Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/68562
|
| Title: | 重新審視泰國民主：論社會媒體對政治運動的影響
Rethinking Thai democracy: the impact of social media on political movements in time of political conflict |
| Authors: | 那培農 |
| Contributors: | 陳敦源
那培農 |
| Keywords: | 泰國
民主
社會媒體
政治運動
Thailand
democracy
social media
political
movements
conflict |
| Date: | 2013 |
| Issue Date: | 2014-08-12 14:08:10 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | Thailand has experienced political instability since 2005 until present.
The political conflict has divided people into two factions, the supporters and the
opponents. First faction is the United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship (UDD).
On the other side, the political movements of the anti-government faction are led by the
People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD) and People’s Democratic Reform Committee
(PDRC).
Social media such as Facebook, Line and YouTube have become the
new tools for communication which are used to create change in social movements and
political movements around the world. The new tools have revolutionized the social
movements’paradigm and theory.
This research thus aimed to study social media by focusing on the
relationship between Facebook platform and Thai political movements. Both qualitative
and quantitative methodologies were applied in this research as the tool to find an
answer of the main question. The total amount of 1,500 survey questionnaire samples
were distributed to respondents nationwide, and Pearson’s chi-squared test was applied
to examine the relationship between social media (Facebook) and political movements.
Finally, a result of the study showed that Thai people had different
democratic ideologies, and that conflict of ideas had been accumulated and turned into
the bedrock of political turmoil in this era. Moreover, it was found that Facebook was
an amplifier, connector, and accelerator for political movement. Having Facebook as
the new communication tool, Thai people in the society were encouraged to participate
political movements rather than individual group or class movement presented in Thai
history before. Social media such as Facebook linked cyber space and public space
together through the new method of idea and information distribution and people
mobilization. This motivated citizen to demonstrate on stress occupying government
buildings and department stores. Therefore, political reconciliation should be concerned
with democracy from the Thai society perspective rather than the Western one. |
| Reference: | Abu-Shanab. 2013. "E-Participation Levels and Technologies." International Conference
on Information Technology.
Aelst, Jeroen Van Laer and Peter Van. 2009. "Cyber-Protest and Civil Society: the
Internet and Action Repertoires in Social Movements." In Handbook on Internet
Crime, by Yvonne Jewkes and Majid Yar, 230-254. Devon: Willan Publishing.
Agence France Presse. 2013. Thai amnesty bill sparks anti-government protests.
November 1. Accessed February 8, 2014. http://www.arabnews.com.
Aidemark, J. 2003. "A knowledge perspective on e-democracy." Electronic Goverment.
Regensburg. 319-324.
Ainsworth, S., Hardy, C. and Harley, B. 2005. "Online Consultation: e-democracy and eresistance
in the case of the development gateway." Management Communication
Quarterly 120-145.
Aksarapaak, Samphaokaeo. 2013. The use of Facebook for polotocal purposes in Thai
politics: An analysis of the Yingluck government, 2011-2013. politics , Hague,
Netherlands: Interntional Institute of Social Studies.
Alam, Mayesha. 2011. "Weighing the Limitations Against the Added-Value of Social
Media as a Tool for Political Change." Democracy and Society 1-4.
Alastair Carthew, Simon Winkelmann. 2012. THAILAND - ARCHIVE SECOND HALF
2010. 11 26. Accessed 01 18, 2013. http://www.kas.de/medienasien/
en/pages/11850/.
Almond, G. A. 1989. The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations.
Newbury Park: Sage Publications .
AlmondmG., & Verba,S. 1989. The civic culture reviited: An analytical study. California
: Sage publications.
Ann Macintosh, Edmund Robson, Ella Smith, Angus Whyte. 2003. "Electronic
Democracy and Young People." Social Science Computer Review 43-54.
antithaksin.com. 2011. antithaksin.com. Accessed 11 2012, 20.
http://www.antithaksin.com/SiteMap.php.
170
Arghiros, D. 2001. Democracy, development and decentralization of provincial Thailand.
Richmond: Curzon Press.
Arya, S.P. 1988. "Social Movement-A Conceptual View." Social Movements for
Development 17-27.
Asian Network for Free Eections,. 2011. Thai Political Timeline. May 26. Accessed
February 3, 2014. http://anfrel.org.
Baker, C. and Pasuk Pongpaichit. 2009. A history of Thailand. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn
University.
Baker, Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris. 2008. "Thaksin’s Populism." Journal of
Contemporary Asia 62 – 83.
Bangkok Post. 2013. Mass rally to test PDRC support. December 21. Accessed
December 25, 2013. www.bangkokpost.com.
—. 2014. PDRC "street picnic" for election day. 02 01. Accessed 01 04, 2014.
http://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-from-news/392659/pdrc-streetpicnic-
for-election-day.
—. 2014. PDRC to end main rally site, seize 20 intersections . January 3. Accessed
January 5, 2014. www.bangkokpost.com.
