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| 題名: | 美國 1930 年代金銀政策 年代金銀政策 —以《 1934 年白銀購買法案》為中心 年白銀購買法案》為中心 年白銀購買法案》為中心 （1932 -19391939 ）
The “Gold and Silver Policies of 1930s” in United States—On the Base of Silver Purchase Act of 1934 (1932-1939) |
| 作者: | 沈瑜
Jennifer Yu Shen |
| 貢獻者: | 賴建誠
Lai, Cheng Chung
沈瑜
Jennifer Yu Shen |
| 關鍵詞: | 1930年代金銀政策
1934年白銀購買法案
金本位
金銀複本位
信用本位
Gold and Silver Policies of 1930s
Silver Purchase Act of 1934
gold standard
bimetallism
Fiduciary Standard |
| 日期: | 2013 |
| 上傳時間: | 2014-08-06 11:45:28 (UTC+8) |
| 摘要: | 本論文探討美國「1930年代金銀政策」及其產生的貨幣流通變化。1930年代金銀政策是從胡佛總統至羅斯福總統時期的一連串貨幣政策，其目的在於救濟因經濟大恐慌而蕭條的市場，同時改革金融制度，故實施寬鬆貨幣政策，增加紙幣供給，減少紙幣貴金屬準備，以提高物價，刺激景氣。本論文歸納出以下法案或政府行動，為金銀政策的主要組成：《格拉斯－斯蒂格爾法》、「暫停《金條款》」、《緊急銀行法》、黃金國有化、《托馬斯農業調整法》、世界經濟會議、《白銀協定》、國內外購金、《黃金儲備法案》、《1934年白銀購買法案》、《穩定基金》、收歸白銀國有及《三國貨幣協定》，亦以時間序列分析金銀政策發展，最後做一個大膽的定義，本論文推想這些政策帶領美國進入信用本位制度。
而本論文希望能以貨幣流通量來推測「1930年代金銀政策」是否真造成某些貨幣流通變化。文中主要以8種法幣來推想：金幣、金券、銀幣、銀券、1890年國庫券」、「美利堅合眾國券」、聯邦儲備券、聯邦儲備銀行券與國民銀行券「1930年代金銀政策」雖然不是唯一改變貨幣流通量的因素，卻有助於了解當時貨幣流通發展，一些貨幣的興衰。
本論文亦將1930年代金銀政策中的《1934年白銀購買法案》獨立出來詳細討論，該法非常重要，它涉及美國的白銀產業、白銀商品與貨幣關係、白銀與黃金關係、黃金與美元關係，美元與本位關係。該法起源於1930年代，受到經濟大恐慌波及，銀產業處境困難，產銀州議員想要政府繼續向銀產業者購銀，故推動《1934年白銀購買法案》，用向國內外購銀，鑄造銀幣、發行銀券，以提高銀價，該法中規定購銀目標、購銀價格、鑄幣稅等。該法確實達到其目標銀價，對國內外造成有利有弊的影響。
This research discusses the “Gold and Silver Policies of 1930s” in United States, and the effect by these policies. Gold and Silver Policies of 1930s were a series of monetary policies from Hoover President to Roosevelt President. These policies tried to rescue the market which destroyed by the Depression, and also reformed the financial system. So the government carried out the Quantitative Easing Monetary Policy by increasing paper notes supplies, reducing the reserve back of the paper notes, for raising commodity price. This research analysises some acts or actions by the government in the following: Glass- Steagall Act, Emergency Banking Act, “Suspend Gold Clause Act,” Nationalize of Gold and Silver, Thomas Amendment to Agricultural Adjustment Act, The World Monetary and Economic Conference, Silver Agreement, Purchasing Gold, Gold Reserve Act, Silver Purchase Act of 1934, Tripartite Monetary Agreement, and Gold Sterilizations. This research tries to figure out whether the Unied States was forward to Fiduciary Standard after these polices be carried out or not.
This research hopes to use the amount of currency in circulation to prove whether the “Gold and Silver Policies of 1930s” effected currency in circulation or not. This research tries to prove it by 8 legal tenders: gold and silver coin, gold and silver certificates, United States notes, Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve Bank notes and National Bank notes. Though Gold and Silver Policies of 1930s were not the only reason affected the amount of currency in circulation, but maybe they can give some information about the development of the currency.
