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| Title: | 從法規透明化比較兩岸貿易便捷化之發展
The cross-strait development of trade facilitation in respect of transparency |
| Authors: | 謝易衡
Hsieh, I-Heng |
| Contributors: | 蔡孟佳
Tsai, Meng-Jia
謝易衡
Hsieh, I-Heng |
| Keywords: | 貿易便捷化
透明化
兩岸合作
GATT 1994第十條
Trade Facilitation
Transparency
Cross-Strait Cooperation
Article X of the GATT 1994 |
| Date: | 2008 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-18 19:59:39 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 國際貿易是經濟發展的重要手段之一，然而無論在開發中或已開發國家，貿易商皆面臨貿易流程的繁文縟節。隨著各國的關稅逐漸降低，業者進行國際貿易時的貿易成本甚至已超過關稅成本。因此，有望透過貿易便捷化來簡化貿易程序，降低貿易成本。
近年來，兩岸貿易依存度日益提高，中國大陸更成為台灣最大的出口市場。兩岸各自推動的貿易便捷化皆獲得相當成效，然法規不透明為目前中國大陸對台最嚴重之非關稅障礙，而法規透明化又是貿易便捷化工作的其中一環，因此法規透明化為當前亟需進行之貿易便捷化工作。
由於兩岸皆為世界貿易組織會員，且貿易便捷化已納入WTO的談判架構，而GATT 1994第十條（貿易法令之公布與施行）亦揭示法規透明化乃世界貿易組織協定重要原則，因此本文檢視兩岸的法規公布、措施通知、提供草案評論、回覆諮詢、正當程序和司法救濟等透明化之世界貿易組織義務，作為兩岸法規透明化程度的衡量指標。
透明化雖然是內部即可進行之工作，但由於透明化的重要性不受中國大陸重視，因此其透明化成效有限。為解決此問題，有待建立法規透明化的兩岸合作機制，而該機制之完善將使兩岸業者受惠，雙方政府基於互惠立場，會使兩岸業者獲得更大幅公開的政府資訊，所適用行政程序中的相關權利更受到保障。
International trade is important to economics, while there are plenty of red tape still existing in moving goods across borders, whether in developing or development countries. Following the decreasing of tariff barriers, trade costs to traders are much more than tariff costs. Therefore, it is necessary to cut down the trade cost by trade facilitation.
Recently, cross-strait trade relationship is closer and Mainland China has become the biggest trade partner of Taiwan. The cross-strait development of trade facilitation is significant, but the greatest trade barrier between is non-transparency. Since transparency of trade policy is part of trade facilitation programs, the authorities have to improve the transparency of trade policies.
China and Taiwan are the members of the WTO, and WTO Members agreed to launch negotiations on trade facilitation several years ago. Besides, Article X of the GATT 1994 provides that transparency is also the principle of the WTO Agreements. Transparency obligations in WTO include publication of trade policies, notification on measures, providing the opportunity for prior comments, responding to requests for information, due process of administrative procedures and ensuring the right of review and appeal. This article aims at assessing the compliance of China and Taiwan with WTO obligations in transparency.
Because the importance of transparency, which can be improved unilaterally, is neglected by China, efforts paid to this transparency issue limited. To solve this problem, it is necessary to establish a cross-strait cooperation mechanism that benefits the traders in both China and Taiwan. Accordingly, the authorities would take reciprocal actions on opening information of the government and ensuring the rights of administrative procedures in a larger extent. |
| Reference: | 中文
1. 田忠法、汪明（2005），「貿易便利化─我國外貿法體系的新座標」，世界貿易組織動態與研究，2005年第3期（2005年）。
2. 林祖嘉（2006），「1987年以來兩岸貿易與投資環境的變遷與發展」，財團法人國家政策研究基金會（2006年6月28日）。
3. 林素鳳（2006），「我國政府資訊公開法制初探」，月旦法學雜誌，第136期，第37頁（2006年9月）。
4. 許培星（2008），「上海國際航運中心建設與發展前景」，中國水運，2008年第10期（2008年）。
5. 國安民（2008），「中共施行政府資訊公開條例及其影響」，展望與探索，第6卷第6期（2008年6月）。
6. 「貿易便捷化先期規劃案－貿易便捷化整體規劃報告」，財團法人資訊工業策進會，修訂四版（2003年11月28日）。
7. 楊德宗（2006），「政府資訊公開法評釋」，中研院講稿（2006年3月21日）。
8. 蔡孟佳（2008），「貿易便捷化與兩岸合作」，WTO研究，第九期（2008年）。
9. 餘波（2007），「WTO貿易便利化背景下 我國海關通關管理的對策研究」，商場現代化總491期（2007年1月）。
10. 劉榮主、韓景華（2000），「參加2000年亞太經濟合作關務程序次級委員會第二次會議報告」，財政部（2000年）。
英文
1. Ala’I, Padideh (2008), From the Periphery to the Center? The Evolving WTO Jurisprudence on Transparency and Good Governance, 11 J. INT’L ECON. L. 779, 790 (Dec., 2008).
