政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/85530

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题名:	盧梭論腐化、德行與政治共同體之重建 Rousseau on Corruption, Virtue and the Reconstruction of Political Community
作者:	謝政達 Hsieh, Cheng-Da
贡献者:	蕭高彥謝政達 Hsieh, Cheng-Da
关键词:	盧梭腐化德行公民共和主義財產私愛之心社會契約立法家普遍意志 Jean-Jacques Rousseau corruption virtue civic republicanism property amour propre social contract legislator general will
日期:	2000
上传时间:	2016-04-18 16:33:02 (UTC+8)
摘要:	盧梭的思想內涵豐富，不同學者由於關切的焦點不同，其所研究的主題也各異，例如，有些學者關懷的是盧梭思想在觀念史上的定位與影響，另外有些學者則是關心盧梭思想中的民主或極權成分，但是關於盧梭思想中公民共和主義的要素，則少有人提及。因此，本文的主要論旨即是從公民共和主義的核心觀念──腐化與德行此一角度切入，分析其政治思想。根據此一研究主軸，本文第二章探討的是盧梭思想中的腐化意涵、腐化的歷程，以及造成腐化的各種因素，並將腐化的現象區分成政治腐化與和財產相關的社會腐化。面對這些腐化現象，盧梭是以德行作為對治之道，一方面以德行為標準批判當時政治、社會的腐化，另一方面則是以德行作為理想政治共同體重建的基礎。盧梭的這些想法似乎是深受古典共和主義思想家，以及古斯巴達與羅馬兩共和國影響。關於盧梭德行觀將在本文第三章探討。以德行為基礎的政治共同體重建，將可在盧梭的社會契約理論，以及盧梭為其他國家草擬憲法、改革政制的著作中獲得印證。社會契約接櫫了理想政治共同體的原型，而社會契約的締結與維繫則有賴一位卓然出眾的立法家，他一方面轉化、消除造成腐化的種種因素，另一方面則創造培育德行的環境，使「德行共和國」的理想得以實現。然而並非所有思想家對腐化的思考方向都和盧梭相同，孟德斯鳩與康士坦都提出和盧梭相異的思考，本文最後將探討這些思想家和盧梭思想的差異之處。 The essence of Rousseau‘s thought is rich. A wide variety of focuses are thus occurred due to various scholar’s different concerns. Their research subjects are different too. For example, some scholars concern the position and influence of Rousseau’s thought on the idea of history, while others concern the components of democracy and authoritarianism of his thought. Nevertheless, the concerning of the elements of Rousseau’s thought on civic republicanism is not very prevailing. The main purpose of this thesis is from the core concept of civic republicanism, i.e., corruption and virtue, to analyze Rousseau’s political thought. Based on this research core, the second chapter of this thesis discusses the meaning of corruption, its process and the factors in causing corruption, as well as to divide the phenomena of corruption into political corruption and social corruption which is relevant to property. Rousseau dealt these corrupt phenomena with virtue. One the one hand, he applied virtue as the standard to criticize the contemporary political and social corruption. On the other hand, he applied virtue as the foundation to reconstruct ideal political community. The thought of Rousseau seems to be influenced by the classical republicanism thinkers and the two ancient Republic, i. e., Sparta and Rome Republic. Rousseau’s view toward virtue will be discussed in the third chapter of this thesis. The foundation of reconstructing political community by virtue will be found in Rousseau’s theory of social contract and to be proved in Rousseau’s drafting the manuscript of constitution reform policy for other states. Social contract reveals the stereotype of ideal political community, however, the binding and the maintaining of social contract depends on an outstanding legislator. On the one hand, he transforms and eliminates the various factors of corruption formation. On the other hand, he creates the various environment of virtue cultivation, enforcing the “Republic of virtue” to be realized. Not every thinker’s way of thinking toward corruption is the same with Rousseau. Montesquieu’s and Constant’s thinking are different from Rousseau. The last part of this thesis will discuss the differences among them.