—. 2013. Protests: “Final battle” starts tomorrow. December 8. Accessed December 19,
2013. www.bangkokpost.com.
—. 2009. Red shirt revolution. 04 14. Accessed 04 18, 2012.
http://www.bangkokpost.com/news.
—. 2013. Senators shoot down blanket amnesty bill. NOvember 12. Accessed January 30,
2014. www.bangkokpost.com.
—. 2014. Suthep heads PDRC warm-up march. January 5. Accessed January 6, 2014.
www.bangkokpost.com.
—. 2014. UDD beats `war drum` in bid to mobilise massive red-shirt army . February 23.
Accessed February 23, 2014. www.bangkokpost.com.
—. 2014. Unofficial list of PDRC funders leaked . February 12. Accessed February 12,
2014. www.bangkokpost.com.
171
Barber, B. 1984. Strong democracy, participatory politics for a new age. Los Angeles:
University of California Press.
Barometer, Asia Media. 2010. A locally based analysis of media landscape in Asia:
Thailand 2010. Media, Bangkok: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Thailand.
Baumgartner, J C. and J. S. Morris. 2010. "MyFaceTube politics social networking
Websites and political engagement of young adults." Social Science Computer
Review 24-44.
BBC, The. 2012. Profile: Thailand`s reds and yellows. 07 13. Accessed 08 20, 2012.
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13294268.
Becker, B. and J. Wehner. 2001. Electronic Networks and Civil Society: Reflections on
Structural Changes in the Public Sphere`, in C. Ess and F. Sudweeks (eds)
Culture, Technology, Communication:Towards an Intercultural Global Village.
Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Bello, Walden. 2010. "The Battle for Thailand ." Foreign Policy in Focus (FPIF). 05 25.
Accessed 01 10, 2012. http://fpif.org/the_battle_for_thailand/.
Beramendi, V., A. Ellis, et a., Eds. 2008. Direct democracy . Stockholm: The
Internationa IDEA.
Berman, Evan M. 2010. Public Administration in East Asia: Mainland China, Japan,
South Korea, Taiwan. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press.
Bimber, B. 2000. "The study of information technology and civic engagement." Political
Communication 329-333.
Blumer, Herbert G. 1969. "Collective Behavior." In Principles of Sociology, by ed.,
Alfred McClung Lee, 65-121. New York: Barnes and Noble Books.
Blumler, S. C. 2009. The internet and democratic citizenship: Theory, practice and
policy. Cambrdige: Cambridge University.
Bouckaert, Peter. 2011. Descent into Chaos:Thailand’s 2010 Red Shirt Protests and the
Government Crackdown. Political movements, New York: Human Rights Watch.
Box, Richard C. 2007. "The improtance of democracy for public administration." In
Democracy and public administration, by Richard C. Box ed all., vii-xii. Armonk,
New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
172
Brown, A., Hewison, K. 2005. "Economics is the deciding factor": Labour politics in
Thaksin`s Thailand,." Pacific Affairs: an international review of Asia and the
Pacific 353 - 375.
Bureekul, Thawilwadee. 2002. Citizen Participation in Politics: The Senate Election
2000 Case. Nonthaburi: King Prajadhipok`s Institute.
Burma News. 2013. STATEMENT : THAILAND People’s Democratic Reform Committee
(PDRC) . December 12. Accessed December 15, 2013.
www.democracyforburma.wordpress.com.
Calhoun, C. 1993. "New social movements of the early nineteenth century." Social
Scinece History 385-427.
Carafano, James. 2011. Successful revolution takes more than social media. 02 21.
Accessed 03 21, 2012. http://washingtonexaminer.com/successful-revolutiontakes-
more-than-social-media/article/39163.
Carlota Lorenzo-Romero, María-del-Carmen Alarcón-del-Amo, Efthymios
Constantinides. 2012. "Segmentation of users of social networking websites."
Social behavior and personality 401-414.
Carty, Victoria. 2011. Wired and Mobilizing: Social Movements, New Technology, and
Electoral Politics. New York: Routledge.
Chadwick, A. 2006. Internet politics: Sates, citizens, and new communication
technologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chadwick, A., & May, C. 2003. "Interaction between states and citizens in the age of the
internet: "e-government" in the United States, Britain, and tge European Union."
Governance 271-300.
Chainam, Asda. 2004. "Thaksiplomacy." In Seeing through Thaksin, by Chermsak
Pinthong, 211-257. Bangkok: Khokhit Duaykan.
Chaisukkoso, Chanchai. 2012. A New Social Contract: The Way out for Thailand’s
Political Transformation Crisis. Social Democracy, Bangkok: Friedrich-Ebert-
Stiftung Thailand .
Chandarasomboon, Amorn. 1994. Constitutionalism: The solution for Thailand.
Bangkok: The public policy institute.
173
Charoen, Danuvasin. 2012. "The Analysis of the Computer Crime Act in Thailand."
