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    Title: 責任保險承保責任啟動之研究
    A study on the trigger of coverage in liability insurance policy
    Authors: 何克
    Ho, Ke
    Contributors: 林勳發
    何克
    Ho, Ke
    Keywords: 承保責任啟動
    責任保險
    責任保險事故
    長尾責任
    事故發生基礎制
    索賠基礎制
    保險法第90條
    Date: 2012
    Issue Date: 2013-02-01 16:50:34 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 承保責任啟動(trigger of coverage)是開啟保險人履行契約義務的觸發機制,目的在於確定保險人的責任範圍,依照契約給付義務。有鑑於責任保險本質之特殊性,責任保險承保責任啟動值得進一步探討與研究。

    美國曾歷經大量的石棉及環境污染訴訟,保險人必須承擔不確定連續性曝險之損害造成的長尾責任,使其財務規劃不易,故保險人以限制承保責任啟動之方式,限縮承保範圍。在司法實務上因此發展許多相關理論,對於保單條款之適用方式及適法性做出解釋。

    我國尚未對於責任保險承保責任啟動機制及其衍生的問題深入分析,關於承保責任啟動之規範定位不明。惟實務保單條款已有針對責任保險保單作出承保責任啟動方式之約定,其約定之合法性及妥適性為何,均有檢討之必要。

    本文以介紹美國責任保險承保責任啟動,保險契約當事人如何運用此機制為主軸,藉由美國法之經驗,探討我國如何定位此制度,實務上保單條款出現之相關問題如何解決,在現有的法制下應如何解釋與補充,提出建議與理由,希冀能對我國責任保險理論之建構有所貢獻。
    Reference: 一、中文部分
    (一)書籍
    1.王澤鑑,民法總則,1996年,三民書局。
    2.王澤鑑,侵權行為法(一) 基本理論.一般侵權行為,2009年,自版。
    3.江朝國,保險法基礎理論,2009年5版,瑞興圖書。
    4.汪信君、廖世昌,保險法理論與實務,2006年,元照。
    5.林群弼,保險法論,2008年,三民書局。
    6.林勳發、柯澤東、劉興善、梁宇賢,商事法精論,2007年5版,今日書局。
    7.袁宗蔚,保險學,1994年,三民書局。
    8.凌氤寶、康裕民、陳森松,保險學理論與實務,2006年5版,華泰文化。
    9.陳國義,保險法-案例式,2001年9月初版,智勝文化。
    10.陳彩稚,保險學,2004年8月增訂2版一刷,智勝文化。
    11.陳彩稚,財產與責任保險,2006年9月初版,智勝文化。
    12.陳彩稚,企業風險管理,2012年2月出版,前程文化。
    13.陳雲中,保險學要義-理論與實務,2011年修訂9版,三民書局。
    14.黃正斌,保險學英漢辭典,2007年三刷,保險事業發展中心。
    15.楊誠對,意外保險-理論與實務,2008年9月修訂8版,三民書局。
    16.葉啟洲,保險法案例研習,2011年2版,元照。
    17.劉宗榮,新保險法,2007年一月初版,自版。
    18.鄭玉波,保險法論,2006年,三民書局。

    (二)期刊專論
    1.王正偉,責任保險保險事故之探討-兼論事故發生之疑義,國立政治大學學報,第78期。
    2.王志鏞,未了期間保險概述,保險專刊,第20輯。
    3.王志鏞,請求賠償基礎制之意義及其利弊,華僑產物保險雙周刊,第8卷第3期。
    4.王志鏞,追溯期日及延長通報期間條款簡介,華僑產物保險雙周刊,第10卷第2期。
    5.王志鏞,談請求賠償基礎責任保險之合法性,保險資訊,第100期。
    6.王志鏞,事故發生之認定基礎,保險資訊,第52期。
    7.王志鏞,論賠償請求基礎責任保險之構成要件,保險大道,第41 期。
    8.王澤鑑,特殊侵權行為(十),台灣本土法學雜誌,第75期。
    9.江朝國,論損失發現期間在我國司法實務之走向--兼評臺灣高等法院九十八年度保險上字第二九號,月旦裁判時報,第1期。
    10.江朝國,員工誠實保證保險之「損失發現期間」,月旦法學教室,第65期。
    11.江朝國,追溯保險及其相關問題之研究,保險專刊,第42輯。
    12.李志峰,長尾責任,保險專刊,第25卷第1期。
    13.林建智,論合理期待原則,保險專刊,第33輯。
    14.林建智主持,從保護被保險人之觀點論責任保險人之防禦義務,行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告,100年7月31日。
    15.陳榮一,論我國保險法對責任保險規定的缺失(上),產險季刊,第50期。
    16.黃正宗,我國保險法的比較研析-法、德、日、美諸國法對我國保 險契約法影響的探討,中華民國產物保險公會90年12月12日研討會。
    17.盧榮和、洪德俊,責任保單採事故發生基礎與索賠基礎之比較研究,保險實務與制度,第3卷第2期。