參考文獻:	一、原典部份盧梭(Jean-Jacques Rousseau) Confessions. in The Collected Writings of Rousseau Vol:5, edited by Christopher Kelly, Roger D. Masters and Peter G. Stillman, University Press of New England, 1995. Considerations on the Government of Poland. in Jean Jacques Rousseau: Political Writings, translated and edited by Frederick Watkins, University of Wisconsin Press, 1986. Constitutional Project for Corsica. in Jean Jacques Rousseau: Political Writings, translated and edited by Frederick Watkins, University of Wisconsin Press, 1986. “Discourse on Political Economy,” in The Collected Writings of Rousseau Vol: 3, edited by Roger D. Masters and Christopher Kelly, University Press of New England, 1992. Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality among Men. in Rousseau: The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, edited and translated by Victor Gourevitch, Cambridge University Press, 1997. Discourse on the Sciences and Arts. in Rousseau: The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, edited and translated by Victor Gourevitch, Cambridge University Press, 1997. “Discourse on the Virtue a Hero Most Needs,” in Rousseau: The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, edited and translated by Victor Gourevitch, Cambridge University Press, 1997. Emile. introduction, translation and notes by Allan Bloom, New York: Basic Books. Geneva Manuscript. in The Collected Writings of Rousseau Vol:4, edited by Roger D. Masters and Christopher Kelly, University Press of New England, 1994. On Social Contract. in The Collected Writings of Rousseau Vol:4, edited by Roger D. Masters and Christopher Kelly, University Press of New England, 1994. “Political Fragments,” in The Collected Writings of Rousseau Vol:4, edited by Roger D. Masters and Christopher Kelly, University Press of New England, 1994. Politics and Art: Letter to M. D’Alembert on the Theatre, translated with notes and introduction by Allan Bloom. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1968. “Preface to Narcissus,” in The Collected Writings of Rousseau Vol:2, edited by Roger D. Masters and Christopher Kelly, University Press of New England, 1992. “State of War,” in Rousseau: The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, edited and translated by Victor Gourevitch, Cambridge University Press, 1997. 《一個孤獨漫步者的遐想》。袁筱一(譯)，一九九七年，桂林：漓江出版社。《社會契約論》。何兆武(譯)，一九八七年，台北：唐山出版社。〈科學與藝術的復興是否有助於敦風化俗〉，何兆武(譯)，一九九七年，北京：商務印書館。《新愛洛伊絲》。李平漚、何三雅(譯)，一九九六年，台北：林鬱文化事業有限公司。《論人類不平等的起源和基礎》。李常山(譯)，一九九七年，北京：商務印書館。《愛彌兒：論教育》。李平漚(譯)，一九九六年，北京：商務印書館。《盧梭自選書信集》。劉陽(譯)，一九九七年，南京：譯林出版社。《盧梭散文選》。李平漚(譯)，一九九五年，天津：百花文藝出版社。《懺悔錄》。黎星、范希衡(譯)，一九九八年，北京：人民文學出版社。二、其它相關文獻 (一)中文文獻丁詩韻 1991 《盧梭的自然主義哲學》，台中：私立東海大學哲學研究所碩士論文。托克維爾(TocquevilleAlexis de)著，馮棠(譯) 1994 《舊制度與大革命》，香港：牛津大學出版社。江金太 1987 《歷史與政治》，台北：桂冠圖書公司。江宜樺 1995 〈政治社群與生命共同體—亞里斯多德城邦理論的若干啟示〉，收錄於江宜樺，陳秀容編，《政治社群》，頁39-75。台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所專書(38)。朱堅章 1972 〈盧梭政治思想中自由觀念的分析〉，《國立政治大學學報》第二十六期，頁183-205。沈清松 1995 〈盧梭社會契約論的評析：一個奠基性迷思的轉變〉，收錄於張福建、蘇文流(主編)，《民主理論：古典與現代》，頁51-72。台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所專書(35)。吳榮輝 1986 《盧梭政治理論的研究：民主或極權？》，台北：私立輔仁大學歷史研究所碩士論文。杜蘭 (Durant, Will James)著，幼獅翻譯中心編譯 1978 《盧梭與法國》，台北：幼獅文化公司。韋洪武 1988 《盧梭民主思想之研究》，台北：國立政治大學政治研究所碩士論文。莊志明 1991 《盧梭思想初探：從自然人權利到社會道德的義務》，台北：國立臺灣大學哲學研究所碩士論文。莊國銘 1997 《德性與政治社群—亞里斯多德城邦理論之研究》，政大政治所碩士論文。張少忠 1976 《盧梭在愛彌中教育思想之研究》，台北：私立中國文化大學法國文學研究所。張芝聯(主編) 1989 《法國通史》，北京：北京大學出版社。張福建 1999 〈在自由主義與共和主義之外：梅迪遜早期憲政思想探索〉，發表於中研院社科所主辦「自由主義」學術研討會。6月25-26日。黃素玉 1988 《盧梭學前教育思想之研究》，台北：國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所。