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| Title: | 歐盟航空業排放權交易制度之國際法問題研究—以航空法與經貿法為核心
Legal Analysis on the European Union`s Emissions Trading Scheme for Aviation from the Perspective of International Civil Aviation Law and WTO Law |
| Authors: | 張永阜
Chang, Yong Fu |
| Contributors: | 施文真
Shih, Wen Chen
張永阜
Chang , Yong Fu |
| Keywords: | 航空業
歐盟排放權交易制度
排放權交易
芝加哥公約
服務貿易總協定
關稅及貿易總協定
Aviation
EU Emissions Trading Scheme
EU ETS
Emissions Trading
Chicago Convention
GATS
GATT |
| Date: | 2014 |
| Issue Date: | 2015-02-03 10:16:00 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 在歐盟於2008年11月19日正式通過「航空業排放權交易指令」後，所有往返於歐盟會員國之機場、以及起飛自或降落於歐盟成員國機場之國際空運活動，應於2012年1月1日起參與歐盟排放權交易制度。儘管該制度尚存有各種法律、政治與技術上之爭議，然而對於一個已生效之措施，本文欲藉由觀察該指令所提供之彈性規範，包括「連結」和「豁免」之制度，來探討航空業在適用EU ETS後與其他國際法規範之調和問題；以及該之彈性規範是否足以降低非歐盟籍國家或航空業者對於歐盟將航空業納入EU ETS之批評？
本文先介紹歐盟將航空業納入排放權交易制度相當具爭議性之立法過程，且涉及之法律問題包括航空法下之各種規範以及WTO相關協定；接著確認各國於相關國際協定下，並無管制航空業溫室氣體排放之義務，並提出適用於航空業溫室氣體排放之管制類型；接著說明國際組織和各國對於此問題之管制現況。再來藉由美國航空運輸協會在歐洲法院之控訴案，突顯出歐盟措施在航空法爭議下，其適法性問題乃緊繫於歐盟措施之定性；而在歐洲法院裁決歐盟不受芝加哥公約之拘束，且將歐盟措施定性為一市場措施而非稅捐或規費性質後，歐盟措施在航空法下之角力暫告一段落。最後分析歐盟措施與GATT和GATS之合致性問題，初步分析得出：一、歐盟是否先與各國協商在全球環境與貿易問題之解決上甚為重要，且歐盟措施之定性，以及該措施與空運服務價格是否有必然之連結關係亦為歐盟措施在經貿法適法性之關鍵問題；二、歐盟之豁免制度在設計上提供第三國之替代措施較多彈性空間，惟其是否有助降低歐盟措施在國際上引發之衝突，仍端視歐盟在「等同措施」要件認定之立場而定。
The EU ETS has been applied to all flights departing from and arriving at the airport of any of its Member States since 1st January 2012 as the EU adopted Directive 2008/101/EC on 19th November 2008. Now that it has become an enforced scheme, despite full of controversies, this thesis analyzes the legal implications of the measures in dispute from the perspective of international civil aviation law and WTO law as well as observes its linking and exemption provisions to understand if they could help reduce the conflicts that the scheme has provoked.
