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    題名: 委內瑞拉查維茲政權能源政策之研究－ 由分析層次探討
    The study of the energy policy of Venezuela’s Chávez Regime- Examined from level of analysis
    作者: 高晨峰
    貢獻者: 邱稔壤
    高晨峰
    關鍵詞: 分析層次
    委內瑞拉
    查維茲
    玻利瓦主義
    玻利瓦任務
    委內瑞拉國營石油公司
    奧里諾科石油計畫
    拉丁美洲區域整合
    拉丁美洲左派
    level of analysis
    Venezuela
    Hugo Chávez
    Bolivarianism
    Bolívar mission
    PDVSA
    Orinoco project
    Latin American regional integration
    Latin American left
    日期: 2009
    上傳時間: 2010-04-09 09:54:48 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 委內瑞拉為世界第五大的石油輸出國，且同為石油輸出國家組織的創始會員國之一。石油是委內瑞拉最為重要的產業與經濟活動，而委內瑞拉因石油而富，亦因石油而貧，委內瑞拉所依賴的石油一直以來猶如兩面刃般深刻的影響委內瑞拉的政治、經濟與社會。
    　　1992年政變失敗的陸軍中校查維茲打著激烈改革的口號，於1998年贏得委內瑞拉總統大選，終結支配委內瑞拉政治長達50年的「協定民主」，為委內瑞拉的歷史打開了新的一頁。對於查維茲而言，委內瑞拉的石油不但是國家主權獨立的象徵，同時亦應用於國際政治中重要的地緣政治武器。因此，查維茲上台後，便積極展開石油改革計畫，強化對國內石油產業的控制權，重整委內瑞拉國營石油公司，並利用石油收入進行社會發展計畫。此外，配合近年來國際油價的高漲，查維茲在區域與國際政治舞台上，運用委內瑞拉豐富的石油蘊藏與龐大的石油收入，進行合縱連橫，攏絡盟友並且試圖削弱美國的影響力。
    　　本研究採用K. J. Holsti所提出的個人、國家、體系與全球四個分析層次作為主要分析架構，以求對於查維茲政權能源政策做出全面性的探討。此論文假設查維茲政權能源政策的發展，決策者為核心因素，藉由在個人層次上，透過決策者個人研究，以求對查維茲個人政治理念有通盤的了解，並探討如何影響委內瑞拉能源政策之發展。再者，選取在國內、體系中對委內瑞拉能源政策影響較深的因素，解釋查維茲政權在這些因素影響下，產生何種政策輸出？最後，探討近年來全球能源環境的變遷與重要的發展趨勢，作為影響查維茲政權能源政策的重要中介因素，解釋全球能源環境的變化與發展對查維茲能源政策有何影響？
    Venezuela is the fifth-largest oil exporter in the world, also, one of the funding members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In Venezuela, most industries and economic activities are dominated by Petroleum sector, a “double edged sword” which brings both positive and negative effects, and deeply influences the political, economic and social conditions in Venezuela.
    In 1998, the former lieutenant colonel, Hugo Chávez, who had organized an unsuccessful coup in 1992, seized the power as president in the election with the claim of “radical reformation”. The result in 1998 presidential election terminated the nearly fifty-year long “pacted democracy” and create a unprecendented prospect on Venezuela’s history. To Chávez, the oil is not only the symbol of independence of national sovereignty, but also a useful geopolitical weapon in the field of international politics. Therefore, Chávez began his oil reformation: strengthen the state control to the oil industry, reorganize the national oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, SA, PDVSA, and use the income to facilitate the social policy. Moreover, due to the reason of oil price surging in recent years, the abundant oil reserve and its’ enormous output value enable Chavez to expand his power base and also to put his intention of striking the influence of United State in both regional and international stage to practice.
    This study adopts K. J. Holsti’s four levels of analysis – individual, state, system and global, as the analytic framework to this research. In this study, the individual level is assumed as the core factor of the energy policy development under the Chávez regime. Chavez’s political ideas and how it influences Venezuela’s energy policy would be examined through the study of his leadership. Furthermore, taking important factors influencing energy policy in both domestic and international level into account, what policies output related to the above factors had Chavez made? Last but not the least, a discussion of global energy environment change in recent years would be made for explaining how it acts as the intermediary factors which influence the energy policy of Chávez regime.
