(regulation)增加，區域無政府狀態也漸趨向制度化(institutionalized)。三大同步進展的推動力導致歐盟多層次治理。其一，歐盟公民共享世界觀形塑出歐盟內部一致性；其二，歐盟中央化(centralize)成員國不能或不願治理之議題領域；其三，歐盟分裂化(fragmentate)其治理權威予跨國家網絡與次國家代表團體。歐盟境外治理以其周邊為主，其面向潛在會員國的擴大政策(enlargement policy)將區域和平共榮區大幅擴張，為國際關係史上的巨大成就。同時，歐盟對於非潛在會員國的境外治理行為模式漸受關注。此即會籍條件性(membership conditionality)與政策條件性(policy conditionality)的比較。

    　　歐盟地中海政策即歐盟對於非潛在會員國境外治理的個案。相較於以中東北非區域或非洲區域為整體，地中海區域主義更加密切，並因而有其研究價值。歐盟作為成員國集體行動的代理人(agent)，在歐盟地中海政策的推展中，也漸產生前述的多層次治理模式。本文對歐盟地中海政策網絡進行檢驗，並發現其與主權國家的外交政策的相異性。就低主權爭議性而言，跨國家與次國家層次有效迴避殖民遺緒爭議與干涉內政疑慮；就高政策滲透性而言，跨國與地方網絡易於串聯滲透至地中海區域公民社會、企業及地方代表機構之中，有助於促成文化同質性與共同生活經驗，並從根本上促進和平共榮區的目標；就低強制性而言，歐盟地中海政策中的共有制(co-ownership)精神，國家、跨國家與次國家層次的自願參與及水平式合作，都使得地中海夥伴國較以往更願意納入歐盟地中海政策的治理網絡之中。
    EU multilevel governance consists of supranational institutions, nation states, transnational advocacy networks and subnational representative bodies. The interplay of these four levels contributes to EU policies, and even EU external governance, which mainly focuses on its neighborhood. EU enlargement policy toward potential member states successfully expands EU area of peace and prosperity. Meanwhile, EU external governance in non-potential member states become systematic and obvious. EU Mediterranean policy is a case of EU external governance in non-potential member states. Compared to the development of regionalism in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) or Africa, regionalism across Mediterranean Sea is much stronger and thus worth more researches. EU promotes its Mediterranean policy in a way of multilevel governance as well, especially after Arab uprising in 2011 as EU starts to cooperate more with legislatures and non-governmental organizations in Mediterranean regions instead of depending on governments there.

    This thesis examines the networks of EU Mediterranean policy and figures out that they are different from diplomatic policies of sovereign states. First, they involve less sovereignty issues since transnational and subnational level effectively avoid post-colonial disputes and intervention concerns. Second, they are highly accessible because of their strong connections with civil society, enterprises and local representative bodies in the Mediterranean region. Third, they uphold principle of co-ownership and political pluralism and participants are thus more willing to join the policy networks.
    參考文獻: 壹、中文部分

    一、 個人專書

    劉文秀，歐盟的超國家治理（北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2009年），頁29-47。

    二、 專書論文集

    卓忠宏，「歐盟地中海政策的歷史發展與建構模式」，收於蘇宏達編，歐洲聯盟的歷史發展與理論辯論（臺北，國立台灣大學出版中心：2011年），頁457-470。
    張台麟，「歐洲聯盟推動建構共同高等教育政策的發展與挑戰：兼論對台灣的比較與借鏡」，收於張台麟編，歐洲聯盟推動建構共同高等教育政策的發展與挑戰：理論與實際（臺北：國立政治大學歐洲語文學系曁歐盟莫內教學模組計畫），頁38-50。

