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| Title: | 動物福利措施於WTO規範之合致性─以歐盟化妝品規則為個案研究
The Consistency of Animal Welfare Measures under WTO Regime: The Case of EU Cosmetics Regulation |
| Authors: | 莊涵因 |
| Contributors: | 施文真
莊涵因 |
| Keywords: | 世界貿易組織
動物福利
動物實驗
歐盟化妝品指令
TBT協定
GATT 1994協定 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| Issue Date: | 2014-08-25 15:13:48 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 隨著社會與經濟文化進步，人類逐漸體認周圍自古以來用作為工具、實驗、陪伴等各種目的之動物福利問題，其中，實驗動物對於人類健康有著巨大貢獻，使我們得以在生命科學、醫學、藥學獲得快速發展，也因此，實驗動物使用數量激增，致使動物痛苦情形及其權利漸受到社會大眾之關注。
歐盟於2003年通過第2003/15/EC號針對化妝品指令之第七次修正案，確立化妝品動物實驗禁令生效時程，將依據不同種類實驗方法，分階段自2009年，及最遲於2013年3月11日達成全面禁令，亦即，屆時將不許歐盟境內成員國自外國進口及銷售經由動物實驗所生產製造之化妝品，此等規定將可能衝擊國內外化妝品製造商及代理商，而可能成為世界貿易組織（World Trade Organization, WTO）下關於動物福利之案件。
動物福利管制措施是否受到WTO相關協定規範，並是否有違WTO之規定，鑒於過往涉及動物福利案件並不多，本文認為實有加以討論之必要，且歐盟化妝品動物實驗禁令是否得成為繼EC－Asbestos案例後，再次體現WTO相關規範與保護環境、安全、健康與得兼容並蓄之案例，係頗值得探討的問題。本論文研究範圍將主要聚焦於歐盟化妝品動物實驗禁令，及可能涉及到的技術性貿易障礙協定（Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT協定），以及1994年關稅暨貿易總協定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, GATT 1994）之合致性分析。
With the development of the society, economy and culture, people gradually realize and recognize the welfare of animals kept for companion, farming, testing and many other purposes down the ages. Among them all, animals use in research and testing make great contribution to human health, making the rapid progress in life science, medical, and pharmacy. In the meantime, there has been increasing total amount of laboratory animals. The issues of animal pain and animal rights have been brought to the attention of the public.
On the 11th March 2003, Directive 2003/15/EC was published for the 7th time amending the European Union’s cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC. Directive 2003/15/EC lays down detail rules and schedules for the implementation of the testing and marketing ban and has great significance for the Cosmetics Industry. The Directive sets different phase-out time according to experiment methods. With the last phase of the ban coming into force on 11th March 2013, any cosmetics products using banned animal testing method will be prohibited throughout the whole EU territory, affecting the importation and sales of the product at issue. This may raise concerns and may further escalate this animal welfare dispute at the World Trade Organization.
Owing to the fact that animal welfare cases under WTO are rare and still developed by case law, it is hard to say whether animal welfare control measures fall within the scope of the WTO and further violates WTO obligation. This thesis brought up interpretation and analysis in TBT agreement and GATT. |
| Reference: | 壹、 中文資料
一、 專書／專書論文
1. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，2010年。
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二、 期刊
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3. 田起安，檢視菲律賓酒稅案之上訴機構報告對於同類產品之
判斷準則及其適用──以GATT 1994第3.2條第1句為中心，經貿法訊，128期，網址：http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no128/2.pdf。
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三、 論文
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律學研究所博士論文，2007年。
4. 蘇諾，NPR-PPMs措施在WTO框架下的可調整性及合法性研
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四、 網路資料
1. 費昌勇，動物福利倫理介紹，動物保護資訊網，網址：
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識，行政院農業委員會農業藥物毒物試驗所技術專刊第140
號，網址：http://www.tactri.gov.tw/htdocs/project/proj81.pdf。
貳、 英文資料
一、 專書
1. Michael Allen Fox, Anthropocentrism, in Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare 66-68 (Marc Bekoff & Carron A. Meaney eds., 1998).
2. PETER SINGER, ANIMAL LIBERATION 21-43 (1975).
3. PETER SINGER, PRACTICAL ETHICS 50-1 (1979).
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二、 期刊
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11. Steve Charnovitz, The WTO’s Environmental Progress, 10 J. OF INT’L ECON. LAW 685 (2007).
