政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/34937
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 113648/144635 (79%)
造访人次 : 51631065      在线人数 : 573
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻
    政大機構典藏 > 商學院 > 企業管理學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/34937


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34937


    题名: 影響國際合資非主導性業務管理涉入與管理機制因素之研究
    作者: 官志亮
    Guan, Jyh-Liang
    贡献者: 于卓民
    司徒達賢
    Yu, Chwo-Ming
    Seetoo, Dah-Hsian
    官志亮
    Guan, Jyh-Liang
    关键词: 國際合資
    非主導性業務
    合資管理
    日期: 2004
    上传时间: 2009-09-18 13:22:20 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 在科技不斷創新與市場競爭日益激烈的趨勢下，企業透過合作方式建立策略性夥伴關係，求取資源或優勢的互補與風險與利益的共享，已成為現代企業的主要趨勢與成功的要件之一。對多國公司而言，全球化是相當昂貴的過程，必須要有效地整合許多資源才可能成功，而國際合資便是企業因應未來挑戰極為有效的競爭方式之一。
    國際合資是由兩個或兩個以上母公司共同投資，所組成的一個獨立的跨國組織，具有跨文化、跨國界，以及共同管理的特質。在國際合資企業中，各母公司通常會因所提供資源與能力之差異而負責不同功能領域，母公司對自己所主導業務之管理方式較類似於一般母子公司間的管理，此過去已有諸多文獻討論；但對於由他方母公司所主導或負責業務(非主導性業務)之管理，則尚未有研究加以探討。國際合資企業的非主導性業務除經常為滿足我方母公司學習動機之所在外，我方母公司也會因受限於能力與專業，而使得該業務有較大的投機空間，因而暴露於較大的投資風險中。然而，各合資夥伴常會礙於合作氣氛的維持而不願對非主導性業務有過多的干預，因而使得合資母公司常陷於管與不管的兩難之中。因此，合資企業之非主導性業務管理的重要性便不言可喻。
    本研究以非主導性業務為分析單位，從學習與防衛投資的觀點，提出一個創新的理論性架構，探討國際合資中，影響未握有該業務主導權之母公司(我方母公司)，對該業務管理涉入必要性之情境因素，並以價值差距管理-資訊差距管理-潛在懲罰力運用模式(VIP模式)為分析架構，說明在不同情境因素下，我方母公司管理機制的選擇。其中管理涉入必要性的觀念便強調，在合資管理上，任何一方母公司不必要求有過大的業務控制權，適度的管理程度反而有助於在維護我方利益與維繫雙方合作氣氛下取得平衡，如此也才有助於雙方共同價值的創造，真正達到合資的利益。
    藉由110家國際合資企業的實證資料分析發現，「策略重要性」、「資訊封閉性」、「業務連結性」、「心繫他方母公司」是影響我方母公司管理涉入必要性的情境因素。但該業務的過去績效會對因業務的資訊封閉性、業務主管高心繫他方母公司與高附屬利益的特質，而提高的管理涉入必要性產生負向調節效果。在管理機制的選擇上，當鑲嵌於非主導性業務上的知識為我方重要學習焦點時，建立可降低雙方資訊差距的學習機制常是我方母公司所採行的主要管理作為；當非主導性業務的資訊封閉性高時，我方母公司會提高資訊差距管理機制的比重，以降低我方母公司與該業務的資訊不對稱性；而當非主導性業務與他方母公司的業務連結程度高或該業務具有較明確的回派性時，我方母公司在管理機制的選擇上，會提高運用潛在懲罰力的比重。
    本研究深入合資企業內部，探究合資企業管理的內涵，透過理論推理與實證分析，明確說明在何種情境下管理涉入必要性與管理機制之選擇，並提出鑲嵌於各非主導性業務情境下，所衍生之潛在圖利母公司行為與管理機制，有別於過去僅從雙方母公司或以單純母子公司間管理的角度，來探討國際合資企業的管理。本研究結果有助於進一步延伸過去國際合資管理理論的觸角，為複雜的跨國合資管理提供更具管理意涵的理論。
    參考文獻: 一、中文部份
    于卓民(2000)，國際企業：環境與管理，台北：華泰文化出版。
    司徒達賢、熊欣華(2004)，「投機行為分析－價值差距、資訊差距與潛在懲罰力之影響」，中山管理評論，第十二卷，第四期，頁675-707。
    吳青松(2002)，國際企業管理：理論與實務，台北：智勝文化出版。
    李韶洋(1994)，「從網路觀點探討多國籍企業之內部控制機制－台灣企業大陸投資之管理」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版碩士論文。
    林月雲(2001)，「管理學門一般管理類新進學者研究方向與學術生涯規劃學術研討會」，台中：國立中興大學主辦。
    林麗娟(1995)，「台灣地區國際合資動機、貢獻及管理機制之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。
    周文賢(2002)，多變量統計分析：SAS/STAT使用方法，台北：智勝文化出版。
    邱雅萍(2002)，「多國企業在臺子公司知識來源型態影響因素之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。
    陳明哲(1997)，「策略管理的教學與研究」，中山管理評論，第五卷，第三期，頁467-492。
    黃俊英(1990)，「涉入的理論發展與實務應用」，管理學報，第七卷，頁15-29。
    黃國隆(1994)，「海峽兩岸企業員工工作價值觀之差異」，海峽兩岸企業員工工作價值觀之差異研討會報告，台北：信義基金會主辦。
    廖明坤(2003)，「台商大陸子公司決策自主權影響因素之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。
    熊欣華(2001)，「組織間合作的信心管理」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。
    謝文雀(1992)，「中外合資事業參與公司間互動關係之研究」，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版博士論文。
    二、英文部份
