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    Title: 中國智庫角色與功能之研究
    The roles and functions of Chinese think tanks
    Authors: 傅永俊
    Contributors: 魏艾
    傅永俊
    Keywords: 智庫(思想庫)
    民間智庫
    旋轉門
    think tank
    non-official think tank
    the revolving door
    Date: 2009
    Issue Date: 2010-12-08 10:55:11 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 中國被稱為是一個已崛起的世界大國已是不爭的事實。然而為何中國會迅速崛起,除了外在因素的配合外,最重要還是要歸功於鄧小平實施「改革開放」以來,社會知識增長,經濟蓬勃發展的緣故,其中中國政府高層對智庫及學者、專家的重視,使各項政策的出臺,在合理性、周延性、可操作性與前瞻性上大為提高應為重要成因。
    毛澤東當政時期智庫幾乎不存在(尤其是文革時期)。鄧小平掌權後重建一些舊有研究機構,並陸續成立新的研究機構,是為中國現代智庫發展之濫觴。近30年來,中國官方智庫蓬勃發展,而民間智庫(尤其是政治、外交、軍事方面)卻因受政治環境的影響,出現巨大起伏變化,其後續發展值得觀察。
    中國官方智庫扮演的角色頗多,與美國等西方智庫比較,其中擔任政府政策宣傳者的角色,以及作為情報機關的掩護機構,較為特殊,另外部份官方智庫已成為政府與外國「二軌」對話之主要管道。在功能上,由於中國由落後中崛起,故其發揮之功能頗為顯著,至於「旋轉門」及儲備與提供高層官員人才二項功能,由於中國遴選人才制度的關係,目前發揮有限,惟未來可望逐漸提升。
    由於政治制度的不同,中國智庫相較於西方,有以下三點差異,第一、高度的壟斷性,面對民間智庫的競爭相對較少;第二、經費來源單一、量少;第三、可透過一種屬於常態卻「非正規」管道直接提供高層政策建議,發揮其影響力。
    中國民間智庫因為法律註冊問題及政治信任問題,生存發展遭受挫折,針對中國特有的政治環境,吾人以為中國智庫未來可能出現以下的發展走向:一、續將部份官方研究機構改為民間(或半官方)智庫,二、調整法律註冊方式,開放民眾成立真正民間智庫。
    China, being called a rising world strong power, is an indisputable fact.Why can China rise rapidly? Apart from external factors to support its development, the most important internal factor is the social and economical grows due to the “reform and opening” policy of Deng Xiaoping. With consulting to think tanks, scholars and experts, Chinese government carry out national policy in a more rational, compre- hensive, feasible, far-sighted way.

    One could hardly find a think tank in Mao’s period (especially during the Cultural Revolution). After Deng came to power, he reconstructed some research institutions and established new ones, which became Chinese modern think tanks later on. China`s official think tanks have acted vigorously for nearly 30 years. However, the non-official think tanks (especially in the areas of politics, diplomacy, and military) have gone through huge ups and downs with the changing of political environment. The subsequent development of the think tanks needs to be watched closely.

    Compared with think tanks in the West, China`s official think tanks play multiple roles. They not only serve as media for government propaganda, but also act as fronts for intelligence agencies. Further- more, some of the official think tanks have served as the "dual-track" channels to communicate with foreign governments. Think tanks play important roles for China’s development in recent years. Their func- tions, however, as a “revolving door” and human power providers, are still limited. It is expected that above situation will change gradually.

    There are at least three differences between Chinese think tanks and the western ones. First, a high degree of monopoly- there is little competition from non-official think tanks. Second, they have a single and limited source of funding. Third, they provide policy suggestions to the government officers through normal, but "informal" channels.

    It is difficult to register as a “think tank” in China. Even a think tank can register legally; it’s still hard to get political trust from the government. This thesis finds that there are two possibilities for the development of Chinese think tanks in the future. First, Chinese government will transfer the government research institutes to non-official (or semi-official) think tanks. Second, Chinese government will amend the law to allow the public to set up non-official think tanks.
    Reference: 一、書籍
    (一)中文書籍
    中華人民共和國外交部外交史編輯室,《中國外交概覽》。北京:世界知識
    出版社,2005年。
    中國中共中央文獻研究室編,《十六大以來重要文獻選編,上、中、下冊》,
    北京:人民出版社,2003年12月、2004年10月、2008
    年5月。
    中國中共中央文獻研究室編,《十七大以來重要文獻選編,上冊》,北京:
    人民出版社,2009年8月。
    朱新民主編,《胡溫主政下對臺政策與兩岸關係-兼論中國反分裂國家法》
    ,臺北:遠景基金會,民95。
    朱雲漢 明居正 楊志恆 陳天鈞著,《中共對台智庫角色研究》,臺北:陸委會,民85
    吳天佑、傅曦編著,《美國重要思想庫》,北京:時事出版社,1982年。