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13. Jennifer Klein, EU Cosmetics Directive and the Ban on Animal Testing: Compliance, Challenges, and the GATT as a Potential Barrier to Animal Welfare, 21(1) TRANSNATIONAL LAW & CONTEMPORY PROBLEMS 253, 267 (2012).
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15. Robert Howse, The World Trade Organization and the Protection of Workers’ Rights, 3 J. SMALL & EMERGING BUS. L. 131 (1999).
16. Peter Stevenson, The World Trade Organization Rules: A Legal Analysis of Their Adverse Impact on Animal Welfare, 8 ANIMAL L. 107, 121-122, 138 (2002).
17. Gabrielle Marceau, The New TBT Jurisprudence in US - Clove Cigarettes, WTO US - Tuna II, and US - COOL, 8 ASIAN J. WTO & INT`L HEALTH L. & POL`Y 1, 19 (2013).
三、 網路資料
1. MARTIN, RICHARD (1754-1834), OF DANGAN AND BALLYNAHINCH, CO. GALWAY AND 16 MANCHESTER BUILDINGS, MDX., available at http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/member/martin-richard-1754-1834.
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3. The OIE`s Achievements in Animal Welfare, OIE, available at http://www.oie.int/animal-welfare/animal-welfare-key-themes.
4. OECD Considers Animal Welfare in the Development of Test Guidelines, OECD, available at http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testingofchemicals/animalwelfare.htm.
5. Gateway to Farm Animal Welfare, FAO, available at http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/animal-welfare/en/.
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8. Animal Welfare during Transport, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMRS, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/transport/index_en.htm.
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四、 WTO相關文件暨爭端解決案件
1. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 17 October 2002, G/TBT/M/28, 19 November 2012, ¶¶ 61 & 62.
2. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 20-21 March 2012, G/TBT/M/56, 16 May 2012, ¶¶ 32 & 33.
3. WTO, Minutes of the Meeting of 13-15 June 2012, G/TBT/M/57, 18 September 2012, ¶¶ 55-57.
4. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WT/DS135/AB/R (Mar. 12, 2001).
5. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products Containing Asbestos, WT/DS135/R (Sept. 18, 2000).
6. Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/R & WT/DS48/R (Aug. 18, 1997).
7. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Trade Description of Sardines,WT/DS231/AB/R (Sept. 26, 2002).
8. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, WT/DS381/AB/R (May 16, 2012).
9. Panel Report, United States－Measures Concerning the Importation, Marketing and Sale of Tuna and Tuna Products, WT/DS381/R (Sept. 15, 2011).
10. Appellate Body Report, United States－Certain Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Requirements, WT/DS384/AB/R &WT/DS386/AB/R (June 29, 2012).
11. Panel Report, United States－Certain Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Requirements, WT/DS384/R &WT/DS386/R (Nov. 18, 2011).
12. Request for Panel, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
13. First Written Submission of Canada, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
14. First & Second Written Submission by the European Union, European Communities－Measures Prohibiting the Importation and Marketing of Seal Products, WT/DS400/R & WT/DS401/R.
15. GATT Panel Report, United States－Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS21/R, 3 September 1991, unadopted, B.I.S.D. 39S/155.
16. GATT Panel Report, United States－Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS29/R, 16 June 1994, unadopted.
17. GATT Panel Report, United States－Taxes on Automobiles, DS31/R, 11 October 1994, unadopted.
18. Panel Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R (Jan. 29, 1996).
19. Panel Report, Indonesia－Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry, WT/DS54/R (July 2, 1998).
20. Panel Report, Canada－Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/R (Feb. 11, 2000)。
21. GATT Secretariat, Negotiating History of the Coverage of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade with Regard to Labelling Requirements, Voluntary Standards, and Processes and Production Methods Unrelated to Product Characteristics, WT/CTE/W/10, G/TBT/W/11 (Aug. 29, 1995).
22. WTO, Report of the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment 1 (1996).
23. GATT Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting Alcoholic and Malt Beverages, DS23/R, adopted 19 June 1992, B.I.S.D. 39S/206.
24. Appellate Body Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/AB/R (Apr. 4, 2012).
25. Panel Report, United States－Measures Affecting the Production and Sale of Clove Cigarettes, WT/DS406/R (Sept. 2, 2011).
26. Panel Report, European Communities－Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs (Australia), WT/DS290/R (Mar. 15, 2005).