    三、 期刊論文

    王靜雯、嚴震生，「西撒哈拉的獨立建國和外交承認：三層賽局的分析」，全球政治評論，第28期(2009)，頁95-166。
    甘逸驊，「歐洲安全與防衛政策的軍事層面：歐盟的全球戰略地位」，問題與研究，第45卷，第5期(2006)，頁111-136。
    甘逸驊，「歐盟『柔性強權』身份認同的建構與批判」，問題與研究，第46卷第4期（2007），頁1-25。
    朱景鵬，「歐洲聯盟發展合作政策之研究：以地中海夥伴關係建構為例」，遠景季刊，第4卷第4期（2003），頁84-85。
    吳雪鳳，「歐洲統合的地緣政治意涵」，問題與研究，第51卷第3期(2012)，頁55-86。
    沈玄池，「近期歐洲難民問題之根源與發展」，全球政治評論，第52期(2015)，頁1-10。
    貝阿特科勒－科赫(Beate Kohler-Koch)，「轉型視角下的歐洲聯盟治理」，南開學報，第1期(2006)，頁57-60。
    卓忠宏，「地中海聯盟之觀察與解析」，國際關係學報，第27期(2009)，頁230。
    卓忠宏，「歐盟地中海政策」，問題與研究，第43卷第4期(2004)，頁99-113。
    洪美蘭，「從轉型政策效應論獨協國家之顏色革命」，東吳政治學報，第26卷第3期（2008），頁149-196。
    張惠玲，「歐盟『共同外交暨安全政策』之運作理論與發展」，問題與研究，第39卷第11期（2000），頁59-60。
    許耀明，「歐盟國際私法之發展與其對國際法秩序之影響：以歐盟於盧加諾公約與海牙國際私法會議之參與為例」，歐美研究，第44卷，第3期(2014)，頁364。
    陳金貴，「治理之理論與發展」，公共治理季刊，第1卷第1期(2013)，頁25-35。
    曾冠球，「協力治理觀點下公共管理者的挑戰與能力建立」，文官制度季刊，第3卷第1期(2011)，頁27-52。
    黃榮源，「愛爾蘭與北愛爾蘭的跨境合作：以多層次治理模式分析」，競爭力評論，第14期(2011)，頁7-11。
    楊三億，「近期難民潮對中東歐國家與歐盟整合之影響」，全球政治評論，第52期(2015)，頁17-21。
    楊三億，「歐盟對中東地區民主化浪潮之回應」，全球政治評論，第34期(2011)，頁16-20。
    楊逢瑉、張永安，「歐洲治理中貫徹『融合與趨同』的實踐及其意義」，廣東外語外貿大學學報，第18卷第2期(2007)，頁9-12。
    趙永茂、王皓平，「提升我國直轄市治理能力之策略：以當前六都治理困局因應為例」，研考雙月刊，第35卷第6期(2011)，頁10。
    謝晚媖，「綠能大未來—撒哈拉沙漠太陽能發電廠」，能源報導，第31期（2009），頁31-34。
    藍玉春，「歐盟多層次治理：論點與現象」，政治科學論叢，第24期(2005)，頁49-62。
    嚴震生，「非洲聯盟和非洲發展新夥伴計畫」，問題與研究，第46卷第6期(2005)，頁51-52。
    蘇宏達，「從自由政府間主義解析里斯本條約的發展過程」，問題與研究，第49卷第2期(2010)，頁23-31。

    四、 研究報告

    吳東野，歐洲聯盟的外部治理: 外交暨安全政策的規範選擇(II)，（台北：中華民國行政院科技部，專題研究計畫成果報告編號：NSC 100-2410-H-004-088-MY2，2013年）。

    五、 研討會論文

    卓忠宏，「歐洲聯盟之地中海區域政策─從巴塞隆納進程分析」，全球化、歐洲化、在地化學術研討會論文集，南華大學歐洲研究所(2003)，頁39-41。

    六、 網路資料

    彼得·哈恩(Peter L. Hahn)，「改變中東均勢的蘇伊士運河危機」，美國國務院電子期刊(eJournalUSA)，< http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/E-JOURNAL/EJ_ForEvents/hahn.htm > 2006年4月刊登。
    楊明山，「西亞的國家」，認識西亞，<http://www.npf.org.tw/post/1/10617 > 2016年2月19日登入。

    貳、英文部分

    一、 個人專書

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    Kramsch, Olivier and Barbara Hooper, Cross-Border Governance in the European Union, (New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 1-19.
    Krasner, Stephen D., International Regimes, (Ithaca, New York and London: Cornell University Press, 1983).
    Moravcsik, Andrew, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, (Cornell: Cornell University Press, 1998).
    Richardson, Jeremy John and A Grant Jordan, Governing Under Pressure: The Policy Process in a Post-Parliamentary Democracy, (Oxford: Robertson, 1979).
    Rosamond, Ben, Theories of European Integration, (London: Palgrave, 2000), pp.98-129.
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    White, Brian, Understanding European Foreign Policy, (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 1-10.
    Wong, Reuben Yik-Pern, The Europeanization of French foreign policy: France and the EU in East Asia, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp.1-10.

