政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/56210

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Title:	非洲後衝突國家建立永續和平的挑戰---政治權威的確立及社會秩序之重建(I)
Other Titles:	The Challenges in Creating Sustainable Peace for Africa`s Post-Conflict Nations : Establishment of Political Authority and Reconstruction of Social Order
Authors:	嚴震生
Contributors:	行政院國家科學委員會國立政治大學國際關係研究中心
Keywords:	後衝突國家;政治權威;社會秩序;重建 post-conflict nations;political authority;social order;reconstruction
Date:	2007
Issue Date:	2012-11-30 15:06:35 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	非洲政治及國際關係的相關研究，經常反映其政治發展及其與國際社會的互動。一九六○年代以前，去殖民化及獨立主要議題，一九六○年代以降，除了有新興國家的國族建立、政治參與和政黨政治、族群衝突和內戰、及軍事政變和文武關係等議題的研究外，新帝國主義、仰賴理論、國際援助及外債等國際政治經濟議題亦適用於非洲的相關研究。一九九○年代非洲經歷了第三波民主化的過程，因此除了部份上述議題持續受到重視外，自由化和民主化、民主轉型和民主鞏固、選舉民主和自由民主成為了新的研究焦點。九○年代後冷戰時期所發生的族群衝突及內戰，及國際強權和聯合國的積極介入，讓國際調停及第二代維和行動的研究受到重視，也同時引導出目前最為熱門的後衝突國家之相關研究。經歷內戰及衝突的非洲人民，最盼望見到的就是交戰各方能夠透過談判，簽署和平協議。和平協議的簽署雖然代表了內戰的結束，但後衝突國家面臨了政治權威及社會秩序重建的艱鉅挑戰則正要開始，若是不能有效達成解除武裝、解除動員、維持和平、建立機制、難民回歸、民主選舉、及轉型正義、及政治與經濟治理等問題，衝突及戰爭很有可能再度爆發。本研究將以非洲後衝突國家中成功及失敗的例子來檢視這些面對相關挑戰所應採取的措施及策略，以化解衝突及矛盾，確保悲劇不要再度重演。全部計畫分三年完成，第一年的計畫為「非洲後衝突國家建立永續和平的挑戰(一)：政治權威的確立及社會秩序之重建」；第二年的計畫是「非洲後衝突國家建立永續和平的挑戰(二)：政治制度的建立及民主機制的公平運作」；「非洲後衝突國家建立永續和平的挑戰(三)：社會衝突的化解及社會正義的實踐」則是第三年的計畫。非洲後衝突社會中，莫三比克是少數衝突未再起、民主選舉固定舉行、經濟發展及外來投資暢旺的國家。雖然曾經歷過長達十多年殘酷的內戰和嚴重的地域及意識形態對立，但莫三比克並沒有成立真相和解委員會，或許這和執政的莫三比克解放陣線及在野的莫三比克民族抗爭運動同樣犯下戰爭罪行有關。無論如何，真相和解委員會的付之闕如，並沒有影響該國選舉政治的發展。另一方面，儘管反對黨連續輸掉三次總統大選，最終還是沒有再訴諸武力，且社會亦未持續撕裂。由於反對黨在總統或國會選舉中，大致能獲得百分之四十以上的選票，因此並非沒有執政的機會，或許這可以說明它還繼續尊重目前的遊戲機制。這樣一個具有相當實力反對黨且基本上政治及社會極為穩定的國家，讓西方社會有足夠的理由對其提供援助，也讓國際投資紛紛擁入，積極參與該國的經濟發展。莫三比克政府官員的貪腐、執政黨結構性的威權統治、及該國缺乏真正的公民自由，就因為它必須是非洲後衝突社會中的範例，而被刻意忽略。Among the post-conflict societies in Africa, Mozambique has been one of the very few that did not see the recurrence of violence. It has held democratic elections continuously since the signing of peace agreement in 1992. There has been considerable progress in economic development and substantial inputs of foreign investment. Even though it has experienced a decade-long, hard fought civil war and serious regional and ideological polarization, Mozambique did not establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). This may have something to do with the fact that both the ruling party Frelimo and the opposition Renamo have committed war crimes during the conflicts in the 1980s. Nevertheless, the absence of TRC seems to have produced no negative effects on Mozambique’s electoral politics. The three consecutive loss in the presidential elections and the failure to win the parliamentary elections have not dampened the spirit of the opposition as it did not resort to arms and the society was spared of further violence. The fact that the opposition has been able to secure at least 40% of the votes in these elections and thus has a chance to become ruling party may help to explain that it respects this democratic game. As a politically and socially quite stable country with a credible opposition, Mozambique provides sufficient cause for Western donors to justify their aid and international investors pour money into its economic development. The corruption of the government officials, the structural dominance of the ruling party, and the lack of real civil liberties in Mozambique, however, have been overlooked simply because it has to be a successful case of the post-conflict societies in Africa.
Relation:	基礎研究學術補助研究期間:9608~ 9707 研究經費:888仟元
Data Type:	report
Appears in Collections:	[The Institute of International Relations ] National Sci-Tech Programs

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