    Abdulla, Mohamed H. A. & Jason D. Shaw (1999), “Personal Factors and Organizational Commitment: Main and Interactive Effects in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Managerial Issues, 11(1), pp. 77-93.
    Adler, Nancy (1986), International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, CA: Kent.
    Aiken, M. & J. Hage (1968), “Organizational Interdependence and Intraorganizational Structure,” American Sociological Review, 33, pp. 912-930.
    Albrecht,M. H., A. M. Pagano, & P. Phoocharoon (1996), “International Joint Ventures: An Integrated Conceptual model for Human Resource and Business Strategies,” Journal of Euro-Marketing, 4(3), p. 89-127.
    Al-Meer, Abdul Rahim A. (1989), “Organizational Commitment: A Comparison of Westerners, Asians, and Saudis,” International Studies of Management & Organization, 19(2), pp. 74-84.
    Anand, Bharat N. & Tarun Khanna (2000), “Do Firms Learn to Create Value? The Case of Alliance,” Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), pp. 295-315.
    Anderson, E. (1985), “The Salesperson as Outside of Employee: A Transaction Cost Analysis,” Market Science, 4, pp. 234-254.
    Anderson, E. (1988), “Transaction Costs as Determinants of Opportunism in Integrated and Independent Sales Forces,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 9, pp. 247-264.
    Anderson, Erin & Hubert Gatignon (1986), “Modes of Foreign Entry: A Transaction Cost Analysis,” Journal of International Business Studies, 17(3), pp.1-26.
    Anderson, Erin (1988), “Transaction Costs as Determinants of Opportunism in Integrated and Independent Sales Forces,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 9(2), pp. 247-264.
    Anderson, Erin C. & Richard L. Oliver (1987), “Perspective on Behavior-Based versus Outcome-Based Sales Force Control Systems,” Journal of Marketing, 51(4), pp. 76-88.
    Anderson, J. & J. Narus (1990), “A Model of Distributor Firm and Manufacturer Firm Working Partnerships,” Journal of Marketing, 54, pp. 42-58.
    Argote, L. & P. Ingram (2000), “Knowledge Transfer: A Basis for Competitive Advantage in Firms,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82, pp. 150-169.
    Arrow, Kenneth Joseph (1971), Essay in the Theory of Risk Bearing, Chicage, IL: Markham.
    Arrow, Kenneth Joseph (1974), The Limits of Organization, New York: Norton.
    Auster, Ellen R. (1987), “International Corporate Linkages: Dynamic Forms in Changing Environments,” Journal of World Business, 22(2), pp. 3-6.
    Baliga, B. Ram & Alfred M. Jaeger (1984), “Multinational Corporations: Control Systems and Delegation Issues,” Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2), pp. 25-40.
    Barney, Jay B. (1991), “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, “Journal of Management, 17(1), pp. 99-120.
    Baron, James N. & David M. Kreps (1999), Strategic Human Resources: Frameworks for General Managers, New York: John Woley & Sons.