    二、 專書論文集

    Armstrong, Kenneth A., “Inclusive Governance? Civil Society and the Open Method of Co-ordination,” in Stijn Smismans, eds., Civil Society and Legitimate European Governance, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2006), pp.45-51.
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    Benz, Arthur, “The European Union as a Loosely Coupled Multi-level System,” in Henrik Enderlein, Sonja Wälti, and Michael Zürn eds., Handbook on Multi-level Governance, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011), pp.216-218.
    Donchenko, Tviktoriia, “University International Cooperation as a Means for Regional Integration and Development,” in Gabriela Carmen Pascariu, Ramona Țigănașu, Cristian Încalțărău, and Loredana Maria Simionov eds., Regional Developmentand and Integration: New Challenges for the EU, (Iași: Eurint Conference Proceedings, 2015), pp.131-140.
    Fairlie, Lyndelle D., “Multilateral Solutions for Border Management Issues?” in Lyndelle D. Fairlie and Alexander Sergounin eds., Are Borders Barriers? EU Enlargement and the Russian Region of Kaliningrad, (Bonn: Institut für Europäische Politik, 2001), pp. 90-108.
    Fawcett, Louise, “Alliances and Regionalism in the Middle East,” in Louise Fawcett ed., International Relations of the Middle East, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 190.
    Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr., “The Historical Context” in Jillian Schwedler ed., Understanding the Contemporary Middle East, (London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2013), pp. 50-52.
    Hooghe, Liesbet and Gary Marks, “Types of Multi-level Governance,” in Henrik Enderlein, Sonja Wälti, and Michael Zürn, eds., Handbook on Multi-level Governance, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011), pp.17-25.
    Jachtenfuchs, Markus, “The institutional framework of the European Union,” in Henrik Enderlein, Sonja Wälti, and Michael Zürn eds., Handbook on Multi-level Governance, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011), pp.207-208.
    Jora, Silviu, “Melting the Boundaries? Toward a More Effective European Neighborhood Policy” in Kiichiro Yagi and Satoshi Mizobata eds., Melting Boundaries. Institutional Transformation in the Wider Europe, (Kyoto: Kyoto University Press, 2008), pp. 317-332.
    Kempe, Iris, “The Eastern and Southern Dimensions of the European Neighbourhood Policy: Are They Reconcilable?” in Christian-Peter Hanelt and Almut Möller, eds., Bound to Cooperate – Europe and the Middle East II, (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2008), pp.74-91.
    Pace, Michelle, “EMP Cultural Initiatives: What Political Relevance,” in Haizam Amirah Fernández and Richard Young, eds., The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Assessing the First Decade, (Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano, 2005), pp.59-70.
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    Scholte, Jan Aart, “Civil Society in Multi-level Governance,” in Henrik Enderlein, Sonja Wälti, and Michael Zürn, eds., Handbook on Multi-level Governance, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011), pp.383-395.
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    三、 期刊論文

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    Schimmelfennig, Frank and Ulrich Sedelmeier, “Governance by Conditionality: EU Rule Transfer to the Candidate Countries of Central and Eastern Europe,” Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 11, No.4 (2004), pp. 669-687.
    Schimmelfennig, Frank, “Europeanization beyond Europe,” Living Reviews in European Governanc, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2007), pp. 4-18.
    Schmitt, Hermann, “The European Parliament Elections of June 2004: Still Second-Order?” West European Politics, Vol. 28, No. 3 (2005), pp. 650-679.
    Silverstein, Paul A., “France`s Mare Nostrum: Colonial and Post‐colonial Constructions of the French Mediterranean,” The Journal of North African Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4 (2002), pp. 1-8.
    Sjursen, Helene, “Why Expand? The Question of Legitimacy and Justification in the EU’s Enlargement Policy,” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 40, No. 3 (2002), pp. 491-513.
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    Smith, Michael, “Toward a Theory of EU Foreign Policy-making: Multi-level Governance, Domestic Politics, and National Adaptation to Europe`s Common Foreign and Security Policy,” Journal of European Public Policy, Vol.11, No. 4 (2004), pp. 740-758.
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    四、 研究報告

    Attinà, Fulvio, “The Building of Regional Security Partnership and the Security Culture Divide in the Mediterranean Region,” Institute of European Studies Working Papers, No. AY0405-8 (2004), pp. 1-26
    Balfour, Rosa, “EU conditionality after the Arab Spring,” PapersIEMed, No. 16, joint series with EuroMesCo (2012), pp. 6-33.
    Bergasse, Emmanuel, Wojciech Paczynski, Marek Dabrowski, and Luc Dewulf, “The Relationship between Energy and Economic and Social Development in the Southern Mediterranean,” MEDPRO Technical Report, No. 27 (2013), pp. 2-26.
    Wolff, Sarah, “Migration and Refugee Governance in the Mediterranean: Europe and International Organisations at a Crossroads,” Istituto Affari Internazionali Working Papers, No. 15/42 (2015), pp. 1-25.