27. Appellate Body Report, Korea－Measures Affection Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef, WT/DS161/AB/R (Dec. 11, 2000).
28. Panel Reports, Philippines－Taxes on Distilled Spirits, WT/DS396/R & WT/DS403/R (Aug. 15, 2011).
29. Appellate Body Reports, Philippines－Taxes on Distilled Spirits, WT/DS396/AB/R & WT/DS403/AB/R (Dec. 21, 2011).
30. Working Party Report, Border Tax Adjustments, B.I.S.D. L/3464 (adopted December 2, 1970).
31. Working Party Report, The Australian Subsidy on Ammonium Sulphate, GATT/CP.4/39, adopted 3 April 1950, B.I.S.D. II/188.
32. GATT Panel Report, Treatment by Germany of Imports of Sardines, G/26, adopted 31 October 1952, B.I.S.D. 1S/53.
33. GATT Panel Report, EEC－Measures on Animal Feed Proteins, L/4599, adopted 14 March 1978, B.I.S.D. 25S/49.
34. GATT Panel Report, Canada/Japan－Tariff on Imports of Spruce, Pine, Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber, L/6470, adopted 19 July 1989, B.I.S.D. 36S/167.
35. Appellate Body Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R (Apr. 29, 1996).
36. Panel Report, United States－Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WT/DS2/R (Jan. 29, 1996).
37. Appellate Body Report, Japan－Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R & WT/DS11/AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996, DSR 1996:I, 97.
38. GATT Panel Report, United States Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, L/6439, adopted 7 November 1989, B.I.S.D. 36S/345.
39. Panel Report, European Communities－Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, Complaint by Ecuador, WT/DS27/R/ECU (May 22, 1997), as modified by Appellate Body Report WT/DS27/AB/R, DSR 1997:III, 1085
40. Panel Report, Japan－Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper, WT/DS44/R (Mar. 31, 1998), DSR 1998:IV, 1179.
41. Appellate Body Report, Brazil－Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R (Dec. 3, 2007), DSR 2007:IV, 1527.
42. Panel Report, Brazil－Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/R (June 12, 2007).
43. Panel Report, European Communities－Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/R (Dec. 1, 2003).
44. Appellate Body Report, Australia－Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R (Oct. 20, 1998).
45. GATT Panel Report, Thailand－Restrictions on Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, DS10/R, adopted 7 November 1990, B.I.S.D. 37S/200.
46. Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/AB/R (Apr. 7, 2004).
47. Appellate Body Report, China－Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WT/DS363/AB/R (Dec. 21, 2009).
48. GATT Panel Report, Canada－Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act, L/5504, adopted 7 February 1984, B.I.S.D. 30S/140.
49. GATT Panel Report, United States－Taxes on Petroleum and Certain Imported Substances, L/6175, adopted 17 June 1987, B.I.S.D. 34S/136.
50. GATT Panel Report, Canada－Import, Distribution and Sale of Alcoholic Drinks by Canadian Provincial Marketing Agencies, L/6304, adopted 22 March 1988, B.I.S.D. 35S/37.
51. Panel Report, Turkey－Measures Affecting the Importation of Rice, WT/DS334/R (Sept. 21, 2007).
52. Panel Report, Canada－Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products, WT/DS114/R (Mar. 17, 2000).
53. GATT Panel Report, Japan－Trade in Semi-Conductors, L/6309, adopted 4 May 1988, B.I.S.D. 35S/116.
54. Panel Report, India－Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industrial Products, WT/DS90/R (Apr. 6, 1999).
55. Panel Report, Argentina－Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hides and the Import of Finished Leather, WT/DS155/R (Dec. 19, 2000).
56. Panel Report, India－Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector, WT/DS146/R (Dec. 21, 2001).
57. Appellate Body Report, United States－Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R (Oct. 2, 1998).
58. Panel Report, United States－Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/R (May 15, 1998).
59. Panel Report, Canada－Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals, WT/DS31/R (Mar. 14, 1997).
60. Panel Report, China－Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R (July 5, 2011).
61. Panel Report, Colombia－Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of Entry, WT/DS366/R (Apr. 27, 2009).
62. Panel Report, Dominican Republic－Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes, ¶ 7.261, 7.265, WT/DS302/R (Nov. 26, 2004).
63. Appellate Body Report, Dominican Republic－Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes, ¶ 7.261, 7.265, WT/DS302/AB/R (Apr. 25, 2005). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
100351043
102 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100351043 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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| 104301.pdf | 7669Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 652 | View/Open |
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