This research focuses on discussing Silver Purchase Act of 1934. This act is very important, it can be refer to the silver production, silver commodity and currency, silver and gold, gold and Dollar, Dollar and standard relationship. This act could be trace back to the silver industry could not live by Depression, so the senators wanted the government to purchase silver to silver producers. In Silver Purchase Act of 1934, it made a rule to purchase silver, mint silver coins, issue silver certificates, raise silver prices. It also set up the purpose of purchasing silver, the price of silver and seigniorage. This act affected domestic situation and foreign countries. |
| 參考文獻: | 一、 史料
（一） 館藏或線上資料庫之檔案與已公開文件
Coinage Act of 1792, April 2, 1792, Sec9, 11, 14, 2d Congress, 1d Session, Ch. 14, 15, 16, Stat, United States Statutes at Large, Volume 1. 1792, NESARA, The National Economic Stabilization and Recovery Act, http://nesara.org/articles/coinage_act_of_1792.htm (Accessed 4 March 2014).
Coinage Act of 1873, February 12, 1873, Sec14, 15, Act Revising and Amending The Laws Relative to the Mints, Assay-offices, and Coinage of the United States. 42d Congress, 3d Session, Ch. 131, 17 Stat, FRASER, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/historical/congressional/coinage-act-1873.pdf (Accessed 4 March 2014).
Gold Reserve Act of 1934, January 19 to 23, 1934, Hearings Before the Committee on Banking And Currency, A Bill to Protect the Currency System of the United States, to Provide for Tthe Better Use of The Monetary Gold Stock of The United States, And for Other Purposes, United States Senate, Seventy-Third Congress, Second Session, on S. 2366, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/meltzer/sengol34.pdf (Accessed 10 January 2014).
Henry Morgenthau, Jr. to President, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office files, 1933-1945, Reel28, Part3,中央研究院歐美研究所藏。
Memorandum, Law Regarding Purchase of Silver—Present Situation and Statutory History, February 7,1939, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/historical/eccles/064_05_0003.pdf (Accessed 10 January 2014).
Speech, Hon. A. M. Dockery of Missouri, Bimetallism, House of Representatives, August 25, 1893, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/mq53c/mq53c_v4hr_0051.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2013).
Speech, Hon. Isham G. Harris of Tennessee, Gold and Silver, the Money of the Constitution—the Money of the People, House of Representatives, September 29, 1893, FRASER, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/mq53c/mq53c_v1sen_0031.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2013).
Speech, Hon. O. M. Hall of Minnesota, House of Representatives, August 23, 1893, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/mq53c/mq53c_v5hr_0003.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2013).
Speech, Hon. William M. Springer of Illinois, Free Coinage of Silver and Repeal of the Sherman Act, House of Representatives, August 25, 1893, FRASER, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/mq53c/mq53c_v5hr_0065.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2013).
Speech, Hon. William T. Ellis of Kentucky, Silver, House of Representatives, August 22, 1893,Federal Reserve Bank of New York, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/mq53c/mq53c_v4hr_0054.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2013).
（二） 報紙、期刊
《東方雜誌》，1929年至1934年。
《銀行週報》1923年。
《獨立評論》，1932年。
Business Week, 1934.
New York Times, 18 August 1914-1945.
（三） 書目或線上資料庫之調查資料與政府出版品
卓遵宏、陳憶華、董淑賢，《抗戰前十年貨幣史資料（二）》，台北縣：國史館，1987年。
Annual Report of the Director of the Mint, 1934-1965, United States. Bureau of the Mint, http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007822982 (Accessed 18 May 2014).
Countries and Dates on the Gold Standard, Economic History Association, http://eh.net/?s=gold+standard (Accessed 26 May 2014).
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Monthly Review, Richmond, Virginia: Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 1967.
Historical Gold Prices–1933 to Present, National Mining Association, http://www.nma.org/pdf/gold/his_gold_prices.pdf (Accessed 15 April 2013).
Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (-) as Percentages of GDP: 1930–2019, White House, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals/ (Accessed 6 April 2014).
Twentieth Annual Report of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board, Covering Operations for the Year 1931-1937, United States Government Printing Office Washington, 1932-1938, Fraser, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/publication/?pid=117&tid=21 (Accessed 7 March 2014).
（四） 專書
Kemmerer, Edwin Walter著，李百強譯，《甘末爾貨幣論》，上海：會文堂新記書局，1935年。
Everest, Allan Seymour. Morgenthau, the New Deal, and Silver: A Story of Pressure Politics. New York: King`s Crown Press, 1950.
Fisher, Irving and Hans R. L. Cohrssen. Stabilized Money: a History of the Movement. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1935.
Keynes, John Maynard. The General Theory of Employment,Iinterest and Money .London : Macmillan, 1954.
Kemmerer, Edwin Walter. Gold and The gold Standard, The Story of Gold Money Past, Present and Future. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1944.
Leavens, Dickson Hammo. Silver Money. Bloomington, Ind.: Principia Press, 1939.
Paris, James D. Monetary Policies of the United States, 1932-1938. New York: Columbia University Press, 1938.
