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| Title: | 政府補助是否排擠或擠入私人捐贈：以台灣表演藝術團體為例
政府補助是否排擠或擠入私人捐贈：以台灣表演藝術團體為例
Do Government Subsidies Crowd-out or Crowd-in Private Donations: Evidence from Taiwan Performing Arts Groups
Do Government Subsidies Crowd-out or Crowd-in Private Donations: Evidence from Taiwan Performing Arts Groups |
| Authors: | 石佩玄 |
| Contributors: | 溫偉任
石佩玄 |
| Keywords: | 政府補助
政府補助
私人捐贈
私人捐贈
表演藝術
表演藝術
排擠效果
排擠效果
擠入效果
擠入效果
government subsidies
government subsidies
private donation
private donation
performing arts
performing arts
crowd-out
crowd-out
crowd-in
crowd-in |
| Date: | 2013 |
| Issue Date: | 2014-07-14 11:23:49 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 政府補助對於藝術團體的補助是否排擠(crowd-out)或擠入(crowd-in)私人捐
贈在國外文獻中的討論已行之有年。雖然近年來台灣文化藝術產業逐漸受到政府
及國人重視，但國內卻鮮少探討表演藝術團體所收之政府補助與私人捐贈間的關
係。因此，本文採用台灣435 家表演藝術團體為樣本，將被解釋變數區分為個人、
企業及基金會捐贈，藉由多變量迴歸模型(multivariate regression)和多變量Tobit迴歸模型(multivariate Tobit regression)觀察各政府部門對於文化藝術補助與私人捐贈文化藝術活動間的關係，以及其他影響捐贈之因素。模型設計上，由(1)原始變數模型及(2)以演出場次平均之模型檢視表演藝術團隊政府補助及私人捐贈關係。實證結果顯示，不同的私部門捐贈者會受到不同的政府部門補助以及團體特性因素影響。國藝會補助對個人捐贈存在排擠效果；中央政府補助對企業捐贈及文化部、國藝會、中央政府補助對基金會捐贈存在擠入效果；中央政府補助對個人捐贈及國藝會補助對基金會捐贈存在倒U 形非線性關係，此即證明了政府補助與私人捐贈間存在排擠和擠入效果，甚至兩者同時存在。此外，團體特性因素中，總營運成本、宣傳支出、票房收入、國內外演出場次、售票場人數為個人捐
贈者之決策因素；宣傳支出及成立年數為企業捐贈者之決策因素；總營運成本、
國外演出場次、演出收入、售票及非售票場人數為基金會捐贈者之決策因素。而
個人、企業及基金會均偏好捐款給舞蹈類及音樂類的團體。因此，政府單位可針
對不同私部門分配文化藝術補助經費，讓補助資源在各表演藝術團體間能夠進行
有效的配置。而表演藝術團體除了靠政府單位的扶植，亦可開拓更多的收入來源，
以求團隊的永續經營發展，進而吸引私人捐贈者的青睞。
政府補助對於藝術團體的補助是否排擠(crowd-out)或擠入(crowd-in)私人捐
贈在國外文獻中的討論已行之有年。雖然近年來台灣文化藝術產業逐漸受到政府
及國人重視，但國內卻鮮少探討表演藝術團體所收之政府補助與私人捐贈間的關
係。因此，本文採用台灣435 家表演藝術團體為樣本，將被解釋變數區分為個人、
企業及基金會捐贈，藉由多變量迴歸模型(multivariate regression)和多變量Tobit迴歸模型(multivariate Tobit regression)觀察各政府部門對於文化藝術補助與私人捐贈文化藝術活動間的關係，以及其他影響捐贈之因素。模型設計上，由(1)原始變數模型及(2)以演出場次平均之模型檢視表演藝術團隊政府補助及私人捐贈關係。實證結果顯示，不同的私部門捐贈者會受到不同的政府部門補助以及團體特性因素影響。國藝會補助對個人捐贈存在排擠效果；中央政府補助對企業捐贈及文化部、國藝會、中央政府補助對基金會捐贈存在擠入效果；中央政府補助對個人捐贈及國藝會補助對基金會捐贈存在倒U 形非線性關係，此即證明了政府補助與私人捐贈間存在排擠和擠入效果，甚至兩者同時存在。此外，團體特性因素中，總營運成本、宣傳支出、票房收入、國內外演出場次、售票場人數為個人捐
贈者之決策因素；宣傳支出及成立年數為企業捐贈者之決策因素；總營運成本、
國外演出場次、演出收入、售票及非售票場人數為基金會捐贈者之決策因素。而
個人、企業及基金會均偏好捐款給舞蹈類及音樂類的團體。因此，政府單位可針
對不同私部門分配文化藝術補助經費，讓補助資源在各表演藝術團體間能夠進行
有效的配置。而表演藝術團體除了靠政府單位的扶植，亦可開拓更多的收入來源，
以求團隊的永續經營發展，進而吸引私人捐贈者的青睞。
Whether government subsidies to arts groups crowd-out or crowd-in private donations has been discussed for decades. According to the lack of related study in Taiwan, this paper used 435 Taiwan’s performing arts groups as sample. We separated private sectors into individual, corporate, and foundation, building two models: (1)original variable model; (2) variables divided by performed times in the year model to test the relationships between government subsidies and each private donation through multivariate regression and multivariate Tobit regression models. Moreover, group factors that may affect donations were also included. According to the results, it found that different private donators would affect by different sources of government
subsidies and group factors. The relationship between government subsidies and private donations may be crowd-out, crowd-in, or both. In addition, the significant group factors also varies from different private sectors. By knowing these facts, government can distribute their funds to different private sectors with more efficiency. For attracting private donations, performing arts groups can develop other income resources rather than government subsidies to pursue sustainable operation.