International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research
519-526.
Charoensinolan, Chairat. 2002. New social movement. Bangkok: Vipasa Press.
Charteris, Ché. 2002. "Democratic discourses in Indonesia, Thailand, and Philippines."
New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 148-176.
Charteris, Ché. 2002. "Democratic discourses in Indonesia, Thailand, and The
Philippines." New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 148-176.
Chongkittavorn, Kavi. 2012. "Redefining Thai national security threats." The Nation.
Feburuary 20. Accessed Feburuary 20, 2012. http://www.nationmultimedia.com.
Christensen, Christian. 2011. "Discourses of Technology and Liberation: State Aid to Net
Activists in an Era of ‘Twitter Revolutions`." Communication Review 233-253.
Christiansen, J. 2009. "Four stages of social movements." Research Starters Sociology.
Accessed November 15, 2011. http://www.ebscohost.com.
Clift, Steven. 2002. E-democracy: the promise of the future is a reality today. 05 01.
Accessed 04 20, 2012. http://stevenclift.com/?p=98.
Clive, C. 2012. "Towards understanding eParticipation in the public sphere." Review of
Business Research (International Academy of Business and Economics) 140-146.
Cohen, S. 1985. Visions of social control: Crime, punishment, and classification.
Cambridge: Polity Press.
Coleman, Blumer J. G and S. 2001. Realising democracy online: A civic commons in
cyberspace. London: Institute for Public Policy Research.
Coleman, J. 1988. "Social capital in the creation of human capital." American Journal of
Sociology 95-120.
Coleman, J.C. 1960. Personality Dynamics and Effective Behaviour. Chicago: Scott,
Foresman and Co.
Coleman, S. and J. G. Blumler, Eds. 2009. The internet and democratic citizenship:
Theory, practice and policy . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
174
Coleman, S. 2003. Democracy in an e-Connected world: Risks and Opportunities.
Montreal: McGill-Queen`s University Press.
Coleman, S., & Wright, S. 2008. "Political blogs and representative democracy."
Information Polity 1-6.
Conners, M. 2003. "The reforming state: development culture and democracy in
Thailand." In Radicalising Thailand, by Ji Ungphakorn, 319-343. Bangkok:
Chulalongkorn University Press.
Conners, M. 2002. "Framing the People`s Constitution." In Reforming Thai politics, by D.
McCargo, 37-55. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press.
http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au.
Connors, M and Hewison K. 2008. "Introduction: Thailand and Good Coup." Journal of
Contemporary Asia 1-10.
Connors, M. 2008. "Article of Faith: the Failure of Royal Liberalism in Thailand."
Journal of Contemporary Asia 143-165.
Connors, M. 2008. "Four Elections and a Coup." Australian Journal of International
Affairs 478-496.
Connors, M. 2011. "Thailand`s Emergency State: Transformation and Struggle ."
Southeast Asian Affairs 287-305.
Connors, M. 2009. "Liberalism, authoritarianism and the politics of decisionism in
Thailand." The Pacific Review 355-373.
Connors, M. 2006. "Thaksin`s Thailand: to have and to hold." In Thailand` s Economic
Recovery, by Cavan Hogue, 26-45. Canberra: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Craig, J. Blakeley and Jeffrey, H. Matsuura. 2001. E-government: is E-democracy
invitable? Berlin,Germany, 10 17-19.
Dahlberg, Lincoln. 2007. "Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from
consensus to contestation." New Media & Society 827-847.
Dahlgren, P. 2009. Media and Politcal engafement: Citizens, Communication, and
Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Danah, M. Boyd and Nicole, B. Ellison. 2008. "Social Network Sites: Definition,
History, and Scholarship." Computer-Mediated Communication 210-230.
175
Daungdau Youngsamart and Gregory Fisher. 2006. "Governance and administration in a
‘new’ democracy: The case of formal control of the free-to-air television in
Thailand (1997-2006)." Journal of Administration & Governance 36-46.
David Schlosberg, Stephen Zavestoski, Stuart W. Shulman. 2007. "Democracy and ERulemaking:
Web-Based Technologies, Participation, and the Potential for
Deliberation." Journal of Information Technology & Politics 37-55.
De la Porta, D & Diani, M. 2006. Social Movements: An introduction. Malden: Blackwell
Publising .
Diamond, Larry Jay. 1996. "Is the Third Wave Over?" Journal of Democracy 20-37.
Eamoraphan, Choopong. n.d. "Red Crisis- May 19: One month on." Bangkokpost.
Accessed February 10, 2014. http://www.bangkokpost.com.
Efthimios Tambouris, Stelios Gorilas. 2003. "Evaluation of an e-democracy Platform for
European Cities." Lecture Notes in Computer Science 43-48.
Ellison, danah m. boyd and Nicole B. 2007. "Social netork sites: Definition, history, and
scholarship." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 210-230.