2. Biukovic, Ljiljana (2008), Selective Adaptation of WTO Transparency Norms and Local Practices in China and Japan, 11 J. INT’L ECON. L. 803 (Dec., 2008).
3. Creskoff, Stephen (1998), Trade Facilitation: An Often Overlooked Engine of Trade Expansion, 3(1) GLOBAL TRADE AND CUSTOMS JOURNAL (1998).
4. Djankov, Simeon (2006), Caroline Freund & Cong S. Pham, Trading on Time, The World Bank Working Policy Research Working Paper No.3909 (May, 2006).
5. Greene, Malory & Charles Tsai (2008), Enhancing Market Openness through Regulatory Reform in the People’s Republic of China, OECD Trade Policy Working No. 83 (Dec. 18, 2008).
6. Helble, Mathias et al. (2007), Transparency and Trade Facilitation in the Asia Pacific: Estimating the Gains from Reform, THE WORLD BANK DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH GROUP (Jun. 14, 2007).
7. Hellqvist, Marcus (2002), Trade Facilitation─Impact and Potential Gains, Report Swedish National Board of Trade (Aug., 2002).
8. Hoekman, Bernard & Alessando Nictia (2008), Trade Policy, Trade Costs, and Develpoing Country Trade, The World Bank Working Policy Research Working Paper No.4797 (Dec., 2008).
9. Ikenson, Daniel (2008), While Doha Sleeps: Securing Economic Growth through Trade Facilitation, Cato Institute Trade Policy Analysis No.37 (Jun. 17, 2008).
10. Jacobs, Lesley & Potter, Pitman B. (2006), Selective Adaptation and Human Rights to Health in China, 9(2) HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 113 (2006).
11. Leibowitz, Lewis E. et al. (2007), WTO Negotiations on Trade Facilitation: Prospects for Cutting Red Tape at the Borders and Opening Doors for Developing Countries, 13(1) INT. T.L.R. 4 (2007).
12. Mock, William (1999), On the Centrality of Information Law: A Rational Choice Discussion of Information Law and Transparency, 17 JOHN MARSHALL JOURAL OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION LAW 1069 (1999).
13. Ostry, Sylvia (1998), China and the WTO: The Transparency Issue, 3 UCLA J. INT’L L. & FREIGN AFF. 1 (1998).
14. Potter, Pitman B. (2003), Globalization and Economic Regulation in China: Selective Adaptation of Globalized Norms and Practices, 1 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY GLOBAL STUDIES LAW REVIEW 119 (2003).
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WTO文件
1. Doha Work Programme－Decision Adopted by the General Council on 1 August 2004,WTO Doc. WT/L/579 (Aug. 2, 2004).
2. European Communities, Basic GATT/WTO Principles as Applied to Trade Facilitation, WTO Doc. G/C/W/211 (June 6, 2000).
3. GATT Panel Report, Canada－Restrictions on Imports of Ice Cream and Yoghurt, GATT Doc. L/6568 (adopted on Dec. 5, 1989).
4. GATT Panel Report, European Economic Community－Restrictions on Imports of Dessert Apples－Complaint by Chile, GATT Doc. L/6491 (adopted on Jun. 22, 1989).
5. GATT Panel Report, European Economic Community－Restrictions on Imports of Apples－Complaint by the United States, GATT Doc. L/6513 (adopted on Jun. 22, 1989).
6. GATT Panel Report, European Economic Community－Regulations on Imports on Parts and Components, GATT Doc. L/6657 (adopted on May 16, 1990).