Salter, Sir Arthur. China and Silver. New York: Economic Forum Inc., 1934.
Young, Arthur N.. China`s Nation-Building Effort, 1927-1937: the Financial and Economic Record. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1971.
二、 近期研究
（一） 報紙、期刊、論文
李宇平，〈一九三○年代世界經濟大恐慌對中國經濟之衝擊(1931-1935)〉，《歷史學報》，第22期（1994年6月），頁315-347。
汪熙，〈門戶開放政策的一次考驗－美國白銀政策及其對東亞的影響（1934-1937）〉《巨大的轉變 : 美國與東亞(1931-1949)》，上海：復旦大學出版，1991年，頁28-72。
陳明，〈美國白銀運動的歷史淵源及其久遠影響〉，《湖南科技大學學報》，第3期（2004年3月），頁56-61。
彭國財，〈美國聯邦準備制度獨立性之研究〉，台北：私立淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文，1995年。
趙留彥、隋福民，〈美國白銀政策與大蕭條時期的中國經濟〉，《中國經濟史研究》，第4期（2011年），頁31-43。
Brandt, Loren and Sargent, Thomas, “Interpreting New Evidence about China and U.S. Silver Purchases,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 23.1 (1989), p.31-51.
Burdekin, Richard C.K. and Marc D. Weidenmier. “The Development of ‘Non-Traditional’ Open Market Operations: Lessons from FDR`s Silver Purchase Program,” The Origins and Development of Financial Markets and Institutions From the Seventeenth Century to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp.319-344.
Friedman, Milton. “Roosevelt, Silver and China,” Journal of Political Economy, 100.1 (February 1992), p.62-83.
Irwin, Douglas A.. “Gold Sterilization and the Recession of 1937–1938,”Financial History Review,19.3 (December 2012).
Rockoff, Hugh. “The Wizard of Oz` as a monetary allegory,” Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 98 Issue 4(Auguest 1990) , pp. 739-760.
Romer, Christina Duckworth. “What Ended the Great Depression?” Journal of Economic History,52 (December 1992), p.757-784..
Selgin, George. “The Rise and Fall of the Gold Standard in the United States,” Policy Analysis, 729 (June 2013).
Temin, Peter. “Transmission of the Great Depression,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7.2 (Spring, 1993), p.87-102.
（二） 專書
仇華飛，《中美經濟關係研究（1927-1937）》，北京：人民出版社，2002。
沈中華，《貨幣銀行學－全球的觀點》，台北：新陸書局，1996年。
卓遵宏，《中國近代幣制改革史》，台北：國史館，2009。
戴建兵，《白銀與近代中國經濟（1890-1935）》，上海：復旦大學，2005年。
魏建猷，《中國近代貨幣史》，上海：群聯出版社，1955年。
城山智子著，孟凡禮、尚國敏譯，《大蕭條時期的中國—市場、國家與世界經濟（1929-1937）》（南京：江蘇人民出版社，2010年）。
Atack, Jeremy著，羅濤等譯，《新美國經濟史：從殖民地時期到1940年》，中國社會科學出版社，2000年。
Friedman, Milton著，安佳譯，《貨幣的禍害》，北京：商務印書館，2007年。
Friedman, Milton 與Anna Jacobson Schwartz著，巴曙松譯，《美國貨幣史》，北京：北京大學出版社，2009年。
Horritz, P. M.著，林鐘雄譯，《貨幣政策與金融制度》，台北市：台灣銀行，1975年。
Russell, Michael Blaine 著，鄭會欣、吳世民、洪郵生譯，《院外集團與美國東亞政策—30年代美國白銀集團的活動》，上海：復旦大學出版社，1992年。
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Russell, Michael Blaine. American Silver Policy and China, 1933-1936. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1972.
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Temin, Peter. Lessons from the Great Depression. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press, 1989.
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（三） 網路資料
〈貴金屬〉，收錄於「互動百科」：http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E (2014年3月31日點閱)。
余永定（第一財經日報），〈中國深陷美元陷阱〉（2010年5月31日），收錄於「騰訊財經」：http://finance.qq.com/a/20100531/000939.htm (2014年4月2日點閱)。
Henry E. Hilliard, Silver Recycling in the United States in 2000, 140, U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program,http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silver/880798.pdf (Accessed 5 May 2014).
Lange, David, “Analyzing the Pittman Act of 1918, Part One,” 19 October, 2007, Numismatic Guaranty Corporation, http://www.ngccoin.com/news/viewarticle.aspx?IDArticle=902 (Accessed 20 November 2013). |
| 描述: | 碩士
國立政治大學
歷史研究所
100153012
102 |
| 資料來源: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100153012 |
| 資料類型: | thesis |
| 顯示於類別: | [歷史學系] 學位論文
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