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    题名: 西方刑事訴訟傳統的形成——基督教對西方早期刑事訴訟的影響
    其它题名: The Making of the Criminal Justice Tradition in the Western Justice Tradition in the Western World: The Impact of Christianity on Early Criminal Justice
    作者: 佀化強
    Si, Hua-Qiang
    关键词: 神明裁判;宣誓審判;西方司法傳統;血腥審判
    Ordeals;Compurgation;Blood Trials
    日期: 2011-02
    上传时间: 2016-05-20 16:06:53 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 西方刑事訴訟傳統，包括司法消極性、超然性、嚴格遵循程式和證據規則、程式形式主義等特徵，都是源於兩個教義：一是基督教對血、流血的禁忌，它不僅將那些不可避免地導致死刑、肢體殘害結果發生的刑事審判視為一種嚴重的、道德方面的死罪，還將法官視為殺人犯，並將在末日審判中受到上帝的懲罰；二是早期拉丁教父安布羅斯、奧古斯丁關於如何將審判、戰爭中的正義殺人與謀殺、道德犯罪區分開來的佈道。基於此，中世紀西歐盛行的神明裁判、司法決鬥、甚至為教會法學家首創的法定證據制度等，都是為法官將可能導致道德犯罪的判決責任推脫、轉嫁給其他的主體，例如上帝、數位、證人、證據規則、程式法律而精心設計的。然而，在保證司法者不介入血腥審判、省卻法官在司法過程中所必需的個人介入——裁判事實問題、法律問題並最終適用法律——的同時，神明裁判、司法決鬥、宣誓制度本身必須被設計成能夠顯示、識別出案件事實、並自動給出判決；基於這兩方面的考量，西方早期訴訟法律的傳統形成了。
    The traditions of western criminal justice, which include the passivity and detachment of judges, an emphasis heavy on rigid procedures, the precise rule of evidence, and the formulism of the process, are all derived from and shaped by two critical doctrines, the first of which is the Christian taboo against bloodshed which not only regards criminal trials involving the loss of life and mutilation as a mortal sin in the afterlife, but also regards the presiding judges as murderers punishable by God on the final Day of Judgment; the second of which is the justified formula given by the early Church Fathers such as St. Ambrose and St. Augustine for the just killing in a criminal trial distinguishable from the murder. Therefore, the varied criminal procedures and the evidence modes, which had predominated during the Middle Ages in the West such as trial by ordeal, judicial combat, compurgation, and even the legal proof system which had originally been created by Church jurists and then, after the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, adopted and prevailed in secular courts, are all designed for criminal judges to shift the possibly mortal sin to other agents such as God, the number, the witnesses, the rule of the evidence and the procedures and so on. It, however, is necessary for the procedures and the evidence rules mentioned above to find out mechanically and manifest the truth of the facts in issue and to automatically give the capital sentences while dispensing with judicial involvement in blood trials which inevitably consist of judicial judgment firstly about the disputed facts and then the substantive crime law and finally the application of the relevant law to the present facts found, thus giving rise to judicial traditions of western law.
    關聯: 法學評論, 119, 63-150
    数据类型: article
    显示于类别:[政大法學評論 TSSCI] 期刊論文

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