7. GATT Panel Report, Japan－Japanese Measures on Imports of Leather, GATT Doc. L/5623 (adopted on May 15, 1984).
8. GATT Panel Report, Japan－Restrictions on Imports of Certain Agricultural Products, GATT Doc. L/6253 (adopted on Mar. 2, 1988).
9. GATT Panel Report, Republic of Korea－Restrictions on Imports of Beef－Complaint by the United States, GATT Doc. L/6503 (adopted on Nov. 7, 1989).
10. Ministerial Declaration Adopted on 14 November 2001, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1 (Nov. 20, 2001).
11. Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation, Communication from Australia, Canada, Turkey and the United States – Draft Text on Advance Rulings, WTO Doc. TN/TF/W/153 (Mar. 10, 2008).
12. Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation, Communication from Hong Kong, China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and Switzerland – Proposal on Prior Publication and Consultation – Revision, WTO Doc. TN/TF/W/115/Rev.1 (Oct. 2, 2007).
13. Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation, Communication from Hong Kong, China, Japan, Mongolia, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey – Revision, WTO Doc. TN/TF/W/155/Rev.1 (Feb. 23, 2009).
14. Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation, Communication from Japan and Mongolia - Proposals on Appeal Procedures – Revision, WTO Doc. TN/TF/W/116/Rev.1 (Dec. 10, 2007).
15. Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation, WTO Negotiations on Trade Facilitation Compilation on Members’ Textual Proposals, WTO Doc. TN/TF/W/43/Rev.18 (Apr. 24, 2009).
16. Protocol on the Accession of the People’s Republic of China, WTO Doc. WT/L/432 (Nov., 23, 2001).
17. Trade Policy Review Body, Trade Policy Review, Report by China, WTO Doc. WT/TPR/G/199 (May 7, 2008).
18. Trade Policy Review Body, Trade Policy Review, Report by Secretariat, China, WTO Doc. WT/TPR/S/199/Rev.1 (Aug. 12, 2008).
19. Working Group on Notification Obligations and Procedures, Notifications Required from WTO Members under Agreements in Annex 1a of the WTO Agreement, WTO Doc. G/NOP/W/2 (Jun. 30, 1995).
20. Working Group on the Relationship between Trade and Investment, Transparency, WTO Doc. WT/WGTI/W/109 (Mar. 27, 2002).
21. Working Party on the Accession of Chinese Taipei, Report of the Working Party on the Accession of the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, WTO Doc. WT/ACC/TPKM/18 (Oct. 5, 2001).
22. WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting Importation of Certain Poultry Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS69/AB/R (adopted on Jul. 23, 1998).
23. WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WTO Doc. WT/DS27/AB/R (adopted on Sep. 25, 1997).
24. WTO Appellate Body Report, European Communities－Selected Customs Matters, WTO Doc. WT/DS315/AB/R (adopted on Dec. 11, 2006).
25. WTO Appellate Body Report, United States－Restrictions on Imports of Cotton and Man-Made Fiber Underwear, WTO Doc. WT/DS24/AB/R (adopted on Feb. 25, 1997).
26. WTO Panel Report, Argentina－Measures Affecting the Export of Bovine Hides and the Import of Finished Leather, WTO Doc. WT/DS155/R (adopted on Feb. 16, 2001).
27. WTO Panel Report, Dominican Republic－Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Sale of Cigarettes, WTO Doc. WT/DS302/R (adopted on Nov. 26, 2004).
28. WTO Panel Report, European Communities－Measures Affecting Importation of Certain Poultry Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS69/R (adopted on Mar. 16, 1998).
29. WTO Panel Report, European Communities－Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WTO Doc. WT/DS27/R/USA (adopted on May. 22, 1997).
30. WTO Panel Report, Japan－Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper, WTO Doc. WT/DS44/R (adopted on Apr. 22, 1998).
31. WTO Panel Report, United States－Anti-Dumping Duty on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) of One Megabit or Above from Korea, WTO Doc. WT/DS99/R (adopted on Mar. 19, 1999).
32. WTO Panel Report, United States－Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Hot-Rolled Steel Products from Japan, WTO Doc. WT/DS184/R (adopted on Aug. 23, 2001).
33. WTO Panel Report, United States－Restrictions on Imports of Cotton and Man-Made Fiber Underwear, WTO Doc. WT/DS24/R (adopted on Feb. 25, 1997). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
96351013
97 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096351013 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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