    吳建民,《外交與國際關係-吳建民的看法與思考》,北京:中國人民大學
    出版社,2006年。
    金君暉等譯,倫納德.希爾克、馬克.希爾克(Silk Leonard、Silk Mark)著,
    《美國的權勢集團》,北京:商務印書館,1994年6月。
    袁鵬、傅夢孜主編,《美國思想庫及其對華傾向》,北京:時事出版社,
    2003年。
    孫家祥等著,《領袖的外腦-世界著名的思想庫》,北京:中國社
    會科學出版社,2005年5月。
    陳啟能著,《美國的思想庫和美國社會:訪美劄記》,北京:社會
    科學文獻出版社,1987年。
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    臺北:五南,民95。
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    訂版,北京:京華出版社,2000年9月。
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    年。
    蔡偉明主編,《轉型中國:亟待解決的問題》,北京:改革出版社,
    1998年12月。
    錢其琛,《外交十記》,北京:世界知識出版社,2003年。
    (二)英文書籍
    Abelson, Donald E. American Think –tanks and Their Role in U.S. Foreign
    Policy . NY : St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
    Barnett, A. Doak The Making of Foreign Policy in China (Boulder & London:
    Westview Press, 1985), pp.7-136.
    Day, Alan J.Think Tanks: An International Directory, UK: Longman Group
    Limited, 1993.
    Lampton, David M. “A Plum for a Peach:Bargaining Interest, and Bureaucratic politics in China,” in Kenneth Lieberthal and David M. Lampton eds., Bu-
    reaucracy, Politics and Dicision Making in Post-Mao Chin a(Oxford, England: University of California Press, 1992), pp.38-40.
    Liao,Xuan-li, Chinese Foreign Policy Think Tanks And China’s Policy Toward
    Japan.Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2006.
    Lieberthal, Kenneth G. & Lampton,David M.ed., Bureaucracy, Politics, and
    Decision Making in Post-Mao China. CA:University of California Press,
    1992.
    Lieberthal, Kenneth “Introduction:The Fragmented Authoritarianism Model and Its Limitations,” in Kenneth Lieberthal and David M. Lampton eds., Bureau
    cracy, Politics and Dicision Making in Post-Mao Chin a(Oxford, England: University of California Press, 1992), pp.5-8.
    Lieberthal, Kenneth G. and Oksenberg, Policy Making in China-Leaders, Stru-
    tures, and Processes(Princeton, NJ.: Princeton Univasity,1988),pp. 03-42.