    五、 官方網路資料

    DESERTEC, “About the DESERTEC-Foundation,” DESERTEC, < http://www.desertec.org/#!about-desertec/swlxg >, Accessed on 09/08/2016.
    DESERTEC-Africa, “Africa as Clean Energy Power House,” DESERTEC-Africa, < http://www.desertec-africa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25:africa-as-clean-energy-power-house&catid=5:desertec-africa >, Accessed on 09/08/2016.
    Erasmus+, “Participating Countries,” Erasmus+, < https://www.erasmusplus.org.uk/participating-countries >, Accessed on 04/08/2016.
    Erasmus+, “What Is the Aim?” Erasmus+, < https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/opportunities-for-organisations/innovation-good-practices/capacity-building-higher-education_en >, Accessed on 04/08/2016.
    European Commission Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA), “Tempus IV (2007-2013): Overview of the Programme,” European Commission Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency, < http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/tempus/programme/about_tempus_en.php >, Published on 12/12/2013.
    European Commission Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA), “Tempus Higher Education Reform Experts (HEREs),” European Commission Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency, < http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/tempus/programme/heres_en.php >, Published on 18/11/2015.
    European Commission Environment, “Financial Support for European Environmental Organisations,” European Commission Environment, < http://ec.europa.eu/environment/funding/finansup_arch.htm >, Published on 08/06/2016.
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    erasmus-plus/sites/erasmusplus/files/library//mobility-faqs_en.pdf >, Published on 10/2015.
    European Commission, “Euro-Mediterranean University (EMUNI)” European Commission Research and Innovation Observatory, < https://rio.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/organisations/euro-mediterranean-university-emuni >, Published on 25/07/2016.
    European Commission, “European Union Restrictive Measures (Sanctions) in Force,” European External Action Service, < https://eeas.europa.eu/cfsp/sanctions/docs/
    measures_en.pdf >, pp. 60-61, Published on 07/07/2016.
    European Commission, “Tunisia,” European Neighbourhood Policy And Enlargement Negotiations, < https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/node/142_fr >, Accessed on 07/02/2017.
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    European External Action Service, “EU Election Observation Missions,” European External Action Service, < http://eeas.europa.eu/eueom/index_en.htm >, Published on 24/07/2012.
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    六、 一般網路資料

    “Atlas of the Ottoman Empire,” Wikimedia Commons, < https://commons.wikimedia.org/
    wiki/Atlas_of_the_Ottoman_Empire > Accessed on 03/04/2016.
    “Mapping Mediterranean Migration,” BBC NEWS, < http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24521614 > Published on 15/09/2014.
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    world_economy/morocco/export-import.html > Published on 30/03/2010.
    Afsaruddin, Asma, “Islamic Societies of the Middle East and North Africa: Religion, History, and Culture,” University of Notre Dame, < http://zyzx.haust.edu.cn/moocresource/data/20091107/U/NotreDame20090001/arabic-and-middle-east-studies/islamic-societies-of-the-middle-east-and-north/lectures/lecture-4.htm> Accessed on 10/04/2016.
    Asceles, “The Middle East and North Africa,” Middle East and North Africa Studies at Queens College, < http://mes.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2013/12/19/mean/> Published on 19/12/2013.
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    Nacu, Andrei, “The Middle East and North Africa,” Ancient History, < http://www.ancient.eu/image/266/> Published on 26/04/2012.

    參、法文部分

    一、 專書論文集

    Moisseron, Jean-Yves, “Un Nouveau Paradigme dans le Partenariat Euro-Méditerranéen,” dans Behr Timo, Young Richard et Jean-Yves Moisseron, eds., Union pour la Méditerranée: Perspectives d’Avenir, (Brussels: Union Européenne, 2012), pp.13-19.
    二、 期刊論文

    Bauchard, Denis, “L’Union pour la Méditerranée: Un Défi Européen,” Politique Étrangère, Vol. 2 (2008), pp. 51-57.
    Jamet, Jean-François, “Intégration Régionale : Processus de Barcelone et Union pour la Méditerranée, Quels Scénarios d`Avenir,” Question d’Europe, No. 105 (2008), pp. 1-7.

    三、 網路資料

    Avril, Pierre, “Méditerranée : Bruxelles limite les visées de la France,” Le Figaro, < http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2008/05/20/01003-20080520ARTFIG00300-mediterranee-bruxelles-limite-les-visees-de-la-france.php > Publié le 20/05/2008.
    Bourmaud, François-Xavier, “Hollande renoue le dialogue méditerranéen,” Le Figaro, < http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2012/10/05/01003-20121005ARTFIG00673-hollande-renoue-le-dialogue-mediterraneen.php > Publié le 10/05/2012.
    Mekouar, Hamza, “Tout Ce Qu`il Faut Savoir sur l`Université Euro-Méditerranéenne de Fès” Medias 24, < http://www.medias24.com/SOCIETE/14531-Maroc-Tout-ce-qu-il-faut-savoir-sur-l-Universite-euro-mediterraneenne-de-Fes.html >, Published on 22/09/2014.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系
    103253001
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1032530011
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[外交學系] 學位論文

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