Finn, K. & Detlor, B. 2002. "Youth and electronic government: Towards a model of civic
participation." Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce 191-209.
France-Presse, Agence. 2013. Crisis-hit Thai politics in new cycle of tumult. 11 23.
Accessed 11 28, 2013.
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/131123/crisis-hit-thai-politics-newcycle-
tumult.
Franser, M. & Dutta, S. 2009. "Five ways Web 2.0 is changing the face of American
politics." Infonomics 47-56.
FREY, Alois Stutzer and BRUNO S. 2006. "Political participation and procedural utility:
An empirical study." European Journal of Political Research 391-418.
Fuller, T. 2013. In Thailand, Standing Up for Less Democracy. December 16. Accessed
December 16, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com.
—. 2006. News Analysis: Democracy, Thai style - Ban the politicians . 10 6. Accessed
October 20, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com.
176
G. Rodan, K. Hewison, & R. Robison. 2006. The Political Economy of South-East Asia.
Markets, Power and Contestation. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
Galtung, J. 1999. State, capital and the civil society: A problem of communication. New
Jersey: Hampson Press Inc.
Geerapatr, Nipa. 2006. "Discourse on poverty in Thai politics: A case of PM Thaksin`s
talk." NIDA language and communication Journal 1-32.
Gilberto Corso Pereira, Maria Célia Furtado Rocha. 2012. "e-Participation: Social Media
and the Public Space ." International Conference on Computational Science and
Its Applications. Heidelberg: International Conference on Computational Science
and Its Applications. 491-501.
Girling, John. 2002. "Conclusion: Economics, Politics, and Civil Society ." In Reforming
Thai Politics, by Duncan McCargo, 261-266. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of
Asian Studies.
Gladwell, Malcolm. 2010. Small Change:Why the revolution will not be tweeted. 10 04.
Accessed 09 14, 2012. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/smallchange-
3?currentPage=all.
Gueorguieva, V. 2008. "Voters, Myspce and YouTube: The impact on alternative
communication channels on the 2006 election cycle and beyond ." Social Science
Review 288-300.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry
into a category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Herring, Aldon Morris and Cedric. 1984. "Theory and research in social movements: a
critical review." Political Behavior Annual.
Hewison, K. 2008. "A book, the King and the 2006 coup." Journal of Contemporary Asia
190–211.
Hewison, K. and Kanishka Jayasuriya. 2004. "The Anti-Politics of Good Governance:
From Global Social Policy to a Global Populism." Critical Asian Studies 571-590.
Hewison, K. 2007. "Constitutions, regimes and power in Thailand, Democratization."
Democratization 928 - 945.
Hewison, K. 2005. "Neo-liberalism and domestic capital: The political outcomes of the
economic crisis in Thailand." The Journal of Development Studies 310 - 330.
177
Hewison, K. 2000. "Resisting globalization: a study of localism in Thailand." The Pacific
Review 279-296.
Hewson, K. 2004. "Crafting Thailand`s new social contract." The Pacific Review 503-
522.
Hopkins, Mark `Rizzn`. 2008. Just What is Social Media, Exactly? 11 19. Accessed 04 20,
2012. http://mashable.com/author/mark-hopkins/.
Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth
Century. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hyland, James L. 1995. Democratic theory: The philosophical foundations. Oxford
Road, Manchester : Manchester University Press.
—. 1995. Democratic theory: The philosophical foundations. New York, NY:
Manchester University Press.
Intarakumnerd, Patarapong. 2011. "Thaksin`s legacy: Thaksinomics and its impact on
Thailand`s national innovation system and industrial upgrading." INternational
Journal of INstitutions and Economics 31-60.
Internationaltimes. 2012. LESE-MAJESTY. 03 01. Accessed 03 10, 2012.
http://internationaltimes.it/lese-majesty/.
J. Woody Stanley, Christopher Weare. 2004. "The Effects of Internet Use on Political
Participation Evidence From an Agency Online Discussion Forum."
Administration & Society 503-527.
J., Caldow. 2004. e-Democracy: Putting down global roots. E-democracy, Institute for
Electronic Government, IBM.
Jankowski, N. W., & Van Selm, M. 2007. "Media Technologies andDemocracy in an
Enlarged Europe. The Intellectual Work of the 2007 European Media and
Communication Doctoral Summer School." www.tyk.ee. Accessed 08 15, 2013.
http://www.researchingcommunication.eu/reco_book3.pdf .
Jens Hoff, Ivan Horrocks, Pieter Tops. 2000. Democratic Governance and New
Technology. London: Routledge.
Jensen, Christian Stampe. 2011. Thailand’s Political Conflict – A Jasmine Revolution? .
04 11. Accessed 03 20, 2012.
178
http://infocus.asiaportal.info/2011/04/11/thailand%E2%80%99s-political-conflict-
%E2%80%93-a-jasmine-revolution-by-christian-stampe-jensen/.