    (三)學位論文
    1.李志峰,責任保險契約當事人於危險事故發生後之義務-以英美相關法制為核心,政治大學風險管理與保險學研究所論文,民國99年。
    2.周碧雲,論責任保險人之代行防禦及其利益衝突,政治大學風險管理與保險學研究所論文,民國95年。
    3.姚棋馨,責任保險索賠基礎制之辯正與實務運作之研究,淡江大學保險學系保險經營碩士在職專班論文,民國95年。
    4.陳雅萍,論責任保險於危險事故發生時之參與權與其為被保險人
    利益之防禦義務,國立政治大學風險管理與保險學研究所論文,民國83年。
    5.黎家興,論責任保險之保險事故與危險發生通知義務,政治大學風險管理與保險學研究所論文,民國100年。
    6.羅清安,責任保險契約之研究,國立中興大學法律學研究所論文民國64年。

    (四)網路資料
    1.曾武仁,從石綿案談我國責任保險之發展,刊載於93年10月28日工商時報金融論衡專欄,財團法人保險事業發展中心,https://fsr.tii.org.tw/iiroc/fcontent/research/research03_01.asp?A3b_sn=42。
    2.劉美華、林蕙玲,員工誠實保證保險-論損失發生期間之爭議,
    http://www.rmim.com.tw/word/pen/2004pen-no4.pdf。

    二、英文部分
    (一)書籍
    1.AARONE M. LEVINE, GILDING THE LILY-A DES UPDATE, TRIAL, VOL. 20, NO. 12 (Dec. 1984).
    2.BARRY R. OSTRAGER AND THOMAS R. NEWMAN, HANDBOOK ON INSURANCE COVERAGE DISPUTES, NEW YORK: ASPEN PUBLISHERS (2010).
    3.BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, WEST GROUP (2nd Pocket ed. 2001).
    4.DONALD S. MALECKI, ARTHUR L. FLITNER, COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY, THE NATIONAL UNDERWRITER COMPANY (2005).
    5.DONALD S. MALECKI, RONALD C. HORN, ERIC A. WIENING & ARTHUR L. FLITNER, COMMERCIIAL LIABILITY INSURANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT VOLS. 1, AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR CPCU (1995).
    6.EUGENE R. ANDERSON, JORDAN S. STANZLER & LORELIE S. MASTERS, INSURANCE COVERAGE LITIGATION, ASPEN LAW & BUSINESS (2000).
    7.GEORGE E. REJDA, PRINCIPLES OF RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCE (2001).
    8.H. JAMES WULFSBERG & TIMOTHY A. COLVIG, THE 1986 COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE PROGRAM, 291 PLI REAL EST. & PRACTICE COURSE HANDBOOK SERIES NO. 593 (Apr. 1, 1987).
    9.IRINE A. SULLIVAN & WILLIAM T. WRIGHT, JR., HAZARDOUS WASTE LITIGATION: CGL INSURANCE ISSUES, 369 PLI LITIG. & ADMIN. PRACTICE COURSE HANDBOOK SERIES NO. 387 (1989).
    10.JACK H. FRIEDENTHAL, MARY KAY KANE & ARTHUR R. MILLER, CIVIL PROCEDURE §14.9 (2nd ed. 1993).
    11.JEAN LUCEY, INSURING AND MANAGING THE PROFESSIONAL RISK (1993).
    12.JEFFREY W. STEMPEL, STEMPEL ON INSURANCE CONTRACTS (3rd ed. 2010).
    13.JOHN F DOBBYN, INSURANCE LAW IN A NUTSHELL (4th ed.2003).
    14.JOHN H. EGLOF, THE OUTSIDE, BEST’S FIRE & CASUALITY NEWS (May 1941).
    15.JOHN K. DIMUGNO & PAUL E.B. GLAD, CALIFORNIA INSURANCE LAW HANDBOOK: A REFERENCE AND GUIDE (2009).
    16.KEENETH S. ABRAHAM, DISTRIBUTING RISK: INSURANCE, LEGAL THEORY, AND PUBLIC POLICY, YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS (1986).
    17.KEENETH S. ABRAHAM, INSURANCE LAW AND REGULATION-CASES AND MATERIALS, THOMSON REUTERS (5th ed. 2010).
    18.M. A. ALBERT, THE COMPREHENSIVE LIABILITY POLICIES, INS. COUNSEL J. (July 1944).
    19.ROBERT H. JERRY, II, UNDERSTANDING INSURANCE LAW (1987).
    20.ROWLAND H. LONG, THE LAW OF LIABILITY INSURANCE (2003).
    21.SUZAN F. CHARLTON & LAURA A. FOGGAN, UNDERSTANDING INSURANCE LAW, NEW YORK: PRACTISING LAW INSTITUTE (2009).
    22.YOUNGMAN IAN, DIRECTORS’S AND OFFICER’S LIABILITY INSURANCE, WOODHEAD (1st ed. 1995).