Whether government subsidies to arts groups crowd-out or crowd-in private donations has been discussed for decades. According to the lack of related study in Taiwan, this paper used 435 Taiwan’s performing arts groups as sample. We separated private sectors into individual, corporate, and foundation, building two models: (1)original variable model; (2) variables divided by performed times in the year model to test the relationships between government subsidies and each private donation through multivariate regression and multivariate Tobit regression models. Moreover, group factors that may affect donations were also included. According to the results, it found that different private donators would affect by different sources of government
subsidies and group factors. The relationship between government subsidies and private donations may be crowd-out, crowd-in, or both. In addition, the significant group factors also varies from different private sectors. By knowing these facts, government can distribute their funds to different private sectors with more efficiency. For attracting private donations, performing arts groups can develop other income resources rather than government subsidies to pursue sustainable operation. |
| Reference: | 中文部分
文化部（2011），《文化統計》，臺北市：文化部。
行政院文化建設委員會（2004），《2004文化白皮書》，臺北市：文建會。
行政院文化建設委員會（2007），《表演藝術產業調查研究》，臺北市：文建會。
吳曉菁（2002），“我國文化藝術補助政策之研究—以舞蹈表演團體為例”，國立臺灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
林瑩滋（2000），“台灣企業贊助藝文活動調查研究”，財團法人國家文化藝術基金會研究調查計畫。
國立中正文化中心（2003），《中華民國九十一年表演藝術生態報告》，臺北市：國立中正文化中心。
張文俊‧鄒佳穎（2006），”政府文化藝術補助與私人捐贈關係之研究-以台灣表演藝術團體為例”，《財稅研究》，38(4)，38-51。
莊三修（2011），“政府文創產業補助與輔導政策績效評估之研究－以表演藝術為例”，國立臺灣大學政治學系碩士論文。
陳亞平（2001），“我國政府對表演藝術團體補助之實證研究”，國立臺北大學公共行政暨政策研究所碩士論文。
陳錦誠（2004），“公益創投之可行性研究—以表演藝術團體為例”，國立政治大學經營管理碩士學程碩士論文。
鄒佳穎（2005），“政府文化藝術補助與私人捐贈關係之研究－以臺灣表演藝術團體為例」”，國立臺北大學財政學系碩士論文。
英文部分
Amemiya, T. (1974), “Multivariate Regression and Simultaneous Equation Models when the Dependent Variables are Truncated Normal”, Econometrica, 42(6), 999-1012
Andreoni, J. (1990), “Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving”, Economic Journal, 100(401), 464-477.
Andreoni, J., & Payne, A. (2003), “Do government grants to private charities crowd out giving or fund-raising”, American Economic Review, 93(3), 792-812.
Borgonovi, F. (2006), “Do public grants to American theatres crowd-out private donations”, Public Choice, 126(3-4), 429-451.
Borgonovi, F., & O`Hare, M. (2004), “The impact of the National Endowment for the Arts in the United States: Institutional and sectoral effects on private funding”, Journal of Cultural Economics, 28(1), 21-36.
Brooks, A.C. (1999), “Do public subsidies leverage private philanthropy for the arts? Empirical evidence on symphony orchestras”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(1), 32-45.
— (2000a), “Is there a dark side to government support for nonprofits”, Public Administration Review, 60(3), 211-218.
— (2000b), “Public subsidies and charitable giving: crowding out, crowding in, or both”, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 19(3), 451-464.
— (2003), “Taxes, subsidies, and listeners like you: Public policy and contributions to public radio”, Public Administration Review, 63(5), 554-561.
Dokko, J. K. (2009), “Does the NEA crowd out private charitable contributions to the arts”, National Tax Journal, 62(1), 57-75.
