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    Title: 商業方法專利適格性研究:從美國Alice v. CLS Bank及其後續出發
    From Alice v. CLS Bank to Patent Eligibility: Trend and Development
    Authors: 郭彥君
    Contributors: 馮震宇
    郭彥君
    Keywords: 商業方法
    可專利性
    專利適格性
    兩步驟分析架構
    涵蓋商業方法專利
    Date: 2016
    Issue Date: 2016-03-01 10:44:52 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 在資訊科技與知識經濟緊密結合的新時代,網際網路發達與電子商務普及使得「電子化」當道的商業方法發明成為專利申請的新趨勢。尤其是美國在1990年代末期正式承認商業方法是可專利標的之後,原本就是資訊科技龍頭與全球貿易大國的美國,也因此成為商業方法專利的「新樂園」。 電子商務業者紛紛搶進,積極申請並取得美國的商業方法專利。相較於歐洲直接排除商業方法的可專利性,美國是公認對商業方法專利審查寬鬆的國家。然而,這樣的專利政策也使得美國商業方法專利的品質良莠不齊,進而引發許多專利爭議的訴訟案件。2014年的Alice案可謂美國商業方法專利的分水嶺,美國最高法院藉此宣告商業方法專利寬鬆政策的終結,並將專利適格性作為嚴格審查可專利性的首要門檻。

    為深入了解美國商業方法專利的來龍去脈與未來趨勢,本論文首先回顧美國歷年具有指標性的商業方法專利案件,接著探討Alice案後聯邦巡迴上訴法院對專利適格性的法律見解。藉由檢視美國專利商標局頒佈的最新審查基準,以及分析美國發明法針對商業方法專利施行的新措施,本研究發現:一、雖然商業方法仍是美國法定可專利標的,但這個資格認定只是取得進入專利審查的入場券,還必須進一步檢視其專利適格性,才能確定系爭商業方法是法定專利適格標的。二、最高法院在Alice案立下的「兩步驟分析架構」是專利適格性的最高判斷標準。這個標準不但提高專利審查門檻,更將判斷核心聚焦在「科技技術」。三、美國專利商標局據此修改最新審查基準,使得行政審查的判斷準則與司法齊步,將「兩部分析方法」當作可專利性審查的第一道防線。四、發明法案推行「涵蓋商業方法專利複查程序」,是快速有效篩選品質不良之商業方法專利的最佳訴訟途徑。

    如今美國已形成立法、司法與行政三方同步嚴格把關商業方法專利的態勢。審視此次美國專利政策的轉變,不但將商業方法專利的審查門檻提高,也順勢讓專利政策回歸專利追求實用技術的立法初衷。有鑒於此,對積極發展電子商務為產業升級的臺灣,無論是產業界或是政府相關單位來說,都有必要關注並積極跟上這次全球專利政策風向的轉變!
    Reference: 【中文部分】
    書籍
    馮震宇,智慧財產權發展趨勢與重要問題研究,2版,2011年1月。