    (二)期刊專論
    1.Andrew T. Berry & Anthony Bartell, ‘Trigger’ and ‘Allocation’ For Continuous Occurrences, 139 N.J. L.J. 499 (1995).
    2.Bob Works, Excusing Nonoccurrence of Insurance Policy Conditions in Order to Avoid Disproportionate Forfeiture: Claims Made Formats as a Test Case, 5 Conn. Ins. L.J. 505 (1999).
    3.Carolyn M. Frame, “Claims-Made” Liability Insurance: Closing the Gaps with Retroactive Coverage, 60 Temp. L. Q. 165 (1987).
    4.Chandra Lantz, Triggering Coverage of Progressive Property Loss: Preserving the Distinctions Between First- and Third-Party Insurance Policies, 35 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1801 (1994).
    5.David Tartaglio, The Expectation of Peace of Mind: A Basis for Recovery of Damages for Mental Suffering Resulting from the Breach of First Party Insurance Contracts, 565 Cal. L. Rev. 1345 (1983).
    6.Developments in the Law -- Toxic Waste Litigation, 99 Harv. L. Rev. 1458 (1986).
    7.Developments in the Law -- Toxic Waste Litigation 99 Harv L Rev 1465 (1986).
    8.Davis J. Howard, ‘Continuous Trigger’ Liability: Application to Toxic Waste Cases and. Impact on the Number of ‘Occurrences’, 22 Tort & Ins. L.J. 624 (1987).
    9.Eugene R. Anderson, Joseph D. Tydings & Joan L. Lewis, Liability Insurance: A Primer for Corporate Counsel, 49 Bus Law 259(1993).
    10.Garrett G. Gillespie, Allocation of Coverage Responsibility Among Multiple Triggered Commercial General Liability Policies in Environmental Cases: Life after Owens-Illinois, 15 Va. Envtl. L.J. 525 (1996).
    11.George L. Priest, The Current Insurance Crisis and Modern Tort Law, 96 Yale L.J.1521 (1987).
    12.Gerald Kroll, The “Claims Made” Dilemma in Professional Liability Insurance, 22 UCLA L. Rev. 925 (1975).
    13.Ian Ayres & Peter Siegelman, The Economics of the Insurance Antitrust Suits: Toward an Exclusionary Theory, 63 Tul. L. Rev. 971 (1989).
    14.James F. Hogg, The Tale of a Tail, 24 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 516 (1998).
    15.James M. Fischer, Broadening the Insurer’s Duty to Defend: How Gray v. Zurich Insurance Co.Transformed Liability Insurance into Litigation Insurance, 25 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 141 (1991).
    16.James M. Fischer, Why Are Insurance Contracts Subject to Special Rules of Interpretation?, 24 Ariz. St. L.J. 995 (1992).
    17.James M. Fischer, Insurance Coverage for Mass Exposure Tort Claims: The Debate Over the Appropriate Trigger Rule, 45 Drake L. Rev. 625 (1997).
    18.Jim L.Julian & Charles L. Schlumberger, Essay--Insurance Coverage for Environmental Cleanup Costs Under Comprehensive General Liability Policies, 19 U. Ark. Little Rock L.J. 57 (1996).
    19.John D. Ingram, Insurance Coverage Problems in Latent Disease and Injury Cases, 12 Envtl. L. 317 (1982).
    20.John K. Parker, The Untimely Demise of the ‘Claims-Made’ Insurance Form?, 1983 Det. C.L. Rev. 25 (1983).
    21.Kathleen E. Wherthey, New Life for the Claims-Made Liability Policy in Maryland, 53 Md. L. Rev. 948 (1994).
    22.Kenneth F. Oettle &Davis J. Howard, Zuckerman and Sparks: The Validity of “Claims Made”. Insurance Policies as a Function of Retroactive Coverage, 21 Tort & Ins. L.J. 659 (1986).
    23.Kenneth S. Abraham, Environmental Liability and the Limits of Insurance, 88 Colum. L. Rev. 942 (1988).
    24.Kim A. Kamin & Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, Ex Post ≠ Ex Ante: Determining Liability in Hindsight, 19 Law & Hum. Beh. 89 (1995).
    25.Marcy Louise Kahn, The “Other Insurance” Clause, 19 Forum 591 (1984).
    26.M. Elizabeth Medaglia, Gregory H. Horowitz & Gina S. Love, The Status of Certain Nonfortuity Defenses in Casualty Insurance Coverage, 30 Tort & Ins. L.J. 943 (1995).
    27.Michael G. Doherty, Allocating Progressive Injury Liability. Among Successive Insurance Policies, 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 257 (1997).
    28.Michael P. Sullivan, Annotation, What Constitutes Single Accident or Occurrence Within Liability Policy Limiting Insurer`s Liability to a Specified Amount Per Accident or Occurrence?, 64 A.L.R. 4th 668 (1988).
    29.Robert E. Keeton, Insurance Law Rights at Variance with Policy Provisions, 83 Harv. L. Rev. 961 (1970).
    30.Robert D. Stubblefield, Tenth Circuit Survey: Insurance Law Survey, 72 Denv. U. L. Rev. 721 (1995).
    31.Sol Kroll, “ Claims Made” -- Industry`s Alternative: “Pay as You Go” Products Liability Insurance, 637 Ins. L.J. 63 (1976).
    32.Tung Yin, Nailing Jello to a Wall: A Uniform Approach for Adjudicating Insurance Coverage Disputes in Products Liability Cases with Delayed Manifestation Injuries and Damages, 83 Cal. L. Rev. 1243 (1995).
    33.William R. Hillman & Mary R. DeYoung, Allocation of Environmental Cleanup Liability between Successive Insurers, 17 N. Ky. L. Rev. 291 (1990).