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    三、網路參考文獻
    （一） 學術、評論性資料：
    英文
    ABN, “Proyecto Sembrando Luz lleva electricidad a comunidades rurales,” Aporrea, 4 de Septiembre. 2006. http://www.aporrea.org/misiones/n83160.html
    Agenda 21, “ASPECTOS DEL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE REFERENTES A LOS RECURSOS NATURALES EN VENEZUELA,” United Nation, http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/venez/natur.htm#energy
    Alizadeh, Behrooz Baik, “OPEC Price Band Mechanism: To Repeat The Success, “ Middle East Economic Survey, VOL. LII, No 6, February 6, 2009. http://www.mees.com/postedarticles/oped/v52n06-5OD02.htm
    Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba (CAFC), “Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba: Report to the President,” July 2006, pp.5-6. http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/68166.pdf
    Conry, Barbara, “ Loose Cannon: The National Endowment for Democracy,” Cato Foreign Policy Brief, No.27, November 8, 1993.　http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb-027.html
    Drezner, Daniel W., “Hugo Chavez Wants to Impoverish the Developing World, Foreign Policy, June 1, 2006. http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2006/06/01/hugo_chavez_wants_to_impoverish_the_developing_world
    EIA, Venezuela Energy Profile- Energy Data Series, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_time_series.cfm?fips=VE
    GAO, “Plan Colombia: Drug Reduction Goals Were Not Fully Met, but Security Has Improved; U.S. Agencies Need More Detailed Plans for Reducing Assistance,” Report to the Honorable Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman , Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, October 2008. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0971.pdf
    Gott, Richard, “Two fingers to America,” Guardian, August 25, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/aug/25/venezuela.features11
    Green, Dianna and Barry Lipton, “Report on Venezuela’s Trade Union Situation”, Venezuelanalysis, May 26, 2004. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/520
    Grogg, Patricia, “CUBA-VENEZUELA: Making Biofuels Without Wasting Food,” 　　　　IPS, March 6, 2007. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36823
    Gunson, Phil, “Hugo Chávez: yo, el supreme,” OpenDemocracy, April 13, 2007. http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/chavez_supremo_4523.jsp
    Harris, David and Diego Azzi, “ALBA Venezuela’s answer to ‘free trade’: the Bolivarian Alternative for Americas,” Focus on the Global South, October 2006. http://www.focusweb.org/pdf/alba-book.pdf
    Haugaard, Lisa, Adam Isacson and Joy Olson, “Erasing the Lines: Trends in U.S. military programs in Latin America,” Center for International Policy, 2005. http://ciponline.org/facts/0512eras.pdf
    Honoré, Anouk, ”Argentina: 2004 Gas Crisis,” Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, November 2004. http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/NG7.pdf
    Houser, Trevor, Daniel Rosen and David Vought, “Chávez-China Oil Deal May Produce Unsuspected Winners,” YaleGlobal, September 7, 2006, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=8120
    Jaffe, Amy Myers, “The Changing Role of National Oil Companies in International Energy Market: Introduction and Summary Conclusion,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, March 1, 2007. http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/docs/NOCs/Presentations/Hou-Jaffe-KeyFindings.pdf
    Kozloff, Nikolas, “Venezuela’s Chavez: Oil is a Geopolitical Weapon,” Venezuelanalysis, March 29, 2005. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/1027
    Latinobarómetro, “Poll: Latin Americans like U.S., but a little less,” September 23, 2007. http://www.latinobarometro.org/
    Macbeth, Hampden and Shana Ramirez, ”Argentina-Brazil Relations: Urgent Challenges Come to the Forefront,” COHA, July 12, 2005. http://www.coha.org/2005/07/argentina-brazil-relations-urgent-challenges-come-to-the-forefront/