Okten, C., & Weisbrod, B. A. (2000), “Determinants of donations in private nonprofit markets”, Journal of Public Economics, 75(2), 255-272.
Payne, A. (2001), “Measuring the effect of federal research funding on private donations at research universities: Is federal research funding more than a substitute for private donations”, International Tax and Public Finance, 8(5-6), 731-751.
Peacock, A. & Rizzo, I. (Ed.) (1994), Cultural Economics and Cultural Policies, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Schiff, J. (1985), “Does government spending crowd out charitable contributions”, National Tax Journal, 38(4), 535-546.
Smith, T. M. (2003), “The effect of NEA grants on the contributions to nonprofit dance companies”, Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 33(2), 98-113.
— (2007), “The impact of government funding on private contributions to nonprofit performing arts organizations”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 78(1), 137-160.
Warr, P. G. (1982), “Pareto optimal redistribution and private charity”, Journal of Public Economics, 19(1), 131-138.
中文部分
文化部（2011），《文化統計》，臺北市：文化部。
行政院文化建設委員會（2004），《2004文化白皮書》，臺北市：文建會。
行政院文化建設委員會（2007），《表演藝術產業調查研究》，臺北市：文建會。
吳曉菁（2002），“我國文化藝術補助政策之研究—以舞蹈表演團體為例”，國立臺灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
林瑩滋（2000），“台灣企業贊助藝文活動調查研究”，財團法人國家文化藝術基金會研究調查計畫。
國立中正文化中心（2003），《中華民國九十一年表演藝術生態報告》，臺北市：國立中正文化中心。
張文俊‧鄒佳穎（2006），”政府文化藝術補助與私人捐贈關係之研究-以台灣表演藝術團體為例”，《財稅研究》，38(4)，38-51。
莊三修（2011），“政府文創產業補助與輔導政策績效評估之研究－以表演藝術為例”，國立臺灣大學政治學系碩士論文。
陳亞平（2001），“我國政府對表演藝術團體補助之實證研究”，國立臺北大學公共行政暨政策研究所碩士論文。
陳錦誠（2004），“公益創投之可行性研究—以表演藝術團體為例”，國立政治大學經營管理碩士學程碩士論文。
鄒佳穎（2005），“政府文化藝術補助與私人捐贈關係之研究－以臺灣表演藝術團體為例」”，國立臺北大學財政學系碩士論文。
英文部分
Amemiya, T. (1974), “Multivariate Regression and Simultaneous Equation Models when the Dependent Variables are Truncated Normal”, Econometrica, 42(6), 999-1012
Andreoni, J. (1990), “Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving”, Economic Journal, 100(401), 464-477.
Andreoni, J., & Payne, A. (2003), “Do government grants to private charities crowd out giving or fund-raising”, American Economic Review, 93(3), 792-812.
Borgonovi, F. (2006), “Do public grants to American theatres crowd-out private donations”, Public Choice, 126(3-4), 429-451.
Borgonovi, F., & O`Hare, M. (2004), “The impact of the National Endowment for the Arts in the United States: Institutional and sectoral effects on private funding”, Journal of Cultural Economics, 28(1), 21-36.
Brooks, A.C. (1999), “Do public subsidies leverage private philanthropy for the arts? Empirical evidence on symphony orchestras”, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(1), 32-45.
— (2000a), “Is there a dark side to government support for nonprofits”, Public Administration Review, 60(3), 211-218.
— (2000b), “Public subsidies and charitable giving: crowding out, crowding in, or both”, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 19(3), 451-464.
— (2003), “Taxes, subsidies, and listeners like you: Public policy and contributions to public radio”, Public Administration Review, 63(5), 554-561.
Dokko, J. K. (2009), “Does the NEA crowd out private charitable contributions to the arts”, National Tax Journal, 62(1), 57-75.
Okten, C., & Weisbrod, B. A. (2000), “Determinants of donations in private nonprofit markets”, Journal of Public Economics, 75(2), 255-272.
Payne, A. (2001), “Measuring the effect of federal research funding on private donations at research universities: Is federal research funding more than a substitute for private donations”, International Tax and Public Finance, 8(5-6), 731-751.
Peacock, A. & Rizzo, I. (Ed.) (1994), Cultural Economics and Cultural Policies, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Schiff, J. (1985), “Does government spending crowd out charitable contributions”, National Tax Journal, 38(4), 535-546.
Smith, T. M. (2003), “The effect of NEA grants on the contributions to nonprofit dance companies”, Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society, 33(2), 98-113.
— (2007), “The impact of government funding on private contributions to nonprofit performing arts organizations”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 78(1), 137-160.
Warr, P. G. (1982), “Pareto optimal redistribution and private charity”, Journal of Public Economics, 19(1), 131-138. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
101351021
102
102 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101351021
http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101351021 |
| Data Type: | thesis
thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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