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    Title: 美國國家安全顧問在外交決策扮演之角色-以兩次伊拉克戰爭之史考克羅夫與萊斯為例
    The Role of National Security Advisor in US Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process - Cases Studies of Brent Scowcroft and Condoleezza Rice in Two Iraqi Wars
    Authors: 莊茵茵
    Contributors: 盧業中
    莊茵茵
    Keywords: 國家安全顧問
    伊拉克戰爭
    中立守門員
    總統-顧問互動模式
    史考克羅夫
    萊斯
    Date: 2013
    Issue Date: 2014-03-03 15:36:30 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 1991年老布希政府在取得聯合國授權後,對入侵科威特的海珊政府正式宣戰,遂開啟了第一次伊拉克戰爭,伊拉克最終接受聯合國第660號決議,從科威特撤軍,結束了第一次伊拉克戰爭。911事件後,恐怖主義以嶄新型態的威脅形式,重創了美國20世紀末的樂觀思維,小布希政府於2003年所發動的第二次伊拉克戰爭,被認為是小布希主義的實踐,然而當初開戰時宣稱海珊政府所擁有的大規模毀滅性武器,至今仍未被發現,而美國在伊拉克境內推行的民主化,也造成內部動亂不斷,讓此場戰爭最後以失敗告終。本研究欲透過比較兩次伊拉克戰爭中國家安全顧問在外交決策所扮演之角色,探討何種因素造成了截然不同的戰爭決策與結果。
    第二次世界大戰後,外交決策權逐漸集中在白宮,總統更直接地參與外交決策,連帶的提高了國家安全顧問的權力與影響力,所涵蓋的職責內容也來得複雜許多。而總統的決策風格及偏好,會決定其對國家安全顧問的定位,而總統對國家安全顧問的定位,則會影響國家安全顧問對自身角色及職掌之認知。
    在第一次伊拉克戰爭中,史考克羅夫身為國家安全顧問被公認為最能固守其國家安全顧問的職責,除了忠實地扮演中立守門員,傳達各種意見給總統,亦創建了資訊充分暢通的跨部會決策機制,並且維持決策機制的良好運作,且在自身的影響力與權力增加時,也能與其他內閣官員維持良好的外交分工,而老布希總統對於國家安全顧問的職責認知與全力支持,讓史考克羅夫能無後顧之憂地扮演中立守門員此角色。
    第二次伊拉克戰爭決策中,小布希總統對於外交事務的不熟悉,讓他高度倚賴身邊顧問群的意見,而當身邊的顧問群發生內鬥時,小布希也未能充分支持作為國家安全顧問的萊斯調解決策圈中的衝突;而萊斯作為小布希政府的國家安全顧問,為了迎合總統的心意,提供有利於開戰的情報供總統參考,將自己的角色定位為總統政策的執行者,而非提供總統正反意見參考,背離其中立守門員之本質。
    透過兩次伊拉克戰爭決策的比較,可得知國家安全顧問與總統的關係,會影響國家安全顧問對於自身職責的定位及認知,而總統對於國家安全顧問的看法與定位,更會影響總統願意給予國家安全顧問多少支持。從兩次戰爭決策中,可看出國家安全顧問扮演其「中立守門員」的重要性,不但影響了決策機制的運作,也會影響了決策產出的品質,而要維持其作為守門員的中立性,不只需要國家安全顧問的努力,同時也需要總統的大力支持。
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    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    99253025
    102
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099253025
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[外交學系] 學位論文

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