    Marquez, Humberto, “Venezuelan State Oil Company’s Growing Presence in Latin 　　America,” IPS, September 30, 2008. http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44050
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    Mommer, Bernard, “ Changing Venezuelan Oil Policy,” Oxford Energy Comment, April, 1999 http://www.oxfordenergy.org/comment.php?9904
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    Negus, George, “Interview with Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani,” Dateline, June 18, 2008. http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/transcript/id/549555/n/Interview-with-Sheikh-Ahmed-Zaki-Yamani
    Orozco, Jose, “Oil Lubricates Beijing-Caracas relations,” Asia Times, December 2, 2006. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HL02Cb01.html
    Ospina, Hernando Calvo, “ Cuba exports health,” Le Monde Diplomatique (English Edition), August 2006. http://mondediplo.com/2006/08/11cuba
    Pacheco, Luis A., “High Noon at the Orinoco River: Venezuela and Exxon-Mobil,” Petroleumworld, April 8, 2009. http://www.petroleumworld.com/ed09040801.htm
    Patlow, Joshua, “Ecuador Giving U.S. Air Base the Boot,” The Washington Post, September 4, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090303289.html
    Petras, James, “Venezuela : Democracy, Socialism and Imperialism,” Global Research, April 17, 2008. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=8711
    Philp, George, “The politics of oil in Venezuela,” OpenDemocracy, May 24, 2006. http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/venezuela_oil_3580.jsp
    Robinson, William I., “Promoting Polyarchy: The New U.S. Political Intervention in Latin America,” ALAI, Latin America in Movement, 17 February, 2006. http://www.alainet.org/active/10626&lang=en
    Trigona, Marie, “Mercuosur: More Than a Trade Pact,” Venezuelanalysis, July 26, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/1855
    United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General, A Review Toward Venezuela November 2001- April 2002, Report Number 02-OIG-003, July 2002, pp. 19-28. http://www.oig.state.gov/documents/organization/13682.pdf
    Verleger, Jr., Philip K., “Explaning the 2008 Crude Oil Price Rise,” PKVerleger LLC, July 2008. http://www.pkverlegerllc.com/TIE0807.PDF
    Wagner, Sara, “Mercal: Reducing Poverty and Creating National Food Sovereignty in Venezuela,” Venezuelanalysis, June 24, 2005. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/1211
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    西班牙文
    Harnecker, Marta, Hugo Chávez Frías: Un hombre, Un Pueblo. http://sala.clacso.edu.ar/gsdl252/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0martah--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-es-50---20-about---00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=martah&cl=CL1.3&d=HASH0188b22ae24e8814996ab5c7.4
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    Ibarz, Joaquim, “Hugo Chávez, del autoritarismo al totalitatsmo”, La Vanguardia, 2 de abril, 2007 http://www.lavanguardia.es/premium/publica/publica?COMPID=51305465835&ID_PAGINA=22781&ID_FORMATO=9&turbourl=false
    ¿Quién es Hugo Chávez?-Conoce el perfil oculto de este hombre que dirige el destino de venezuela, fuente consulta: Cuentos Chinos de Andrés Oppenheimer en http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/chavez.htm
    （二） 新聞資料：
    中文
    王南，「胡錦濤訪祕兩國完成自由貿易談判」，美國之音中文網，2008年11月20日。http://www.voafanti.com/gate/big5/www.voanews.com/chinese/archive/2008-11/w2008-11-20-voa32.cfm?CFID=207086691&CFTOKEN=26296755&jsessionid=66309b858f7cb35f669f60c5e2681127726e
    新華社，「查維茲訪華：擺脫美石油控制　尋求能源新市場」，中國國際貿易促進委員會網站，2008年11月12日。http://www.ccpit.org/Contents/Channel_593/2006/0819/7369/content_7369.htm
    唐雅陵，「北京要求巴西承認中國市場經濟地位」，中央社，2009年5月18日。http://www.cnanews.gov.tw/mnd/mndread.php?id=200905190031&Lev=3
    「中海由對收購優尼科的方案仍有信心」，BBC中文網，2005年7月20日。http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4690000/newsid_4699100/4699125.stm
    「中國與委內瑞拉合建2000萬噸煉油廠」，中國新聞網，2008年5月14日。http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/cyzh/news/2008/05-14/1248821.shtml
    「美國介入南美三國的爭端，布希表示支援哥倫比亞」，華夏經緯網，2008年3月5日。http://big5.huaxia.com/xw/gj/2008/00771015.html
