Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/67630
|
Title: | 來源國,廣告訴求,文化價值觀:航空公司廣告在台灣的內容分析法研究 Examining the Relationship between Country of Origin, Appeals, and Cultural Values in Advertising: A Content Analysis Study of Airline Ads in Taiwan |
Authors: | 古楷婷 Gulenok, Kateryna |
Contributors: | 鄭怡卉 Cheng, I-Huei 古楷婷 Gulenok, Kateryna |
Keywords: | 航空公司 來源國 廣告訴求 文化價值觀 內容分析法研究 airlines country-of-origin services advertising appeals cultural values content analysis |
Date: | 2013 |
Issue Date: | 2014-07-21 15:43:22 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | Abstract The current study is a content analysis of airlines’ printed ads, exploring an intersection of country-of-origin (COO), advertising appeals (rational and emotional), and cultural values (Eastern or Western). The study focuses on airlines advertising to understand the role of COO and its interaction with ad appeals and cultural values. The goal of the study is to explore the ways in which airlines or service businesses (selling intangible products) communicate with consumers about the values and meanings in their advertising, especially since the market for travel services is growing and the airline industry is facing drastic competition. The statistical analysis showed clear consistent patterns in the use of COO and other advertising appeals: the ads that used COO are more likely to use emotional appeals and express more Eastern values. Adding to our understanding about the branding of airlines, the findings are in line with the literature that claimed emphasis on emotional aspects for service advertisements. Implications for practitioners are also discussed. Key words: airlines, country-of-origin, services, advertising appeals, cultural values, content analysis Abstract The current study is a content analysis of airlines’ printed ads, exploring an intersection of country-of-origin (COO), advertising appeals (rational and emotional), and cultural values (Eastern or Western). The study focuses on airlines advertising to understand the role of COO and its interaction with ad appeals and cultural values. The goal of the study is to explore the ways in which airlines or service businesses (selling intangible products) communicate with consumers about the values and meanings in their advertising, especially since the market for travel services is growing and the airline industry is facing drastic competition. The statistical analysis showed clear consistent patterns in the use of COO and other advertising appeals: the ads that used COO are more likely to use emotional appeals and express more Eastern values. Adding to our understanding about the branding of airlines, the findings are in line with the literature that claimed emphasis on emotional aspects for service advertisements. Implications for practitioners are also discussed. Key words: airlines, country-of-origin, services, advertising appeals, cultural values, content analysis |
Reference: | References Aaker, D.A., (1991). Managing Brand Equity, Free Press, New York. Ahmed, Z. U., Johnson, J. P., Ling, C. P., Fang, T. W. and Hui, A. K. (2002). Country-of-origin and brand effects on consumers` evaluations of cruise lines, International Marketing Review, 19 (3), 279-302. DOI: 10.1108/02651330210430703 Albers-Miller, N. D., & Stafford, M. R. (1999). An international analysis of emotional and rational appeals in services vs goods advertising.Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16 (11), 42-57.DOI:10.1108/07363769910250769 Albers-Miller, N.D. (1999). Consumer Misbehavior: why people buy illicit goods. Journal of Consumer Marketing.16 (3), 273-287. DOI: 10.1108/07363769910271504 Alden, D. L., Hoyer, W. D., & Lee, C. (1993). Identifying global and culture-specific dimensions of humor in advertising: A multinational analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57 (2), 64-75. DOI: 10.2307/1252027 An, D. (2007). Advertising visuals in global brands’ local websites: a six-country comparison. International Journal of Advertising, 26 (3), 303-332. Anholt, S. (2007). Competitive Identity: The new brand management for nations, cities and regions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Balabanis, G., Diamantopoulos, A. (2011). Gains and Losses from the Misperception of Brand Origin: The Role of Brand Strength and Country-of-Origin Image. Journal of International Marketing, 19(2), 95-116. DOI: 10.1509/jimk.19.2.95 Belk, R.W., Bryce, W., &Pollay, R.W. (1985). Advertising themes and cultural values: A comparison of U.S. and Japanese advertising. In Proceedings of Inaugural Meetings of the Southeast Asia Region, Academy of International Business, K. Mun and T. Chan, eds. Hong Kong: Academy of International Business, 11-20. Bello, D.C., Holbrook, M.B. (1995). Does an absence of brand equity generalize across product classes?, Journal of business Research. 