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    Title: 地震保險制度之運作機制及颱風洪水保險制度之建立
    Authors: 張靜貞;林勳發
    Contributors: 財政部
    美商達信保險經紀人股份有限公司;國立政治大學法律學系
    Keywords: 地震;颱風;洪水;達信;保險;Eathquake;Typhoon;Flood;Insurance;Marsh;財政(含金融,保險)
    Date: 2004
    Issue Date: 2010-07-22 17:38:53 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本研究成果報告係依本期研究計畫之研究項目,針對國內未來住宅地震保險之改進及洪水保險之建立,提出下列成果結論及建議事項。 11.1 住宅地震保險一、 建立一專家咨詢執行小組,其小組成員可包含產、官、學、研界之保險、精算、財務、法律、地震風險評估等領域專家,而此小組除應每年定期提出風險評估及費率精算報告外,並配合財政部或住宅地震保險基金董事會之指示進行相關分析工作。二、 專家咨詢執行小組均有必要進行常態性檢討與修正。包括風險曝露累積、基金累積及再保險市場之變動,地震保險之承保範圍、費率或其它如承保能量調整、再保險安排、巨災風險證券化商品發行等事項。,三、 住宅地震保險制度損失理賠若能不限全損、提高保險金額,使保費也提高,則差別費率是必然要採行的。 11.2 洪水保險一、 政府統合整理洪水保險相關資料:協調中央及地方政府各部門,整合並更新相關資料以進行風險分析,使保險相關資料公開以供利用,進而了解台灣洪水風險之潛勢,執行有效的風險管理方法。二、 洪水保險訂為一般政策性保險:若洪水保險為一般政策性保險(如同住宅地震保險),其必須有強制性或半強制性以維持一定金額的承保容量,則政府應該想辦法解決風險曝露差異過大、保戶過少及承保容量不足之問題,可能的解決辦法如:政府基金資助保險計畫、建造防洪排水設施將風險曝露差異縮小、政府擔保風險等。三、 在無明確、經濟且十分有效的減災措施,及沒有相當準確度的損失評估模型分析下,草率地給予差別費率定價,容易引起對於風險曝露值的爭議,無助於增加保險費率公平性。四、 政府資助:台灣地形起伏甚大,再加上若防洪機制無法有效發揮功能,洪水風險嚴重曝露之區域,其保險費率必定非常高;若洪水保險具強制性,在無法令該區域居民搬遷的情形下,為了使該區域居民及貧困戶可支付昂貴保險費,政府應該適當給予資助。五、 擴大承保範圍:為解決保戶過少的問題,可擴大承保範圍,如:將土石流納入承保範圍;或加入功能性損失,如:無法使用地下室及電梯等設備功能之損失,如此,對洪水保險需求之個體將不僅限於一樓和地下室用戶,可以包含整棟建築物之設備功能使用者,如此將可以社區或大樓為投保單位來收取保費。但是因此擴大承保範圍將使風險評估過程更加複雜,洪水保險整體不確定因素增加,承保容量也必須隨之擴大。六、 明訂保單除外責任及代位求償機制:面對台灣洪水發生原因多變,明訂人為錯誤為洪水保單除外責任,釐清可保與不可保範圍,加強政府巨災應變處理能力,並確定代位求償機制,可減少洪水保險整體不確定因素,有助維持保險計畫之永續發展。七、 尋求合理再保費率和容量:雖說台灣洪水保險具有許多不可保因素,但是只要將上述難題克服,再尋求合理再保費率和容量,或發展有效風險轉移之金融工具,只要有國際再保及資本市場支持,台灣洪水保險並非完全不可行,畢竟現行商業洪水保險也已行之多年。八、 使社會大眾提高風險意識:政府應評估量化洪水風險,發展風險管理技術,教育社會大眾有關巨災風險之危害度,增加人民對巨災風險管理的知識和方法,執行防減災措施,以推動巨災保險制度。九、 考慮台灣地震與洪水保險基金合併之可行性:地震與洪水災害損失之相關性很低,若是能確實掌握地震與洪水之資料,正確分析兩者之風險曝露值與相關性,且將來地震基金累積至一定程度,即可考慮地震與洪水保險基金合併之可行性,以擴大承保容量。但是值得一提的是,地震與洪水兩者之發生頻率差異極大,應設計一些措施以避免其中任何一者損失穿透合併後之基金,如:各自提存一部分準備金,或各自設定理賠上限。此分析必須在洪水損失評估模型完成後,並解決洪水風險曝露嚴重差異的問題,再與地震損失評估模型一同進行,目前尚無法判斷基金合併之可行性。本計畫屬第二期防災國家型科技計畫(四年)規劃範圍之第三年計畫,其計畫目的在於建構一個完整且周詳之地震保險及颱風洪水保險計畫,並妥善規劃地震保險及颱風洪水保險機制與其配套措施,使天然災害保險制度更形完善,減輕政府與社會之財務負擔,進而確保受災者之經濟安定與心境安寧。本計畫之主要目標有下列各點: (一.) 減輕政府因地震及颱風洪水所致之財政風險。 (二.) 確保國人獲得適當之地震及颱風洪水保險保障。 (三.) 利用再保險及資本市場工具將國內之巨災風險移轉至國際市場。 (四.) 利用保險機制鼓勵減災措施及維護建築與居住環境之安全。 (五.) 減輕地震及颱風洪水所致之國家整體經濟損失。而本計畫可概分為兩部分,第一部分為地震保險制度運作及地震損失評估模型修正之研究,第二部分為颱風洪水保險制度及損失評估模型建立之研究。 Marsh 為全球排名第一保險經紀人公司,年佣金收入超過USD 100 億,除有專責保險經紀之達信公司外, 尚有專責再保市場及市場分析之Guy Carpenter。Guy Carpenter擁有數千名精英成員,除為全球客戶提供專業再保險服務,並有多次為包括土耳其,墨西哥、美國等各國政府,協助天然巨災保險制度建立方面之經驗,而目前除為台灣地區巨災保險之首席再保險經紀人外,亦為本計畫前期計畫「地震保險制度之建立」委託研究計畫之執行單位,相信以Marsh及Guy Carpenter之專業、經驗及能力及團隊中之國內各相關領域專家學者所組成之顧問團,定可延續前期研究成果,順利達成委託單位之預期成果及目標。 