Jim Glassman, Bae-Gyoon Park, Young-Jin Choi. 2008. "Failed internationalism and
social movement decline: The cases of South Korea and Thailand." Critical Asian
Studies 339-372.
Jirapan, Boonnoon. 2010. Facebook, Twitter phenomenon: Social media role continues to
grow. April 2. Accessed September 20, 2012. http://www.nationmultimedia.com.
Kahn, R. and Kellner, D. 2004. "New Media and Internet Activism: From the ‘Battle of
Seattle’ to Blogging." New Media & Society 87-95.
Kenich Ikeda, Yasuo Yamada, Masaru Kohno. 2003. Influence of Social Capital on
Political Participation in Asian Cultural Context. A Comparative Survey of
Democracy, Governance and Development, Taipei: Asian Barometer Project .
Kenneth L. Hacker, Jan van Dijk. 2000. Digital democracy: Issues of theory and
practice. London: SAGE Publication Inc.
Kershaw, R. 2001. Monarchy in South-east Asia: The face of tradition in transition.
London: Routledge.
Klein, James R. 1998. The constituation of the kingdom of Thailand 1997: A blueprint of
paritcipatory democracy. Democracy, Bangkok: The Asia Foundation in
Thailand.
—. 1998. "The constitution of the kingdom of Thailand,1997: A blueprint for parcipatory
democracy." The Asia Foundation. March. Accessed June 20, 2011.
http://asiafoundation.org.
Klotz, Robert J. 2004. The Politics of Internet Communication. Lanham: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers.
L., Clift S. 2004. E-Government and democracy: Representation and citizen engagement
in the information- age. E-Governmenr and Democracy, World Public Sector.
Laothammatas, Anek. 1992. Business associations and the new political economy of
Thailand: from bureaucratic polity to liberal corporatism. Boulder: Westview
press.
—. 1997. Democratization in Southeast and East Asia. Singapore: St. Martin`s Press.
179
LaRosa, Benedict D. 2005. Democracy or Republic,Which is It? 05. Accessed 09 10,
2013. http://www.primum-mobile.net/009/his1.html.
Lertchoosakul, Kanokrat. 2012. The Rise of the Octobrists:Power and Conflict among
Former Left Wing Student Activists inContemporary Thai Politics. London, UK:
London School of Economics and Political Science.
Leuschner, Katherine Elizabeth. 2012. "The Use of the Internet and Social Media in U.S.
Presidential Campaigns: 1992-2012." www.academia.edu. 05. Accessed 08 03,
2013.
https://www.academia.edu/1510408/The_Use_of_the_Internet_and_Social_Media
_in_U.S._Presidential_Campaigns_1992-2012.
—. 2012. The use of the internet and social media in U.S. presidential campaigns:1992-
2012. Harrisonburg: James Madison University.
Macintosh, A. 2004. "Characterizing e-participation in policy-making." System Sciences.
Hawaii: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . 1-0.
Mauss, Armand L. 1975. Social Problems of Social Movements. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Mayfield, Antony. 2008. icrossing.co.uk. Accessed Auguest 8, 2012.
http://www.icrossing.co.uk.
Mayfield, Ross. 2008. "2009 Predictions: Collaboration and Social Networking." Ross
Mayfield`s web blog: Markets, Technology, Musings. December 13. Accessed
March 12, 2012. http://ross.typepad.com.
McCargo, D. 2004. "Buddhism, democracy and identity in Thailand." Democratization
155-170.
McCargo, D. 2002. "Democracy under Stress in Thaksin`s Thailand." Journal of
Democracy 112-126.
McCargo, D. 2005. "Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand." Pacific
Review 499-519.
—. 2002. Reforming Thai Politics. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
McCargo, D. 2009. "Thai politics as reality TV." ournal of Asian Studies 7-19.
McCargo, D. 2011. "Toxic Thaksin? Thailand`s troublesome ex-premier." Representation
295-306.
180
MedLibrary.org. n.d. Sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings. Accessed Januuary
20, 2014. http://medlibrary.org.
Mendel, Sinfah Tunsarawuth and Toby. 2010. Centre for Law and Democracy. May.
Accessed December 6, 2012. http://www.law-democracy.org.
Mierina, Inta. 2011. Political participation and development of political attitudes in postcommunist
countries. Riga.
Milakovich, Michael E. 2010. "The Internet and Increased Citizen Participation in
Government." Journal of eDemocracy & Open Government 1-9.
Naruemon Thabchumpon, Duncan Mccargo. 2011. "Urbanized Villagers in the 2010 Thai
Redshirt Protests Not Just Poor Farmers?" Asian Survey 993-1018.
Nelson, Michael H. 2006. "Bangkok’s Elitist Coup." Far Eastern Economic Review 27-
30.
Nelson, Michael H. 2007. "Institutional Incentives and Informal Local Political Groups
(Phuak) in Thailand: Comments on Allen Hicken and Paul Chambers." Journal of
East Asian Studies 125-147.