    「 哥國總統說台灣吝嗇，扁政府翻臉追討11億」，中國評論新聞網，2007年6月9日。http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1003/8/5/0/100385034.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100385034
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    英文
    AFP, “Venezuela and India Sign Joint Project in Orinoco Oil Belt,” Venezuelanalysis, April 10, 2008 http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/newsbrief/3338
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    Morales, Evo, “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves,” The New York Times, March 13, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/opinion/14morales.html
    Mouawad, Jad, “OPEC Agree to Another Cut in Production,” The New York Times, 　　　　December 17, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/business/worldbusiness/18opec.html
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    Press Tv, “Chavez: Russians drilling for gas,” NowPublic, October 30, 2008. http://www.nowpublic.com/world/chavez-russians-drilling-gas
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    Prosser, David, “Major oil reserve find in Brazil boosts BG,” The Independent, November 10, 2007. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/major-oil-reserve-find-in-brazil-boosts-bg-399799.html
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    “Brazil Demands More From Russia In Medvedev Visit,” Javno, November 24, 2008. http://www.javno.com/en-world/brazil-demands-more-from-russia-in-medvedev-visit_207190
    “Brazil’s Dedini sells four ethanol plants to PDVSA,” Reuters, July 2, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN0241104820080702
    “Chavez, Ahmadinejad offer mutual support,” People’s Daily, May 24, 2006. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200605/24/eng20060524_268253.html
    “Chavez claims partners have “frozen” his huge gas pipeline project,” MercoPress, July 28, 2007. http://en.mercopress.com/2007/07/28/chavez-claims-partners-have-frozen-his-huge-gas-pipeline-project
    “Chávez: Russia and Venezuela unite as oil & gas giants,” Russia Today, July 24, 2008. http://russiatoday.ru/Top_News/2008-07-24/Chavez_Russia_and_Venezuela_unite_as_oil__and__gas_giants.html
    “Chávez says U.S., Colombia plot to kill him,” Reuters, January 16, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1654619420080117
    “Chávez pays Libya unexpected visit,” The Washington Times, October 16, 2001. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2001/oct/16/20011016-030020-3770r/print/
    “ Coca quandary for hard-up Bolivia,” BBC News, April 14, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4902192.stm
    ”Cuba claims massive oil reserves,” BBC News, October 17, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7675234.stm
    “Defiant Chávez arrives in Iraq,” BBC News, August 10, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/872471.stm
    ”FARC rebel link files ‘genuine’,” BBC News, May 16, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7403685.stm
    “India and Venezuela sign oil deal,” BBC News, April 9, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7338383.stm ,
    “Iranian president visits Venezuela, signs numerous economic agreements,” 　　Venezuelanalysis, Sptember 16, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1949
    “Jamaica , Venezuela Sign Historic Oil Deal,” Jamaica Information Service, January 3, 2006. http://www.jis.gov.jm/officepm/html/20060103t100000-0500_7696_jis_jamaica__venezuela_sign_historic_oil_deal.asp
    “Kirchner-Chavez strengthen Bilateral Cooperation,“ MercoPress, February 2, 2005. http://en.mercopress.com/2005/02/02/kirchner-chavez-strengthen-bilateral-cooperation
    “ Manager: Luis Giusti,” Business Week (International Edition), October 26, 1998, http://www.businessweek.com/1998/43/b3601030.htm
    “Montesions: Humala is a political ‘pawn’ of Chavez and Castro,” El Universal, May 30, 2006. http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/05/30/en_pol_art_30A714409.shtml