    期刊
    王偉霖,美國商業方法專利之最新發展與趨勢,科技法律評析,2期,頁83-114,2009年9月。
    朱浩筠,由In re Bilski案看美國看美國商業方法商業方法與適格標的判斷準則之發展,智慧財產月刊,121期,頁53-82,2009年1月。
    吳科慶、林育弘,由CLS v. Alice案看美國電腦軟體相關發明審查基準之變革趨勢分析,智慧財產權月刊,177期,頁6-22,2013年9月。
    宋皇志,方興未艾之電子商務發明專利適格性的爭議——從智慧財產法院一〇一年度民專上更(二)字第五號民事判決談起,月旦法學雜誌,232期,頁153-172,2014年9月。
    李志安,商業方法相關智慧財產權問題之研究,科技法律透析,13卷12期,頁48-62,2001年12月。
    李治安,網路時代中商業方法可專利性之政策分析,經社法制論叢,29期,頁217-258,2002年1月。
    胡心蘭、蔡岳勳,促進抑或是阻礙創新?從法律經濟學角度審視美國商業方法專利之適格性爭議——以In re BILSKI 案為例, 政大智慧財產評論,7期,頁125-176,2009年10月。
    徐振康,門戶大開——談商業方法的可專利性,科技法律透析,12卷4期,頁50-61,2000年4月。
    陳龍昇,淺論電腦軟體之商業方法發明於我國法之保護,萬國法律,145 期,頁67-78,2006年2月。
    陳龍昇,由美國Bilski v. Kappos案探討商業方法發明之專利適格性,臺北大學法學論叢,84期,頁231-283,2012年12月。
    馮震宇,從商業方法專利論軟體專利的發展與保護(一),智慧財產權月刊,3期,頁19-33,1999年3月。
    馮震宇,論電子商務之法律保護與因應策略,月旦法學雜誌,80期,頁173-195,2002年1月。
    黃文儀,論方法發明之可專利性,專利師,16期,頁1-29,2014年1月。
    劉孔中、宿希成,論商業方法、電子商務相關發明之專利保護——理論與實務之探討,臺大法學論叢,30卷4期,頁215-242, 2000年9月。
    劉尚志、陳佳麟、蘇裕鈞,電腦軟體與電子商務專利之發展與策略(上),智慧財產權,20期,頁38-57,2000年8月。
    謝銘洋,智慧財產權第六講:智慧財產權之取得(二),月旦法學教室,7期,頁146-152,2003年5月。
    顏上詠、陳帝利,歐洲與美國商業方法專利學理之研究,東海大學法學研究,21期,頁243-283,2004年12月。

    網際網路
    林冠宇,美國發明法(AIA)第18條修正案之觀察,資策會科技法律研究所,上網日期2015年11月10日,檢自https://stli.iii.org.tw/ContentPage.aspx?i=6365。

    【英文部分】
    Book
    Merges, Robert P. (2d. 1997). PATENT LAW AND POLICY: CASES AND MATERIALS, Lexis Publishing.


    Journals & Magazines
    Burk, Dan L., The Inventive Concept in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank Int’l, INT’L REV. INTELL. PROP. & COMPTITION L., Vol. 45, 865-867 (2014).
    Clizer, John, Exploring the Abstract: Patent Eligibility Post Alice Corp v. CLS Bank, 80 MO. L. REV., Vol. 80, Issue 2, 537-557 (2015).
    Cohen, Eric C., A Primer on Inter Partes Review, Covered Business Method Review, and Post-Grant Review before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, FED. CIR. B.J., Vol.24, 1-34 (2014).
    Gallini, Nancy T., The Economics of Patents: Lessons from Recent U.S. Patent Reform, JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES, Vol.16, No.2, 131-154 (2002).
    Kasdan, Abraham, Can You Patent Software and Business Methods in the U.S.? How Did We Get Here and Where Do We Stand? FED. CIR. B.J., Vol. 24, 649-675 (2015).
    King, Holland, Software Patentability after Prometheus, GA. ST. U. L. REV., Vol. 30, 1111-1148 (2014).
    Lerner, Josh, Where Does State Street Lead? A First Look at Finance Patents, 1971-2000, JOURNAL OF FINANCE, Vol. 57, 901-930 (2002).
    Matal, Joe, A Guide to the Legislative History of the American Invents Act: Part I of II. FED. CIR. B.J., Vol. 21, No. 3, 435-513 (2012).
    Matal, Joe, A Guide to the Legislative History of the American Invents Act: Part II of II, FED. CIR. B.J., Vol. 21, No.4, 539-653 (2012).
    Merges, Robert P., As Many As Six Impossible Patents before Breakfast: Property Rights for Business Concepts and Patent System Reform, BERKELEY TECH. L. J., Vol. 14, 577-615 (1999).
    Meurer, Michael J., Business Method Patents and Patents Floods, WASH. U. J. L. & POL’Y, Vol. 8, 309-339 (2002).
    Peske, Nathan, CLS Bank International v. Alice Corp. Pty. At the Federal Circuit: The Dilemma Presented by Computer Implement of Abstract Ideas and How the Supreme Court Missed a Chance to Clear It Up, MINN. J. L. SCI. & TECH., Vol. 16, Issue1, 509-545 (2015).
    Riley, P. Andrew, Stroud, Jonathan, and Totten, Jeffrey. The Surprising Breadth of Post-Grant Review for Covered-Business-Method Patents: A New Way to Challenge Patent Claims, COLUMBIA SCI. & TECH. L. REV., Vol. 15, 235-293 (2014).
    Timmers, Paul, Business Models for Electronic Markets, ELECTRONIC MARKETS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 3-8 (1998).
    Wanger, Stefan, Business Method Patents in Europe and their Strategic Use: Evidence from Franking Device Manufacturers, LMU Working Paper, 1-33 (2006).
    Wiese, William D., Death of a Myth: The Patenting of Internet Business Models after State Street Bank, 4 MARQ. INTELL. PROP. L. REV., Vol. 4, 17-47 (2000).