Nelson, Michael H. 2007. "Thaksin Overthrown: Thailand’s “Well-Intentioned”Coup of
September 19, 2006." eastasia.at 1-16.
Netchaeva, Irina. 2002. "E-Government and E-Democracy A Comparison of
Opportunities in the North and South." International Communication Gazette
467-477.
Oberschall, A. 1997. Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities. New
Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
Ockey, J. 2005. "Monarch, Monarchy, Succession and Stability in Thailand." Pacific
Viewpoint 115-127.
Ockey, J. 2010. "Red democracy, yellow democracy: political conflict in Thailand." New
Zealand International Review 8-12.
Ockey, J. 2008. "Thailand in 2007: The Struggle to Control Democracy." Asian Survey
20-28.
Ockey, J. 2009. "Thailand in 2008: Democracy and Street Politics." In Southeast Asian
Affairs 2009, by D. Singh, 315-333. Singapore: ISEAS.
181
Ockey, J. 2001. "Thailand: The Struggle to Redefine Civil-Military Relations." In
Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia,
by Muthiah Alagappa, 187-208. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
OK Nation Blog. 2013. Who is who in PDRC . December 11. Accessed January 27, 2014.
http://www.oknation.net/blog/redribbons07.
Oli Lacigova, Anna Maizite, Benjamin Cave. 2012. "eParticipation and Social Media: a
Symbiotic Relationship?" European Journal of ePractice 71-76.
Oommen, T. K. 1998. "Citizenship, Nationality, and Ethnicity." American Journal of
Sociology 1414-1417.
Øystein Sæbøa, Corresponding author contact information, E-mail the corresponding
author, Jeremy Roseb, Jeremy Rose, Leif Skiftenes Flak. 2008. "The shape of
eParticipation: Characterizing an emerging research area." Government
Information Quarterly 400-428.
PAD. 2006. Thai Political Facts Info: PAD`s facts information, anti-Thaksin Shinawatra.
Accessed February 7, 2014. http://antithaksin.wordpress.com.
Paireepairit, Isriya. 2012. Free Space of Expression: New Media and Thailand’s Politics.
Thailand’s media, Berlin, Germany: fesmedia Asia.
Palczewski, C. H. 2001. Cyber-movements, New Social Movements, and Counterpublics.’
In Counterpublics and the State, eds. R. Asen and D. C. Brouwer. Albany: State
University of New York Press.
Papacharissi, Zizi. 2004. "Democracy online: civility, politeness, and the democratic
potential of online political discussion groups." New Media & Society 259-283.
Pasuk Phongpaichit and Baker, C. 2004. Thaksin: The Business of Politics in Thailand.
Chiangmai: Silkworm Books.
—. 2002. The only good populist is a rich populist:Thaksin Shinawatra and Thailand’s
democracy. Hong Kong: Southeast Asia Research Centre, City University of
Hong Kong.
Pathamanand, Ukrist. 2008. "A different coup d’etat?" Journal of Contemporary aSIA
124-142.
People Daily,. 2006. Second mass anti-Thaksin rally ends peacefully. February 12.
Accessed January 12, 2014. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn.
182
Phongpaichit, Pasuk. 2002. "Social Movements in Thailand." Thai Studies. Nakhon
Phanom: Thai Studies.
—. 2002. Withi chiwit witi su. Chiangmai: Silkworm Books,.
Poe, Marshall T. 2011. A History of Communications: Media and Society from the
Evolution of Speech to the Internet. New York : Cambridge University Press.
Prasittipon, Kanonsi. 2002. "[7 Years of the Assembly of the Poor: Time for an
alternative for Thai society." http://www.thaingo.org/thaingo. Accessed 08 14,
2012. http://thaingo.org/story3/news parkmoon 171245.html.
2012. Profile: Thailand`s reds and yellows. 07 13. Accessed 08 25, 2012.
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13294268.
Putnam, R. D. 1976. The comparative study of political elites. Englewood Cliffs, N.J:
Prentice-Hall.
Putnam, R. D. 1993. "The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life." The
American Prospect 35-42.
Rao, M. S. A. 1979. Social movements and social transformation: a study of two
backward classes movements in India. Delhi: Macmillan Company.
Raya, Al-Dalou and Emad, Abu-Shanab. 2013. "E-participation and technologies."
International Conference on Information Technology. Al-Zaytoonah University of
Jordan.
Rebecca Weitz-Shapiro, Matthew S.Winters. 2008. Political participation and quality of
life. participation, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank .
Rebecca, Weitz-Shapiro and Matthew, S. Winters. 2008. Political Participation and
Quality of Life. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank .
Redshirts. 2014. Who are We? Accessed January 30, 2014. http://thairedshirts.org/.
Riggs, Fred W. 1966. Thailand: The Modernization of Bureaucratic Polity. Honolulu:
East-West Center Press.