    “Nicaragua, Venezuela sign 17 aid agreeements,” People’s Daily, January 17, 2007. http://english1.people.com.cn/200701/17/eng20070117_342026.html
    “No trade deal at Americas summit,” BBC News, November 6, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4410190.stm
    “Petroandina JV Plans to Spend $1.17B in Bolivia,” Rigzone, January 17, 2007. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=40150
    “Petrobras to go ahead with $4.5 billion Pernambuco Refinery without PDVSA,” Petroleumworld, January 22, 2009. http://www.petroleumworld.com/story09012205.htm
    “ President fires army chief accused of graft,” Los Angeles Times, December 23, 2001, http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/23/news/mn-17558
    “Russia to build 2 Kalashinikov factories in Venezuela by 2010,” RIA Novosti, August 6, 2007. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070806/70445720.html
    “Russia needs bombers in Cuba due to NATO expansion –ex-commander,” RIA Novosti, July 21, 2008. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080721/114527149.html
    “Russia, Venezuela ink nuclear cooperation deal,” RIA Novosti, November 27, 2008. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081127/118575001.html
    “Russian Fleet on its Way to Venezuela,” El Universal, September 12, 2008. http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/09/12/en_ing_esp_russian-fleet-on-its_12A1984323.shtml
    “Transcript: Hugo Chavez Interview,” ABC News, September 16, 2005. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/International/story?id=1134098&page=1
    “US rejects Chávez call to remove FARC terror group label,” AFP, January 14, 2008. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gdAfVH-dVQGBAElrWf58bXZeDv_g
    “Venezuela, Ecuador accused of FARC ties,” The Washington Times, March 4, 2008. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/mar/04/venezuela-ecuador-accused-of-farc-ties/print/
    “Venezuela in Talks to Buy Russian Tanks,” Javno, October 17, 2008. http://www.javno.com/en-world/venezuela-in-talks-to-buy-russian-tanks---interfax_193400
    “Venezuela, Iran to Invest $4 billion in Joint Oil Project in Orinoco Belt,” Global Research, July 12, 2007. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=6302
    “Venezuela recounts how coup failed”, The New York Times, 6 February, 1992, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4D71E3BF935A35751C0A964958260
    “Venezuela Threatens to Sell F-16 Fleet to Iran ,” FoxNews, May 16, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195672,00.html
    “Venezuela’s PDVSA, China’s CNPC JV to develop Sumano oil field,” Forbes, November 13, 2007. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/11/13/afx4331095.html
    “Venezuela and Panama Sign Energy Agreements,” Venezuelanalysis, June 23, 2006. 　　http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1800
    “Venezuela-Uruguay sign 25 year oil deal,” Mercopress, August 11, 2005. http://en.mercopress.com/2005/08/11/venezuela-uruguay-sign-25-year-oil-deal
    “Venzuela and Cuba agree oil ink,” BBC News, April 11, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4901466.stm
    “Venezuela, Cuba Sign Oil-Exploration Agreements,” Rigzone, January 25, 2007. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=40467
    “Venezuela signs Jamaica oil deal,” BBC News, August 24, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4181528.stm
    “Venezuela and Nicaragua sign three new cooperation accords,” ABN, March 11, 2007. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=85571&lee=17
    “Venezuela Reevaluates Funding for 2 Refineries,” ABC News, November 28, 2008. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=6354314
    “Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina Plan 8,000 Kilometer Gas Pipeline,” Venezuelanalysis, January 21, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1579
    “Venezuela and Panama Sign Energy Agreements,” Venezuelaanalysis, June 23, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1800
    “Venezuela to sell off US refineries,” Taipei Times, May 1, 2007. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2007/05/01/2003359053