楊共樂 1998 《羅馬共和國時期》(下)。北京：商務印書館。蔡英文 1999 〈公民德性、市民社會與主權國家：現代市民社會論述之探討〉，《政治科學論叢》第十期，頁83-112。台北：國立台灣大學政治學系。樓繼中 1995 《盧梭自然教育思想之研究》，台中：私立東海大學哲學研究所。撒路斯提烏斯(C. Sallustius Crispus)著，王以鑄、崔妙因(譯) 1996 《喀提林陰謀、朱古達戰爭》，北京：商務印書館。蕭高彥 1998 〈盧梭論民主共和主義〉，發表於國科會整合型計畫「民主政治理論專題研究」學術研討會。7月31日。 1999 〈盧梭論現代政治秩序──一個政治神學的考察〉，發表於中研院社科所主辦「自由主義」學術研討會。6月25-26日。 (二)英文文獻 Althuser, Louis 1982 Politics and History: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Hegel and Marx.Trans.Ben Brewster. London: Verso. Aristotle 1984a Politics. translated, and with an introduction, notes, and glossary by Carnes Lord. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1984b Aristotle`s Nicomachean Ethics. translation with commentaries and glossary by Hippocrates G. Apostle. Grinnell, Ia.: Peripatetic Press. Barnard, F. M. 1988 Self-Direction and Political Legitimacy: Rousseau and Herder. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University. Bartlett, Robert C. 1994 "The `Realism` of Classical Political Science," American Journal of Political Science, Vol.38, No.2, May 1994:381-402. Blum, Carol 1986 Rousseau and the Republic of Virtue : the Language of Politics in the French Revolution. Ithaca : Cornell University Press. Constant, Benjamin 1993 (1820) “The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns,” Political Writings, ed. & trans. by Fontana, Biancamaria. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Cooper, Laurence D. 1999 Rousseau, Nature, and the Problem of the Good Life. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. Cranston, Maurice 1991a The Noble Savage: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1991b Jean-Jacques: The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1754. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1997 The Solitary Self: Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Exile and Adversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dagger, Richard 1997 Civic Virtues : Rights, Citizenship, and Republican Liberalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Ellison, Charles E. 1991 “The Moral Economy of the Modern City: Reading Rousseau’s Discourse on Wealth,” History of Political Thought, Vol.12, No.2: 253-261. Feinberg, Barbara Silberdick 1993 (1970)”Creativity and the Political Community: The Role of the Lawgiver in the Thought of Plato, Machiavelli and Rousseau,” in S. Mukherjee & S. Ramaswamy(ed.), Great Western Political Thinkers VI. Deep & Deep Publications F-159. Rajouri Garden. pp.607-625. Fralin, Richard 1986 “Rousseau and Community: the Role of Moeurs in Social Change,” History of Political Thought, Vol.XII, No.1: 131-50. Friden, Bertil 1998 Rousseau`s Economic Philosophy: Beyond the Market of Innocents. Dordrecht: Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Grant, Ruth Weissbourd 1997 Hypocrisy and Integrity : Machiavelli, Rousseau, and the Ethics of Politics. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. Hirschman, Albert O 1997 (1977) The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Keohane, Nannerl O. 1979 “Rousseau on Life, Liberty and Property: A Comment on MacAdam,” in Parel, A. & Flanagan, T. eds., Theories of Property: Aristotle to Present. Waterloo, Ont.: Published for the Calgary Institute for the Humanities by Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 1980 Philosophy and the State in France: The Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Lowith, Karl 1991 From Hegel to Nietzsche: the Revolution in Nineteenth Century Thought. New York : Columbia University Press. MacAdam, J. 1979 “Rousseau: Moral Dimensions of Property,” in Parel, A. & Flanagan, T. eds., Theories of Property: Aristotle to Present. Waterloo, Ont.: Published for the Calgary Institute for the Humanities by Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Machiavelli, Niccolo 1998 The Prince. translated by Harvey C. Mansfield. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mansfield, Harvey Claflin 1996 Machiavelli`s Virtue. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Masters, Roger D. 1968 The Political Philosophy of Rousseau. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1994 “Introduction,” in The Collected Writings of Rousseau Vol:4, edited by Roger D. Masters and Christopher Kelly, University Press of New England. Matthews, Rick. & Ingersoll, David. 1993 (1980)”The Therapist and the Lawgiver: Rousseau’s Political Version,” in S. Mukherjee & S. Ramaswamy(ed.), Great Western Political Thinkers VI. Deep & Deep Publications F-159. Rajouri Garden. pp.271-290. Melzer, M. 1980 “Rousseau and the Problem of Bourgeois Society,” The American Political Science Review, Vol.74: 1018-33. Mulgan, Richard 1990, "Aristotle and the Value of Political Participation," Political Theory, Vol. 18 No.2, May 1990: 195-215. O’Neal, John C. 1986 “Rousseau’s Theory of Wealth,” History of European Ideas, Vol.7, No.5: 453-67. Plato 1968 The Republic of Plato. translated, with notes and an interpretive essay, by Allan Bloom. New York: Basic Books. Pocock, J. G. A. 1995 (1985) Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Putterman, Ethan 1999 “The Role of Public Opinion in Rousseau’s Conception of Property,” History of Political Thought, Vol.20, No.3: 417-31. Ryan, Alan 1984 Property and Political Theory. Oxford, N.Y.: B. Blackwell. 1987 Property. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 1991 阿蘭•賴恩(Alan Ryan)著，顧蓓瞱譯。《財產》，台北：桂冠。 Starobinski, Jean 1988 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Transparency and Obstruction. translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1993 Blessings in Disguise, or The Morality of Evil. translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge: Polity Press. Shklar, Judith N. 1985 (1969) Men and Citizen: A Study of Rousseau’s Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skinner, Quentin 1978 The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1981 Machiavelli. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. 1983 史金納(Quentin Skinner)著，蔡英文譯，《馬基維利》，台北：聯經。 Smith, Steven B. 1986 "Goodness, Nobility & Virtue in Aristotle`s Political Science," Polity, 19:5-26. Strauss, Leo 1953 Natural Right and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Teichgraeber III, Richard 1981 “Rousseau’s Argument for Property,” History of European Ideas, Vol.2, No.2: 115-34. Viroli, Maurizio 1995 For Love of Ccountry: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism. New York; Oxford: Clarendon Press. Vaughan, Charles Edwyn 1962 The Political Writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau. 2 Vols. New York: Wiley & Sons, Inc. Watkins, F. M. 1986 “Introduction,” in Jean Jacques Rousseau: Political Writings, translated and edited by Frederick Watkins, University of Wisconsin Press. Waldman, Theodore 1993 (1960)“Rousseau on the General Will and the Legislator,” in S. Mukherjee & S. Ramaswamy(ed.), Great Western Political Thinkers VI. Deep & Deep Publications F-159. Rajouri Garden. pp.382-392. 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