    Research Paper
    Lefstin, Jeffrey A., The Three Faces of Prometheus: A Post-Alice Jurisprudence of Abstractions, N.C.J. L. & TECH., 16, Research Paper No. 147, 647-695 (2015).

    Internet
    Articles
    Richtel, Matt, Are Patents Good or Bad for Business Online? New York Times, Cybertimes, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from https://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/08/cyber/cyberlaw/28law.html
    Harriosn, Robert. J., Business Method Patents in Europe (September 18, 2012), Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2148338
    Quinn, Gene, A Simple Guide to the AIA Oddities: First to File, Retrieved January 31, 2016, from http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2013/09/11/a-simple-guide-to-the-aia-oddities-first-to-file/id=45104/
    Ramage, W Edward, The Unsettled State of Business Method Patents, IP VALUE 2014, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.iammedia.com/Intelligence/IP-Value/2014/Legal-perspectives-Cross-border/The-unsettled-state-of-business-method-patents

    Sachs, Robert R., A Survey of Patent Invalidations Since Alice, Law360, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.law360.com/article/604235/a-survey-of-patent-invalidations-since-alice
    Sachs, Robert R., Alicestorm: Patent Invalidations and USPTO Practice after Alice, BilskiBlog, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.bilskiblog.com/blog/2015/01/alicestorm.html
    Walaski, Jan, Business Method Patents after Alice: US Moves Closer to Europe, Inside IP: Venner Shipley’s Intellectual Property Magazine, 10-11, Autumn/Winter 2014, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.vennershipley.co.uk/uploads/files/Website_files.pdf
    Wegner, Harold C., Alice Guidelines: Examination Turned Upside Down, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.laipla.net/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/HirshfeldGuidanceJuly1.pdf

    Magazines
    Alice v. CLS Bank: United States Supreme Court Establishes General Patentability Test, WIPO Magazine, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2014/04/article_0004.html
    The Global Impact of the American Invents Act, WIPO Magazine, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2011/06/article_0002.html

    News
    President Obama Signs America Invents Act, Overhauling the Patent System to Stimulate Economic Growth, and Announces New Steps to Help Entrepreneurs Create Jobs, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/16/president-obama-signs-america-invents-act-overhauling-patent-system-stim

    Published Reports
    Patent Report, The White House, PATENT ASSERTION AND U.S. INNOVATION (2013.06), Retrieved December 25, 2015, from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/patent_report.pdf
    2014 Patent Litigation Year in Review, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from https://lexmachina.com/resources/
    Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review: The International Patent System (June 2015), World Intellectual Property Organization, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_901_2015.pdf
    Report to Congress, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Study and Report on the Implementation of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Report_on_Implementation_of_the_AIA_September2015.pdf
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法學院碩士在職專班
    101961020
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101961020
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[法學院碩士在職專班] 學位論文

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