    “Venezuela Pushing for Higher Oil Prices,” MercoPress, August 14, 2004. http://en.mercopress.com/2004/08/19/venezuela-pushing-for-higher-oil-prices
    “Venezuela calls for $70-$90 OPEC oil price band,” Reuters, October 24, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUSN2446089620081024 a
    “Venezuela’s Chavez slams Bush ethanol plan,” Reuters, April 10, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1044778420070411
    “Venezuela and IADB Clash over $200 billion biofuels plan,” Mongabay, March 21, 2007. http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2007/03/venezuela-and-iadb-clash-over-200.html
    “Venezuela y Cuba constituirán 11 plantas de etanol en el país,” ABN, 1 de Marzo, 2007. http://www.abn.info.ve/go_news5.php?articulo=84489&lee=18
    西班牙文
    Armas H, Mayela., “ 215.000 viviendas ejecutadas en 8 años,” El Universal, 15 de enero, 2007. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2007/01/15/eco_art_142150.shtml
    Matheus, Maria Elena, “Diplomático denuncia plan Chávez-Gaddafi,” El Universal, 21 de febrero, 2003. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2003/02/21/int_art_21158CC.shtml
    Méndez, Gustavo, “ AN inverstigará irreguraridades en misiones educativas,” El Universal, 22 de marzo, 2007. http://deportes.eluniversal.com/2007/03/22/pol_art_an--investigara-irre_220748.shtml
    Subero, Carlos, “ Arranque del gorbierno obtuvo 90.3% de evalución positiva,” El Universal, 30 de Marzo, 1999. http://www.eluniversal.com/1999/03/20/pol_art_20110AA.shtml
    “ Alta deserción de graduadores de Ribas angustia a Chávez,” El Universal, 22 de marzo, 2007, http://economia.eluniversal.com/2007/03/22/pol_art_alta-desercion-de-gr_221700.shtml
    “ Anulan validación de “planas”, ” El Universal, 24 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/24/pol_art_24102A.shtml
    “Caracas y Moscú firman acuerdo para desarrollar energía nuclear,” El Universal, 27 de noviembre, 2008. http://politica.eluniversal.com/2008/11/27/pol_art_caracas-y-moscu-firm_1166596.shtml
    “Chavez y Kirchner acuerdan crear la multinacional Petrosuraméricam” Terra, 7 de agosto, 2007. http://www.terra.com/finanzas/articulo/html/fin27489.htm
    “Dos Visiones, Una Sola Declarción,” El Universal, 6 de Noviembre, 2005. http://politica.eluniversal.com/2005/11/06/int_art_06118AA.shtml
    “Hugo Chávez de visita en Irán hasta el lunes,” El Universal, 18 de mayo, 2001. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2001/05/18/eco_art_18202GG.shtml
    ”Hugo Chávez : ‘Vamos a enterrar el ALCA aquí’ en Mar del Plata,” El Correo, 4 de Noviembre, 2005. http://www.elcorreo.eu.org/esp/article.php3?id_article=5997
    “ Industria petrolera estará normalizada en febrero.” El Universal, 02 de enero, 2003. http://www.eluniversal.com/2003/01/02/pol_art_02111CC.shtml
    “ Ministros a granel,” El Universal, 26 de agosto, 2004. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2004/08/26/pol_fot_26A486961.shtml
    “ Revocatorio es extemporáneo,” El Universal, 11 de septiempre, 2003. http://www.eluniversal.com/2003/09/11/pol_art_11102A.shtml
    “ CNE apelará decisión ante la sala constitucional,” El Universal, 16 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/16/pol_art_16102C.shtml
    “ CNE sólo validó 1.832.493 firmas para el referendo revocatorio presidencial,” El Universal, 02 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/02/pol_ava_02A436939.shtml
    （三）參考網站
    台灣
    外交部，http://www.mofa.gov.tw/　
    經濟部國際貿易局，http://www.trade.gov.tw/　
    國際合作發展基金會，http://www.icdf.org.tw/　
    台灣中油股份有限公司，http://www.cpc.com.tw/　
    中國
    中華人民共和國商務部，http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/
    中華人民共和國外交部，http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/
    中國石油集團網站，http://www.cnpc.com.cn/
    委內瑞拉
    委內瑞拉政府線上資訊網（Gobierno en Línea）， http://www.gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/　
    委內瑞拉農業與土地部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura y Tierras），http://www.mat.gob.ve/
    委內瑞拉能源與石油部（Minsterio del Poder Popular para la Energía y Petróleo），http://www.mem.gob.ve/