This thesis starts with an introduction of the EU aviation emissions trading legislation, and the current situation of regulations for aviation emissions is then introduced. Following the above interpretations, legal analysis is conducted on the applicability of and consistency with the civil aviation law and WTO law, i.e., GATS and GATT, to the EU measures. After preliminary studies, this thesis finds that it is significant if the EU has engaged other nations that were affected in serious negotiations before enforcing the measures; in addition, the legal nature of the scheme and the relationship between the measures and the price of freight or flight tickets are the keys factors to consider in the issue. Lastly, the exemption provision might be able to diffuse international disputes, given that it has provided sufficient flexibility for alternative measures for the third countries; it depends, however, on how the EU defines the element of “equivalent measures” embodied under the provision. |
| Reference: | 壹、中文
一、專書
1. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2版，2010。
二、期刊論文
1. 林春元，法院在氣候變遷規範競爭與政治角力中的角色與策略： 從歐洲法院民航排放權交易指令判決談起，台大法學論叢，42期，頁1147-1202，2013。
2. 施文真，由交易單位之法律性質重新檢視排放權交易制度與WTO之關係，政大法學評論，105期，頁121-215，2008。
3. 施文真，初探納入航空業之歐盟排放權交易制度與其他國際法義務的互動關係，政大法學評論，120期，頁271-337，2011。
4. 徐光蓉，杜哈會議獲得了什麼，新世紀智庫論壇，60期，頁79-81，2012。
5. 黃居正，國際民航組織理事會管轄權爭議案：國際民航組織的地位與功能，台灣法學雜誌，198期，頁39-45，2012。
6. 楊之遠等，歐盟實施航空業排放交易發展趨勢及我國因應做法，碳經濟，29期，頁2-13，2013。
三、網路資料
1. 財政部，推動綠色稅制，
www.mof.gov.tw/public/Attachment/024142254100.doc。
貳、外文
一、專書
1. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, EU ACTION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE-THE EU EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME (2009).
2. SANDS, PHILIPPE, PRINCIPLE OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW I: FRAMEWORKS, STANDARDS, AND IMPLEMENTATION (1995).
3. UNITED NATIONS, Earth Summit, in THE WORLD CONFERENCES: DEVELOPING PRIORITIES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY (1997).
二、期刊論文與研究報告
1. Bartels, L., The Legality of the Application of the EU’s Emission Trading System to Aviation, 23 (2) Eur J Int Law, 429-467 (2012).
2. Congressional Research Service, An Overview of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Control Policies in Various Countries (2009).
3. Congressional Research Service, Climate Change: Conceptual Approaches and Policy Tools (2011).
4. European Commission, Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation-Report on the Public Consultation (2005).
5. Forge, F. & Williams, T., Policy Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Parliament of Canada (2008).
6. Havel, B.F. & Sanchez, G.S., Toward an International Avaiton Emissions Agreement, 36 HARVARD ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW 351 (2012).
7. ICAO, Airport Air Quality Manual, Doc 9889 (2011).
8. ICAO Secretariat, Market-Based Measures, ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT, 138-140 (2013).
9. IPCC, Aviation and The Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of IPCC Working Group I and III (Penner, J.E. et al. eds., 1999).
10. Litzenberger, I., Trade War in the Skies: Air Transport Association of America and Others v Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, 13 (2) BUSINESS LAW INTERNATIONAL 209 (2012).
11. Müller, B., From Confrontation to Collaboration? CBDR and the EU ETS avaiation dispute with developing countries, OXFORD ENGERGY AND ENVIRONMENT BRIEF (2012).
12. OECD Environment Directorate and International Energy Agency, Policies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Industry-Successful Approaches and Lessons Learned: Workshop Report (2003).
13. Scott, J. & Rajamani, L., EU Climate Change Unilateralism, 23 (2) EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 469 (2012).
三、官方文件
1. Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to its Article 3, paragraph 9, Decision 1/CMP.8, n.13-16, U.N. FCCC/KP/CMP/2012/13/Add.1 (28 Feb. 2013).
2. Australian Government, Starting Emissions Trading on 1 July 2014 Policy Summary (Jul. 2013).
3. IATA, Resolution on the Implementation of the Aviation “CNG2020” Strategy (2-4 Jun. 2013).
4. ICAO, A36-22 Consolidated statement of Continuing ICAO Policies and Practices Related to Environmental Protection, Resolutions Adopted by the Assembly, Assembly-36th Session, Montreal, Appendix K (Sep. 18-28, 2007).