34(2), 125-131. DOI: 10.1016/0148-2963(95)00008-g Berry, L. L. & Clark, T. (1986).Four ways to make services more tangible.Business, 36, 53-54. Berry, L. L. &Parasuraman, A. (1991).Marketing Services: Competing through Quality, Free Press, New York. Berthon, P., Pitt, L., Katsikeas, C. &Berthon, P. (1999). Executive insights: Virtual services go international: International services in the marketspace. Journal of International Marketing, 7 (3), 84 - 105 Bruning, R. (1997). Country of origin, national loyalty product choice; the case of international travel.International Marketing Review, 14(1), 59-74. DOI: 10.1108/02651339710159215 Cai, Y., Cude, R., Swagler, R. (2004). Country-of-origin effects on consumers’ willingness to buy foreign products: An experiment in consumer decision-making. Consumer Interests Annual, 50, 98-105. Chan, K. and Cheng H. (2002). One country, two systems: Cultural values reflected in Chinese and Hong Kong television commercials. The International Journal for Communication Studies.64 (4), 383-398. DOI: 10.1177/174804850206400405 Chandra, A., Fealey, T., & Rau, P. (2006). National barriers to global competitiveness: The case of the it industry in India. Competitiveness Review, 16, 12-19. DOI: 10.1108/10595420610760725 Chao, P., &Rajendran, K. N. (1993). Consumer profiles and perceptions: Country-of-origin effects. International Marketing Review, 10, 22-39. DOI: 10.1108/02651339310032534 Cheng, H., &Patwardhan, P. (2010). One region, two worlds?Cultural values in Chinese and Indian TV commercials.Asian Journal of Communication, 20 (1), 69-89. DOI: 10.1080/01292980903440863 Cheng, H., Schweitzer, J. C. (1996). Cultural values reflected in Chinese and U. S. television commercials. Journal of Advertising Research, 36 (1), 27-45 Cho, C-H.,Cheon, H.J. (2005), Cross-cultural comparisons of interactivity on corporate web sites, Journal of Advertising , 34 (2), 99-115. DOI:10.1080/00913367.2005.10639195 Choi, Y., & Miracle, G. E. (2004). The effectiveness of comparative advertising in Korea and the United States: A cross-cultural and individual-level analysis. Journal of Advertising, 33 (4), 75-87.DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2004.10639176 Cutler, B.D., Javalgi, R.G. (1993). Analysis of print ad features: Services versus products. Journal of Advertising Research, 33 (2), 62-69. Dmitrovic, T., Vida, I. (2010). Consumer Behavior Induced by Product Nationality: The Evolution of the Field and its Theoretical Antecedents. Transformations in Business and Economics, 9 (1-19), 145-165. DOI: Essoussi, L. H., &Merunka, D. (2007). Consumers` product evaluations in emerging markets. Does country of design, country of manufacture, or brand image matter? International Marketing Review, 24, 409-426. DOI: 10.1108/02651330710760991 Firestone, S.H. (1983). Why advertising a service is different. In emerging perspectives in services marketing, Leonard L. Berry, G. Lynn Shostack, and George D. Upah, eds. Chicago: American Marketing Association. Florek, M., Insch, A. (2008). The trademark protection of country brands: insights from New Zealand. Journal of Place Management and Development, 1 (3), 292 - 306. DOI: 10.1108/17538330810911271 Frith, K.T., & Mueller, B. (2003). Advertising and societies: Global issues. New York: Peter Lang. Giraldi, M. E., & Lopes, I. B. (2012). The country of origin effect for Brazilian fresh fruits: A study using partial least squares procedures. Journal of Management Research, 4(4), 18-38. DOI: 10.5296/jmr.v4i4.2062 Griffiths, A., F. Zammuto, F.R. (2005). Institutional Governance Systems and Variations in National Competitive Advantage: an Integrative Framework.Academy of Management Review, 30 ( 4), 823–842. DOI: 10.5465/amr.2005.18378880 Grove S.J., Pickett G.M. & Stafford M.R. (1997) Addressing the Advertising of Services: A call to action. Journal of advertising.26 (4), 1-6. DOI:10.1080/00913367.1997.10673531 Grove, S. J., Pickett G. M. &LaBand D. N. (1995), An Empirical Examination of Factual Information Content among Service Advertisements, Service Industries Journal, 15 (2), 216-233. DOI: 10.1080/02642069500000021 Grove, S.J., Pickett, G.M. & Stafford, M.R. (1997). Addressing the advertising of services: A call to action, Journal of Advertising, 26(4), 1-6. DOI: 10.1080/00913367.1997.10673531 Han, J. K., Schmidt, B. H. (1997). Product-category Dynamics and corporate identity in brand extensions: A comparison of Hong Kong and U.S. consumers. Journal of International Marketing, 5 (1), 77-92. Han, M. (1989). Country image: Halo or summary construct? Journal of Marketing Research, 26 (2), 222. DOI: 10.2307/3172608 Han, M., Terpstra, V. (1988). Country-of-origin effects for uni-national and bi-national products, Journal of International Business Studies, 19 (2), p. 235-255. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490379 Harrison-Walker, L. J. (1995). The relative effects of stereotype and advertising information on the selection of a service provider: An empirical study, Journal of Services Marketing, 9 (1), 47-59. DOI: 10.1108/08876049510079880 Hecker, S., Stewart, D.W. (1988). Nonverbal communication: Advertising’s forgotten elements, in Nonverbal Communication in Advertising, eds. Hecker, S., Stewart, D.W. Lexington, MA: Lexington, 13. Heesawat, Ch. (2005). The opportunities and problems in making services more tangible.Special Issue of the International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management, 13 (SP2). Herz, M.F., Diamantopoulos, A. (2013) Country-specific associations made by consumers: a dual-coding theory perspective. Journal of International Marketing.21 (3), 95-121. DOI: 10.1509/jim.13.0004 Hochschild, A.R. (1983). Managed heart: commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Hoenen, A., Karunaratna A.R., & Quester, P.G. (2005). Influence of country of origin Effects on services: A study of airlines. ANZMAC 2005 Conference: Marketing in International and Cross-Cultural Environments, 59-64. Holsti, O. (1969). Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Hong, S., Wyer, R. (1989).Effects of Country-Of-Origin and Product-Attribute Information, Journal of Consumer Research, 16 (2), 175. DOI: 10.1086/209206 Huber, J., McCann, J. (1982). The Impact of Inferential Beliefs on Product Evaluations.Journal of Marketing Research, 19 (3), 324-333. DOI: 10.2307/3151566 Jaffe, E. D., &Nebenzahl, I. D. (2001). National image and competitive advantage: The theory and practice of country-of-origin effect. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press. Javalgi, R. G., Cutler, B. D. &Winans, W. A. (2001). At your service! Does country of origin research apply to services? Journal of Services Marketing, 15(6/7), 565. DOI: 10.1108/08876040110407491 Jeannet, J.P. and Hennessey, H.D. (2001), Global Marketing Strategies, Fifth Edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Johansson, J. (1989). Determinants and Effects of the Use of `Made In` Labels, International Marketing Review, 6 (1), 324-333. DOI: 10.1108/eum0000000001502 Johansson, J. K., Douglas, S.P. &Nonaka, I. (1985). Assessing the impact of country of origin on product evaluations: A new methodological perspective. Journal of Marketing Research, 22 (4), 388-96. DOI: 10.2307/3151584 Kanso, A. & Kitchen, P. (2004). Marketing consumer services internationally: Localisation and standardisation revisited, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 22 (2), 201-215. DOI:10.1108/02634500410525869 Karunaratna, O.R., Quester, P.G., Johson, L.W. (1998). Brand and country-of-origin effects on services: An exploratory study. Lecture for Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy. Retrieved from http://anzmac.info/conference/1998/Cd_rom/Karunaratna215.pdf Kassarjian, H. H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research.Journal of Consumer Research, 26 (4), 8-18. Kindström, D., Kowalkowski, C. &Nordin, F. (2012). Visualizing the value of service based offerings – Empirical findings from the manufacturing Industry. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 27 (7), 538-546. Kim, H. S., Markus, H. R. (1999). Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity?A cultural analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77 (4), 785-800. DOI:10.1037//0022-3514.77.4.785 Koschate-Fisher, N., Diamantopoulos, A. &Oldenkotte, K. (2012). Are consumers really willing to pay more for a favorable country image? A study of country-of-origin effects on willingness to pay.Journal of International Marketing.20 (1), 19-41. DOI: 10.1509/jim.10.0140 Kotler, P. (1991). Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, 7th ed, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Kotler, P. (2002). Country as Brand, Product and Beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective, Journal of Brand Management, 9(4-5), 249-261. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540076 Kotler, P. (2003). Marketing Management, 11th ed., New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. (1991). Principles of Marketing, 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. Lee, C.F. (1999). The influence of product involvement, brand equity, and market characteristics in evaluating and choosing brand. Masters Degree Thesis. National Cheng Kung University. Tainan City. Legg, D., Baker, J. (1987), Advertising Strategies for Service Firms, in C. Suprenant (eds.), Add Value to Your Service. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 163-168. Lim, J-S., Darley, W.K. (1997). An assessment of demand artefacts in country-of-origin studies using three alternative approaches, International Marketing Review, 14 (4), 201-217. DOI: 10.1108/02651339710173417 Lin, C. A. (2001). Cultural values reflected in Chinese and American television Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 30 (4), 83 – 94. DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2001.10673653 Lin, L-Y. (2011). The impact of advertising appeals and advertising spokespersons on advertising attitudes and purchase intentions.African Journal of Business Management.5 (21), 8446-8457. Lin, L. Y., Chen, C. S. (2006). The influence of the country-of-origin image, product knowledge and product involvement on consumer purchase decisions: an empirical study of insurance and catering services in Taiwan. Journal of Consumer Marketing 23 (5), 248-265. DOI: 10.1108/07363760610681655 Lu, Zh., Cheng, I-H.,& Phelps, J. (2007). The relationship of product category and advertisers’ origin with usage of advertising appeals: A content analysis of Chinese magazine advertisements. American Academy of Advertising Fourth Asia-Pacific Conference. Markessinis, A. (2010). Airline companies as nation branding ambassadors. Retrieved from http://nation-branding.info/ McCracken, G. (2005). Culture and Consumption II: Markets, Meaning, and Brand Management. Vol. 2. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. DOI: 10.2501/s0021849906000389 McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutengerg galaxy: the making of typographic man, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Moriarty, S. E. (1987). A content analysis of visuals used in print media advertising. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 64 (2-3), 550-554. DOI: 10.1177/107769908706400238 Mueller, B. (1987). Reflections of culture: An analysis of Japanese and American advertising appeals. Journal of Advertising Research, 27 (3), 51-59. Mueller, B. (1992). Standardization vs. specialization: An examination of westernization in Japanese advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 32 (1), 15-24. Nebenzahl, I.D., Jaffe, E.D. (1996). Measuring the joint effect of brand and country image in consumer evaluation of global products, International Marketing Review, 13 (4), 5-22. DOI: 10.1108/02651339610127220 Okechuku, C. (1994). The Importance of product country of origin: A conjoint analysis of the United States, Canada and the Netherlands, European Journal of Marketing, 28 (4), 5-19. DOI: 10.1108/03090569410061150 Olins. W. (2002). Branding the nation – The historical context, Journal of Brand Management, 9(4-5), 241-248. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540075 Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. & Berry L. L. (1985), A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research, Journal of Marketing, 49 (4), 41-50. DOI: 10.2307/1251430 Paterlini, M. A. (2012).The use of the country of origin information in communication strategies used by Brazilian cosmetics-exporting enterprises in external markets.Journal of Management Research.4 (4), 310-333. DOI: 10.5296/jmr.v4i4.2381 Pollay, R. W. (1983). Measuring cultural values manifest in advertising. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 6 (1), 71-92. Pollay, R. W., & Gallagher, K. (1990). Advertising and cultural values: Reflections in the distorted mirror. International Journal of Advertising, 9, 359-372. Resnik, A., & Stern, B. L. (1991). Information content II television advertising.Journal of Advertising Research , 31(3), 36-46. Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York, NY: Free Press. Rotzoll, K. B., Haefner, J.E. (1990). Advertising in contemporary society. 2nd Ed. South-Western Publishing Co.: Cincinatti. Schooler, R. D. (1965).Product bias in Central American common market.Journal of Marketing Research, 2 (4), 394-397. DOI:10.2307/3149486 Sengupta, S., Frith, K.T. (1997). Multinational corporation advertising and cultural imperialism: A content analysis of Indian television commercials. Asian Journal of Communication. 