    委內瑞拉發展與計畫部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Planificaión y Desarrollo），http://www.mpd.gob.ve/
    委內瑞拉國家選舉委員會（Consejo Nacional Electoral），http://www.cne.gov.ve/
    委內瑞拉國家統計局（Instituto Nacional de Estadística），http://www.ine.gov.ve/　
    委內瑞拉外交部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores），http://www.mre.gob.ve/
    委內瑞拉通訊與資訊部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Communicación y la Información），http://www.minci.gob.ve/　
    委內瑞拉中央銀行（Banco Central de Venezuela），http://www.bcv.org.ve/
    委內瑞拉國營石油公司（Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A.），http://www.pdvsa.com/　
    深入街坊任務（Misión Barrio Adentro），http://www.barrioadentro.gov.ve/　
    羅賓遜任務（Misión Robinson），http://www.misionrobinson.me.gob.ve/　
    美爾卡任務（Misión Mercal），http://www.mercal.gob.ve/
    蘇克雷任務（Misión Sucre），http://www.misionsucre.gov.ve/　
    李巴斯任務（Misión Ribas），http://www.misionribas.gov.ve/　
    美國
    國家民主基金會（National Endowment for Democracy），http://www.ned.org/
    美國國務院（U.S. Department of State），http://www.state.gov/
    美國環境保護署（U.S. Environment Protection Angecy），http://www.epa.gov/
    美國審計辦公室（U.S. Government Accountability Office），http://www.gao.gov/　
    美國能源資訊局（Energy Information Angency），http://www.eia.doe.gov/　
    美國參議院（U.S. Senate），http://www.senate.gov/
    美國眾議院（U.S. House of Representatives），http://www.house.gov/
    美國國會圖書館（Library of Congress），http://www.loc.gov/index.html
    拉丁美洲區域組織
    美洲開發銀行網站（Inter-American Developement Bank），http://www.iadb.org/
    美洲國家組織網站（Organización de los Estados Americanos）：http://www.oas.org/
    南美洲國家聯盟（Unasur），http://www.integracionsur.com/　
    南方共同市場（Mercosur），http://www.mercosur.int/　
    玻利瓦替代方案（ALBA），http://www.alternativabolivariana.org/
    安地諾共同體（CAN），http://www.comunidadandina.org/　
    美洲自由貿易區網站（ALCA），http://www.ftaa-alca.org/　
    加勒比石油計畫（Petrocaribe），http://www.petrocaribe.org/
    美洲高峰會資訊網（Summit of Americas），http://www.summit-americas.org/
    國際組織
    國際能源總署（IEA），http://www.iea.org/　
    石油輸出國家組織（OPEC），http://www.opec.org/
    聯合國（United Nation），http://www.un.org　
    中文媒體
    台灣
    中央社，http://www.cna.com.tw/　
    中國時報，http://news.chinatimes.com/　
    自由時報，http://www.libertytimes.com.tw　
    聯合報，http://udn.com/NEWS/main.html　
    中國大陸
    中國評論新聞網，http://www.chinareviewnews.com/
    新華網，http://www.xinhuanet.com/
    華夏經緯網，http://www.huaxia.com/
    國際媒體
    法新社（AFP），http://www.afp.com/
    路透社（Reuters），http://www.reuters.com/
    國際新聞社（IPS），http://www.ips.org/
    彭博社（Bloomberg），http://www.bloomberg.com/
    俄羅斯新聞社（Ria Novosti），http://en.rian.ru/
    烏拉圭新聞社（Mercopress），http://en.mercopress.com/
    紐約時報（The New York Times），http://global.nytimes.com/
    華盛頓郵報（The Washington Post），http://www.washingtonpost.com/
    洛杉磯時報（The Los Angeles Times），http://www.latimes.com/
    基督教科學箴言報（The Christian Science Monitor），http://www.csmonitor.com/
    英國國家廣播公司新聞網（BBC News），http://news.bbc.co.uk/
    哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞網（CBS News），http://www.cbsnews.com/
    美國廣播公司新聞網（ABC News），http://abcnews.go.com/
    福斯電視新聞網（Fox News），http://www.foxnews.com/
    經濟學人（The Economist），http://www.economist.com/
    衛報（The Guardian），http://www.guardian.co.uk/
    委內瑞拉環球報（El Universal），http://www.eluniversal.com
    委內瑞拉國家報（El Nación），http://www.el-nacion.com/
    人民日報（People Daily），http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/
    中國郵報（China Post），http://www.chinapost.com.tw/
    台北時報（Taipei Times），http://www.taipeitimes.com
    學術、評論網站：
    Analítica，http://www.analitica.com/
    Aporrea，http://www.aporrea.org/
    Cato Instittue，http://www.cato.org/
    Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR)，http://www.cepr.org/
    Council on Hemispgheric Affairs (COHA)，http://www.coha.org/
    Global Research，http://www.globalresearch.ca/　
    Inter-American Dialogue，http://www.thedialogue.org/　
    OpenDemocracy，http://www.opendemocracy.net/
    Venezuelanalysis，http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    95253013
    98
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095253013
    資料類型: thesis
    顯示於類別:[外交學系] 學位論文

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