    (三)網路資料
    1.Craig F. Stanovich, Trigger Theories and the CGL, http://www.austinstanovich.com/pdf/Articles/Trigger-Theories-and-the-CGL-IRMI.pdf.
    2.Fred Fisher, Goal of the ‘Claims Made’ Form Diluted by History (2009), http://www.mynewmarkets.com/articles/98891/goal-of-the-claims-made-form-diluted-by-history.
    3.Pamela K Haughawout,Sandra Berkowitz, HEALTH CARE PRACTICE CLAIMS-MADE ISSUES CHANGING CLAIMS-MADE- INSURERS: IT’S MORE THAN THE RETROACTIVE DATE, Willis (2010), http://www.willis.com/documents/publications/Industries/Healthcare/HC_ClaimsMadeWhitePaper.pdf.
    4.Phyllis Van Wyhe,Discovery Provisions, http://www.insurancece.com/files/discovery.pdf.
    5.Phyllis Van Wyhe, Extended Reporting Period, http://www.insurancece.com/files/erp.pdf.
    6.Phyllis Van Wyhe, Retroactive Dates, http://www.insurancece.com/files/retroactive.pdf.
    7.Phyllis Van Wyhe, The Claims-Made Trigger: Understand the Three Requirements, http://www.insurancece.com/files/cmtthree.pdf.
    8.Phyllis Van Wyhe, Coverage Triggers: Occurrence v.s. Claims-Made, http://www.insurancece.com/files/covclaims.pdf.
    9.Steven E. Leder, The Commercial General Liability Insurance 2008,
    http://lederlaw.tempwebpage.com/PDFs/CGL_Website-2009.pdf.
    10.Trigger of Coverage, http://coverageanalysis.com/trigger/index.html.
    11.Trigger of Coverage Chart, Updated May 2009, http://www.insurerereport.com/files/trigger.of.coverage-1.pdf.
    12.What’s Your Coverage Trigger?, http://www.chubb.com/businesses/cci/chubb6915.pdf.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    風險管理與保險研究所
    98358013
    101
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098358013
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[風險管理與保險學系] 學位論文

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