Robert Albritton, Thawilwadee Bureekul and Gang Guo. 2003. Impacts of Rural-Urban
Cleavages and Cultural Orientations on Attitudes toward Elements of
Democracy: A Cross-National, Within-Nation Analysis. A Comparative Survey of
Democracy, Governance and Development, Taipei: Asian Barometer.
183
Robert B. Albritton, Thawilwadee Bureekul. 2004. Developing Electoral Democracy in a
Developing Nations: Thailand. A Comparative Survey of Democracy,
Governance and Development, Taipei: Asian Barometer Project .
—. 2003. Measuring democratization in Thailand after political reform. Bangkok: King
Prajadhipok`s Institute.
Robert B. Albritton, Thawilwadee Bureekul. 2002. Support for Democracy in Thailand.
A Comparative Survey of Democracy, Governance and Development, Taipei:
Asian Barometer.
RT.com. 2014. Anti-government protesters campaign to mobilize support for Bangkok
shutdown. January 8. Accessed January 10, 2014. www.rt.com.
Russell, Jon. 2010. Politics Drives Facebook Membership In Thailand Past 3 Million
Mark. 05 21. Accessed 04 30, 2012. http://asiancorrespondent.com.
Sabrina Scherer, Christian Schneider, Maria A. Wimmer. 2008. "Studying eParticipation
in Government Innovation Programmes: Lessons from a Survey ."
eCollaboration: Overcoming Boundaries through Multi-Channel Interaction.
Bled: 21th Bled eConference. 483-497.
Safranek, Rita. 2012. The Emerging Role of Social Media in Political and Regime
Change. 03. Accessed 07 24, 2013.
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/social_media/review3.php.
Samudavanijia, Chai-Anan. 1987. "Thailand: a stable semi-democracy." World Affairs
31-41.
Sawatree Suksri, Siriphon Kusonsinwut, Orapin Yingyongpathana. 2010. FACT Freedom
Against Censorship Thailand. December 8. Accessed November 16, 2011.
https://facthai.wordpress.com.
Schaffar, Oliver Pyea & Wolfram. 2008. "The 2006 anti-Thaksin movement in Thailand:
An analysis." Journal of Contemporary Asia 38-61.
Scott, A. 1990. Ideology and the new social movements. London: Routledge.
Scott, David Meerman. 2008. Asking the Right Questions About Social Media. 11 08.
Accessed 03 20, 2012. http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/Column/After-
Thought/Asking-the-Right-Questions-About-Social-Media.
184
Security, Council for National. 2007. An unofficial translation of the Computer Crime
Act. 07 24. Accessed 08 14, 2013. http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/117.
Selznick, Leonard Broom and Philip. 1958. Sociology; a text with adapted readings. NY:
Row, Peterson.
Sen, Amartya. 2001. "Democracy as a Unversal Value." In The Global Divergence of
Democrcies, by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 3-17. Baltimore: The Johns
Hopkins University Press.
Shinichi, Shigetomi. 2010. "Political Turmoil in Thailand: The Historical Position."
Insitute of Developing Economics Japan External Trade Organization. 08.
Accessed 08 15, 2012.
http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Research/Region/Asia/20100524.html.
Siala, Amin. 2012. "The Evolution of Social Networking EPQ." academia.edu. Accessed
04 25, 2013.
file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/The_Evolution_of_Social_Networking_EPQ_b
y_Amin_Siala-libre.pdf.
Silva, Suwadi. 2012. "Thailand worried over social media use ." masress.com. December
4. Accessed December 17, 2012. http://www.masress.com.
Small, Tamara A. 2008. "The Facebook effect? Online campaigning in the 2008
Cannadian and US elections." Policy Options 85-87.
Sotirios Koussouris, Yannis Charalabidis, Dimitrios Askounis. 2007. "A review of the
European Union eParticipation action pilot projects." Transforming Government:
People, Process and Policy 8-19.
Sousa, Suzana P. 2009. Social Media and its Influence on Politics. 05 15. Accessed 07
20, 2012. http://library.wcsu.edu/dspace/bitstream/0/476/1/SousaThesis2009.pdf.
Steve Jones, Ray Hackney, Zahir Irani. 2007. "Towards e-government transformation:
conceptualising “citizen engagement”: A research note." Transforming
Government: People, Process and Policy 145-152.
Suree, Funilkul and Wichian, Chutimaskul. 2009. "The framework for sustainable
eDemocracy development." Transforming Government: People, Process and
Policy 16-31.
185
Suwannathat-Phian, Kobkua. 2003. Kings, Country and Constitutions: Thailand`s
Political Development 1932-2000. London: Routledge.
Tangpianpant, Patana Ginger. 2010. Wesleyan University . 04. Accessed 04 12, 2012.
http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1527&context=etd_h
on_theses.