7 (1), 1–18. DOI: 10.1080/01292989709388295 Shen, F. (2013). Appeals and cultural values in Chinese television commercials.International Business Research; 6 (4), 25-31.DOI:10.5539/ibr.v6n4p25 Shostack, G. L. (1977). Breaking free from product marketing, Journal of Marketing, 41 (2), 73-80. DOI: 10.2307/1250637 Srikandath, S. (1991). Cultural values depicted in Indian television advertising. International Communication Gazette, 48 (3), 165-176. DOI: 10.1177/001654929104800302 Stafford, M. R., Day, E. (1995), Retail services advertising: The effects of appeal, medium, and service. Journal of Advertising, 24 (1), 57-71. DOI: 10.1080/00913367.1995.10673468 Stafford, M.R. (2005). International services advertising. Defining the domain and reviewing the literature.Journal of Advertising.34 (1), 65-86. DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2005.10639184 Stern, B.B. (1988). Figurative language in services advertising: the nature and uses of imagery. In NA – Advances in Consumer Research. Eds. Micheal J. Houston, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 15, 185-190. Swaminathan, V., Zinkhan, G. M., & Reddy, S. K. (1996). The evolution and antecedents of transformational advertising: A conceptual model. Advances in Consumer Research, 23, 49-55. Taylor, C. R. (2005). Moving international advertising research forward. Journal of Advertising, 34 (1), 7-16. DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2005.10639187 Taylor, R. B., Hoy, M. G., & Haley, E. (1996). How French advertising professionals develop creative strategy. Journal of Advertising , 25 (1), 1–14. DOI: 10.1080/00913367.1996.10673492 Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson Tse, D. K., Belk, R. W., & Zhou, N. (1989). Becoming a consumer society: A longitudinal and cross-cultural content analysis of print ads from Hong Kong, the People’s Republic of China, and Taiwan. Journal of Consumer Research, 15 (4), 457–472. DOI: 10.1086/209185 Tseng, J.-Y. (2001). A study of the influence of country-of-brand and brand equity on consumers’ purchase intention. Masters Degree Thesis, Graduate School of Management Sciences, Aletheia University, Taipei. Turley, L.W., Kelly S.W. (1997). A comparison of advertising content: Business to business versus consumer services. Journal of Advertising.24 (4), 39-48. DOI:10.1080/00913367.1997.10673534 Verlegh, P. W., Steenkamp, J. B., &Meulenberg, M. T. (2005). Country-of-origin effects in consumer processing of advertising claims.International Journal of Research in Marketing, 22, 127-139. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2004.05.003 Vrontis, D., &Vignali, C., (1999). An International Marketing Reader, UK: The Manchester Metropolitan University. Walizer, M.H., &Wieneir, P.I. (1978). Research methods and analysis: Searching for relationships. New York: Harper & Row. Wang, C. C. L. (2000). Right appeals for the “right self”: Connectedness-separateness self-schema and cross-cultural persuasion. Journal of Marketing Communications, 6 (4), 205-217. DOI:10.1080/135272600750036337 Wells, W., Burnett, J. & Moriarty, S. (2003). Advertising: Principles and Practice, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Young, R.F. (1981). The advertising of consumer services and the hierarchy of effects. In marketing of services, James H. Donnelly and William R. George, eds,. Chicago; American Marketing Association. Zdravkovic, S. (2013). Does country-of-origin matter to Generation Y? Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, 14 (1), 89-102. DOI: 10.1108/17473611311305511 Zhang, Y.B., & Harwood, J. (2004). Modernization of tradition in an age of globalization: Cultural values in Chinese television commercials. Journal of Communication, 54 (1), 156-172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02619.x Zinkhan, G.M., Johnson, M. &Zinkhan, F.C. (1992). Differences between product and services television commercials, Journal of Services Marketing, 6 (3), 59-66. DOI: 10.1108/08876049210035944 |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 International spread of English Master Program (IMICS) 101461014 102 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101461014 |
Data Type: | thesis |
Appears in Collections: | [國際傳播英語碩士學程] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
File |
Size | Format | |
101401.pdf | 1291Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 810 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|