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Title:	從國際法觀點論錫金王國之滅亡
Other Titles:	Legal Analysis of the Extinction of Sikkim
Authors:	趙國材 Chao,K. T.
Contributors:	政大外交系
Keywords:	錫金;哲孟雄;西藏;吐蕃;印度;錫金第十二世國王帕爾登．頓杜普．納姆伽爾;錫金第十三世國王旺楚克．滕辛．納姆伽爾;尼赫魯;征服;兼併;保護國;流亡政府;國際法強制規律;默許;默認 Sikkim;Dremojong;Tibet;India;Palden Thondup Namgyal ⅩⅡ;Dbang-phyung Bstan-vdzin Namgyal ⅩⅢ;Jawaharlal Nehru;Conquest;Annexation;Protected state;Government-in-exile;Jus cogens ;Acquiescence;Implied Recognition
Date:	2011-02
Issue Date:	2013-05-07 14:05:43 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	錫金（Sikkim），舊名哲孟雄（Dremojong），原屬西藏之一部分。1700年廓爾喀入侵錫金，遭清軍擊退；1814年英國入侵哲孟雄，信誓旦旦謂絕無侵略之野心；1860年代英國攫取錫金境內闢道築路權，中國欲起而干涉，力不從心，不旋踵哲孟雄卻為英國所據有，改名錫金；1890年中國承認錫金歸英國保護，1893年中國喪失錫金之主權。英國復入西藏，對外宣稱無侵略之企圖，而西藏又淪為英國勢力範圍（sphereofinfluence）。1975年印度非法兼併錫金；西方國家默許（acquiescence）印度兼併錫金在國際關係史上是非常罕見的，西方國家之所以選擇裝聾作啞的原因：一方面是西方國家在所謂的“民主國家”印度和中國之間選擇“偏袒”印度；另一方面更重要的是中國的實力對西方形成威脅，西方國家一貫的對華策略是扶助印度來牽制和削弱中國。在這個策略下，錫金、不丹、與尼泊爾都可以犧牲。印度先干預錫金的內政，再藉口錫金內亂實行軍事占領（militaryoccupation），後操控制錫金議會親印度多數國大黨議員的表決，在法律上（de jure）兼併錫金，錫金在大國政治運作的現實之下，只能接受被印度兼併的事實，而這個現實現今也被大部分國家所接受，國際社會既沒有對印度違反國際秩序的侵略行為進行譴責，也沒有斷定印度兼併錫金威脅地區穩定和世界和平而進行國際干預。2003年中國與印度協商達成互相承認，印度承認西藏屬中國領土，中國默認（impliedrecognition）印度兼併錫金之事實，中印妥協造成錫金之滅亡。從錫金同西藏、不丹、尼泊爾、英國、印度與中國間之歷史互動過程中，可知小國與大國往來唯有審時度勢，善於利用大國間之矛盾，掌握客觀情勢之變化，縱橫捭闔，周旋於大國夾縫中謀自存；倘不如此，小國礙難於國際社會上賡續存在。本文從內部及外部變因，宏觀錫金王國被印度兼併之歷史背景、原因、發展歷程，以現行國際法禁止國家非法使用武力征服或兼併他國領土為立論，加以評論，指出印度以武力佔據錫金，利害攸關國家之坐視不管、默許、默認與妥協，終於造成錫金王國之滅亡。可見大國征服或兼併小國，倘獲周邊利害關係國家或國際社會之默許及大國間之妥協，足以造成小國之滅亡，畢竟小國綜合國力有限，沒有得罪大國之本錢，從錫金（哲孟雄）同西藏、尼泊爾、不丹、中國、英印政府、印度之歷史互動過程中，可以啟發小國與大國往來應如何謀自存之道。前事不忘後事之師，舊之視今，亦猶今之視昔，以古為鏡可知興替，凡我國人應知警惕。 Sikkim is geographically a thumb-shaped State borders Nepal in the west, the Chinese Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan in the south-east. The Indian State of West Bengal borders Sikkim to its south. Despite its tiny size, Sikkim is geographically diverse, owing to its location on the Himalaya. The climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine. "Kanchenjunga" is the world`s third highest peak, located in the north western part of the State on the boundary with Nepal. The mountain can be seen from most parts of the Sikkim. Sikkim has now become one of India`s most visited States, due to its reputation of cleanliness and scenic beauty. Sikkim, the Tang Dynasty called Dremojong, was formerly the portal for Tibet which has been part of the territory of the Tibetan area. During Tang dynasty around 640 A.D. the Tang Princess Wen Cheng was married Tibetan King to check Tuyuhun of the Tibetan rebellion. The ninth century, Tibet was a military power. Yuan Dynasty in the thirteenth century, Tibet has been incorporated into China. Sikkim with its ancient name Dremojong, original belongs to Tibet. In 1791, Qing China sent troops to support Sikkim and defend Tibet against the People from Nepal. Following Nepal`s subsequent defeat, Sikkim became a suzerainty of Qing Dynasty. Later the arrival of the British Raj in neighboring India, Sikkim
Relation:	軍法專刊, 57(1), 18-46 國際法專欄
Data Type:	article
Appears in Collections:	[Department of Diplomacy] Periodical Articles

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