Tarrow, S. 1994. Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tejapira, Kasian. 2006. Toppling Thaksin. May-June. Accessed July 15, 2012.
http://newleftreview.org.
Terranova, Tiziana. 2004. Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age. London:
Pluto Press.
Thai PBS. 2013. EC’s registration venue retaken by NSPRT. December 25. Accessed
December 28, 2013. http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th.
—. 2014. Red shirts harass PDRC protesters in Chiang Mai. January 5. Accessed
January 12, 2014. http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th.
Thairath News. 2014. Thairath Online. February 12. Accessed February 12, 2014.
http://www.thairath.co.th.
Thairedshirt. 2011. Thairedshirt. Accessed 10 17, 2012. http://thairedshirts.org.
The Asia Foundation. 2014. A survey of anti-government PDRC demonstrators in
Bangkok . Social movements, Bangkok: The Asia Foundation.
The Asia Foundation. 2013. Profile of the Protestors: A Survey of Pro and Anti-
Government Demonstrators in Bangkok on November 30, 2013. Social
movements, Bangkok: The Asia Foundation.
The Asia Foundation. 2011. The 2010 National survey of the Thai electorate . Thai
electorate, Bangkok, Thailand: The Asia Foundation.
The Jakarta Post. 2014. Thailand`s cyber war. January 27. Accessed January 28, 2014.
www.thejakartapost.com.
—. 2014. Thailand`s cyber war. 01 27. Accessed 01 30, 2014.
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/01/27/thailands-cyber-war.html.
186
The Nation. 2010. Monarch gets briefing. 03 09. Accessed 04 10, 2012.
http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/09/politics/Govt-to-impose-
ISA-as-PM-cancels-trip-to-Australia-30124223.html.
—. 2008. "PAD cease all anti-government protests." The Nataion Headlines. November
4. Accessed September 25, 2012. http://www.nationmultimedia.com.
—. 2014. Red shirts confront PDRC protesters at Chaeng Wattana rally site. January 17.
Accessed January 20, 2014. www.nationmultimedia.com.
—. 2010. Red shirts to govt: `Don`t mess with us`. 03 12. Accessed 10 21, 2012.
http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/12/politics/Red-shirts-to-govt-
Dont-mess-with-us-30124506.html.
Theguardian. 2013. Protests as Thailand senators debate amnesty bill. November 11.
Accessed December 10, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com.
Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Indianapolis : Addison-Wesley.
—. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Massachusetts, MA: Addison-Wesley.
—. 2004. Social Movements, 1768-2004 . Boulder, Colorado: Paradigm Publishers.
Turnšek, Maja and Nicholas W. Jankowski. 2008. "Social Media and Politics:Theoretical
and Methodological Considerations in Designing a Study of Political
Engagement." new political communication unit. 04. Accessed 08 25, 2012.
http://newpolcom.rhul.ac.uk/politics-web-20-paper-download.
Ukrist Pathamanand, McCargo D. 2005. The Thaksinization of Thailand. Copenhagen:
NIAS Press.
UNDP. 2012. E-Government Survey 2012 E-Government for the People. E-Government,
New York: United Nations.
Ungpakorn, Giles Ji. 2007. A Coup For the Rich Thailand’s political Crisis. Bangkok:
Workers Democracy Publishing.
—. 2010. Thailand’s Crisis and the Fight for Democracy. WDPress.
Walker, A. 2008. "The rural constitution and the everyday politics of election in Northern
Thailand." Journal of Contemporary Asia 84-105.
187
Wallace, Anthony F.C. 1956. "Revitalization Movements." American Anthropologist
264–281.
Wallsten, Scott J. 2005. "Regulation and Internet Use in Developing Countries."
Economic Development and Cultural Change 501-523.
Wikipedia. 2014. 2013–14 Thai political crisis. February 13. Accessed February 14,
2014. http://en.wikipedia.org.
wikipedia. 2014. People`s Alliance for Democracy. January 29. Accessed February 2,
2014. http://en.wikipedia.org.
Wikipedia. 2014. United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship. January 24.
Accessed January 30, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org.
Wimmer, Maria A. 2007. "Ontology for an e-participation virtual resource centre."
International conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance.
Macao: ICEGOV . 89-98.
Winichakul, Thongchai. 2008. "Toppling Democracy." Journal of Contemporary Asia
11-37.
Wong, Cynthia. 2011. Center for Democracy & Technology . February 8. Accessed
December 5, 2012. https://www.cdt.org/.
Wyatt, David K. 1984. Thailand: A Short History. Chiangmai: Silkworm Books.
Wyngarden, Katharine E. Van. 2012. New participation, new perspectives? Young adult`s
political engagment using Facebook. Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State
University .
Zoë Masters, Ann Macintosh, Ella Smith. 2004. "Young People and e-Democracy:
Creating a Culture of Participation." Electronic Government 15-22. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語博士學位學程(IDAS)
100265508
102 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002655081 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 508101.pdf | 3612Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1192 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