5. ICAO Council, Summary of Decisions, fourth meeting, 187th Session, C-DEC 187/14 (June 30, 2009).
6. ICAO, GROUP ON INTERNATIONAL AVIATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE REPORT (Jun. 1, 2009).
7. ICAO FACT SHEET, AIRCRAFT CO2 EMISSIONS STANDARD METRIC SYSTEM, available at
http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/CO2%20Metric%20System%20-%20Information%20Sheet.pdf (last visited: Jan. 1, 2015).
8. ICAO, A38-18 Consolidated statement of Continuing ICAO Policies and Practices Related to Environmental Protection-Climate Change, Resolutions Adopted by the Assembly, Assembly-38th Session, Montreal (Sep. 24-Oct. 4, 2013).
9. The Moscow Meeting, Joint Declaration of the Moscow Meeting on Inclusion of International Civil Aviation in the EU-ETS (Feb. 21, 2012).
10. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME OZONE SECRETARIAT, BRIEF PRIMER ON THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL (2012).
11. WTO, SERVICES SECTORAL CLASSIFICATION LIST, MTN.GNS/W/120 (Jul. 10, 1991).
12. WTO, EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND THEIR MEMBER STATES: FINAL LIST OF ARTICLE II (MFN) EXEMPTIONS, GATS/EL/31 (Apr. 15, 1994).
13. WTO, EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES AND THEIR MEMBER STATES: SCHEDULE OF SPECIFIC COMMITMENTS, GATS/SC/31 (Apr. 15, 1994).
14. WTO Secretariat, THE RELEVANCE OF THE DISCIPLINES OF THE AGREEMENTS ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (TBT) AND ON IMPORT LICENSING PROCEDURES TO ARTICLE VI.4 OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES, S/C/W/96 (Sep. 11, 1996).
15. WTO Secretariat, ARTICLE VI:4 OF THE GATS: DISCIPLINES ON DOMESTIC REGULATION APPLICABLE TO ALL SERVICES, S/C/W/96 (Mar 1, 1999).
四、案例
（一）歐洲法院
1. Opinion of Advocate General Kokott, Case C-366/10, Air Trans. Assoc. of America v. Sec. of State for Energy and Climate Change (2011).
2. Case C-366/10, Air Trans. Assoc. of America v. Sec. of State for Energy and Climate Change (2011).
（二）GATT/ WTO
1. United States－Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products From Canada. GATT, BISD, 29S, adopted Feb. 1982.
2. Canada－Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon. GATT, BISD, 35S, adopted Mar. 1998.
3. Thailand－Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, GATT, BISD, 37S.
4. United States－Restrictions on Imports of Tuna. GATT, BISD, 39S.
5. Panel Report, United States- Standards for Reformulated and Convention Gasoline, WT/DS2/R, Jan. 29, 1996.
6. Appellate Body Report, United States- Standards for Reformulated and Convention Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, adopted May 20, 1996.
7. Panel Report, European Communities – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/R, adopted as modified by the Appellate Body Report, Sep. 25, 1997.
8. Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R, adopted Sep. 25, 1997.
9. Appellate Body Report, United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R, adopted Nov. 6, 1998.
10. Appellate Body Report, United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Malaysia, WT/DS/58/AB/RW, Nov. 21, 2001.
11. Appellate Body Report, Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/AB/R, adopted Jun. 19, 2000.
12. Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Cross-border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/R.
13. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Cross-border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WT/DS285/AB/R.
14. Panel Report, Brazil – Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/R, adopted as modified by the Appellate Body Report, Dec. 17, 2007.
15. Appellate Body Report, Brazil－Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R, adopted Dec. 17, 2007.
16. Panel Report, Colombia – Ports of Entry, WT/DS366/R, adopted May 20, 2009.
17. WTO Appellate Body Report, China – Raw Materials, WT/DS394/AB/R, adopted Feb. 22, 2012.
18. Appellate Body Reports, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400,401/AB/R, adopted Jun. 18, 2014. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
99351044
103 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099351044 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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