    Manning, Robert A., Living with Ambiguity? U.S-China Relation in an Era of Transition.Washington, D.C.: Cato institute, 2000.
    McGann, James G. & Weaver,R. Kent, Think Tanks Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action. New Brunswick,NJ: Transation Publishers, 2000.
    Shambaugh, David, “Introduction,” in David Shambaugh ed., American Studies
    Of Contemporary China( Armonk, New York: Woodrow Wilson Center
    Press,1993), pp. 3-5.
    Smith, James Allen, The Idea Brokers :Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite. New York: Free Press,1991.
    Swaine, Michael D. The Role of Chinese Military in National Security Policymaking. Sante Monica, CA: Rand Press, 1999.
    Swaine, Michael D. & Johnston,Alastair Iain, China and Arms Control Institutions. NewYork: Council on Foreign Relation Press, 1999.
    Swaine, Michael D. & Tellis,Ashley J., Interpreting China’s Grand Strategy, Sante Monica, CA: RAND Press, 2000.
    Wang Jing song, Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhengfu yu zhengzhi (Government and Politics of the People’s Republic of China) (Beijing: CCP Central Party School Press, 1995), pp. 384–85.
    Zhao, Suisheng “The Structure of Authority and Decision-Making: A theoreitical Framework,” in Carol Lee Hamrin and Suisheng Zhao eds., Decision Ma-
    king in Deng’s China : Perspectives From Insiders(M.E. Sharpe, 1995), pp.242-243.
    二、期刊、論文
    (一)中文期刊、論文
    中國研究雜誌社,〈剖析李鵬的政府工作報告〉,《中國年報1993》,臺北:
    中國研究雜誌社,1993年,頁3-21。
    王曉民、蔡陳風,〈美國研究機構及其取得成功的原因〉,《北京大學學報》
    (職學社會科學版),2001年第1期,第87頁。
    林憲齋,〈學習實踐科學發展觀,建設中原崛起新智庫〉,《中州學 刊》,2009卷1期,頁67-74。
    李長春,〈堅持--三貼近--要著重解決五個問題〉,《求是》,2003年第10期,頁8。
    李玲娟,〈美國智庫的研究及對中國民間智庫的啟示〉,《遼寧行政學院學報》,2008年10卷6期,頁27-28。
    馬博元,《外交政策評估研究:美國智庫與我國對美外交》(碩士論文,政大外交研究所,民93年),頁53。
    黃介正,〈美國政策研究智庫之特質與我應有之認識〉,《國家政策論壇》,2001年第1卷第10期。
    葉俊麟,《菁英理論扈用於政策制訂之研究:以我國國民卡方案為例》(碩士論文,政大公共行政研究所,民90年),頁16。
    詹姆斯‧麥肯(James G. McGann),〈2008年全球智庫調查報告〉,美國《外交政策》,2009年第1期。
    閻學通,〈中國的新安全觀與安全合作的構想〉,《現代國際關係》,1997年第11期,頁28。
    閻學通,〈1996-1997年國際形勢與中國對外關係報告〉,《戰略與管理增刊》,北京,1997年,頁4-16。
    (二)英文期刊、論文
    Abelson, Donald E.,“Do Think Tanks Matter? Opportunities, Constraints and Incentives for Think Tanks in Canada and United States,”Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations, Vol. 14 ,Issue 2. April/2000, p.218.
    Carroll, James D. & Smith, James A.,“The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite,”Perpectives on Political Science, Issue3, Summer/ 1992, p.154.
    Cheung, Tai-Ming,“The Impact of Research Institutes in the Post-Mao Period of
    Peking’s Foreign Policy-Making, ”Issue and Studies, Vol. 23, No 7.3, July/ 1987,p.94.
    Gause, Ken E.,“China’s Policy towards Taiwan,”Jane’s Intelligence Review, Vol.
    7, No. 12, London, Dec/1995, pp. 561–566.
    Gill, Bates & Mulvenon, James,“Chinese Military-Related Think Tanks and Re-
    search Institutions,”The China Quarterly, Vol. 171, September/ 2002, pp. 617-624.
    Glaser, Bonnie S. & Saunders,Philip C.,“Chinese Civilian Foreign Policy Re-
    search Institues: Evolving Roles and Increasing Influence,” The China
    Quarterly, Vol. 171, September/ 2002, p. 599.
    Shambaugh, David,“China’s International Relations Think Tanks- Evolving
    Structure and Process,”The China Quarterly, Vol. 171, September/ 2002, p. 575.
    Smith, James A.,“Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas,”in David C. Colander and Alfred William Coats eds., The Spread of Economic Ideas, (New York:Cambridge University press, 1989), pp.175-94.
    Stone, Diane,“Old Guard Versus New Partisans: Think Tanks in Transition,”
    Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol.26 No. 2,1991, p. 207.
    Weaver, Kent R.,“The Changing World of Think Tanks,”PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 22 No.3 ,1989, pp. 563-578.
    三、網際網路資源
    人民網
    http://www.people.com.cn/
    九鼎公共事務研究所
    http://www.jiuding.org/aboutus.asp
    大軍網
    http://dajun.com.cn/mjzhiku.htm
    三略觀察網
    http://www.3lueo.com
    中國新華網
    http://www. xinhuanet.com
    中國思想庫網
    http://www.chinathinktank.cn
    中國太平洋地區合作委員會
    http://www.cprcc.com.cn/index.php?langtype=cn&page
    中新網
    http://big5.chinanews.com.cn:89
    文匯報
    http://paper.wenweipo.com/2009/10/25/CH0910250028.htm
    北京天則經濟研究所
    http://www.unirule.org.cn/SecondWeb/Article.asp
    北京國信經濟發展研究中心
    http://www.gosense.cn/zhiku.php?id=3253
    東森新聞網
    http://www.ettody.com/2004/05/22/328-1633743.htm
    南方網
    http://www.southcn.com/nflr/IIzhuanti/zhengzxuex/200507080542.htm
    清華大學經濟中國研究中心網
    http://www.necr.tsinghua.edu.cn
    新浪網
    http ://news.sina. com.hk
    博客網
    http://www.bokee.com
    零點研究諮詢集團
    http://www.horizon-china.com
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班
    95922007
    98
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095922007
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班] 學位論文

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