Background and Goal The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of China has solicited proposals for a study of I: Taiwan Earthquake Insurance: Study Extension II: Taiwan Wind and Flood Insurance: Study Taiwan suffers more than its fair share of natural catastrophes including earthquakes, flooding and tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones occur more frequently in the North West Pacific than any other ocean basin and often trigger flooding and landslides. The Taiwan area suffers on average 18 tropical storms or typhoons per year, of which approximately three will make landfall. In 2001, 4 typhoons made landfall in Taiwan. The storms normally travel northwestwards and drop the majority of rain on the western side of the island. The most severe typhoons in terms of windspeed are generally those that blow from the south. The north-south mountain chain tends to funnel the storm north up the Taiwan Straits, sometimes hitting northern and western parts of the island including Taipei. Very occasionally a storm makes landfall in the north, travelling north to south also imposing a severe threat to Taipei. On the September 16, 2001, typhoon Nari made landfall from the northeast and more than 2 days later left from the south of the island. In that time over Taiwan, it broke all precipitation records causing the most severe floods in Taiwan?HH?HHs history. Typhoon Nari was unprecedented in a number of ways from its entry point in northeast Taiwan, the 50 hours it lingered over land, and the resulting record breaking precipitation. The subsequent floods demonstrate the uncertain behavior of natural perils and show that one should never underestimate an exposure to such extreme events. The losses associated with this event rank as one of the biggest catastrophe losses in 2001 and provide an unwelcome reminder that Taiwan is highly exposed to catastrophe type events. If climate change predictions are correct, flooding is one catastrophe event that will increase in frequency and severity for many areas of the world including Taiwan, escalating the potential cost burden on governments and insurance alike. Currently the commercial catastrophe models for Taiwan only cover earthquake and typhoon. If flood frequency and severity increases, the demand for better analytical techniques to quantify the risk will increase in importance. Marsh\\Guy Carpenter will develop a detailed timeline of the study. The work will be conducted in two major phases: Phase 1 Work will begin immediately on the modeling research and on the study of legal, accounting, and tax issues. We anticipate spending six months on this phase of the study. Phase 2 Options for insurance systems and proposals in the other relevant areas will be developed, in consultation with local experts. It is expected that initial proposals will be presented in the eight month of the study. The final report will be presented in the tenth month.
    Relation: 研究人員: 韋樸,陳重光,許文科,張靜貞
    應用研究
    委託研究
    研究期間: 9206~9305
    研究經費 4000 千元
    Data Type: report
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Law] Research Reports

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