    Bartlett, Christopher A. & Sumantra Ghoshal (1989), Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
    Beamish, Paul W. (1984), Joint Venture Performance in Developing Countries, Unpublished Doctorial Dissertation, University of Western Ontario.
    Beamish, Paul W. (1993), “Characteristics of Joint Ventures in the Peoples’ Republic of China,” Journal of International Marketing, 1(2), pp. 29-48.
    Beamish, Paul & A. Delios (1997), “Incidence and Propensity of Alliance Formation,” In P. Beamish & J. P Killing (eds.), Cooperative Strategies: Asian Pacific Perspectives, San Francisco, CA: The New Lexington Press.
    Becker, H. S. (1960), “Notes on the Concept of Commitment,” American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), pp. 32-42.
    Behrman, J. (1970), National Interest and the Multinational Enterprise, New York: Prentice Hell.
    Belk, Russel W. (1975), “Situational Variables and Consumer Behaviior,” Journal of Consumer Research, 2(3), pp. 157-164.
    Birkinshaw, Julian & Neil Hood (1998), “Multinational Subsidiary Evolution: Capability and Charter Change in Foreign-Owned Subsidiary Companies,” Academy of Management Review, 23(4), pp. 773-795.
    Black, J. Stewart (1988), “Work Role Transitions: A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan,” Journal of International Business Studies, 19(2), pp. 277-294.
    Black, J. Stewart & Hal B. Gregersen (1992), “Serving Two Masters: Managing the Dual Allegiance of Expatriate Employee,” Sloan Management Review, 33(4), pp. 61-71.
    Blau, P. M. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, New York: Willey.
    Bleeke, Joel & David Ernst (1991), “The Way to Win in Cross-Border Alliance,” Harvard Business Review, 69(6), pp. 127-135.
    Blodgett, Linda L. (1991), “Partner Contributions as Predictions of Equity Share in International Joint Ventures,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(1), pp. 63-78.
    Brislin, R. W. (1981), Cross-Cultural Encounters, New York: Pergamon.
    Buckley, Peter J. (1983), “New Theories of International Business,” In Mark Casson (eds.), The Growth of International Business, London: Allen & Unwin.
    Buckley, Peter J. & Mark C. Casson (1981), “The Optimal Timing of a Foreign Direct Investment,” Economic Journal, 91, pp. 75-87.
    Buckley, Peter J. & Mark C. Casson (1988), “A Theory of Cooperation in International Business,” In Farok Contrator & Peter Lorange (eds), Cooperative Strategy in International Business, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, pp. 31-54.
    Buckley, Peter J. & Mark C. Casson (1996), “An Economic Model of International Joint Venture Strategy,” Journal of International Business Studies, 27(5), pp. 849-876.
    Burton, F. N. & F. H. Saelons (1982), “Partner Choice and Linkage Characteristics of International Joint Ventures in Japan,” Management International Review, 22(2), pp. 20-29.
    Camillus, J. C. (1986), Strategic Planning and Management Control, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
    Chandler, G. N. & S. H. Hanks (1993), “Measuring the Performance of Emerging Business: A Validation Study,” Journal of Business Venturing, 8, pp. 391-408.
    Chen, Haiyang & Michael Y. Hu (2002), “An Analysis of Determinants of Entry Mode and Its Impact on Performance,” International Business Review, 11, pp. 193-210.
    Chi, Tailan (1994), “Trading in Strategic Resources: Necessary Conditions, Transaction Cost Problems, and Choice of Exchange Structure,” Strategic Management Journal, 15(4), pp. 271-290.
    Choi, Chang-Burn & Pual W. Beamish (2004), “Split Management Control and International Joint Venture Performance,” Journal of International Business Studies, 35(3), pp. 201-215.
    Churchill G. A. (1979), “A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs,” Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), pp. 64-73.
    Coase, Ronald E. (1937), “The Nature of Firm,” Economica, 4, pp. 386-405.
    Collin, A., & Burt, S. (2003). “Market Sanctions, Monitoring and Vertical Coordination within Retailer-Manufacturer Relationships: The Case of Retail Brand Suppliers,” European Journal of Marketing, 37(5/6), pp. 668-689.
    Contracator, Farok & Peter Lorange (1988), “The Strategy and Economic Basis for Cooperative Ventures,” In Farok Contrator & Peter Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategy in International Business, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, pp. 1-28.
    Contracator, Farok & Peter Lorange (1989), Cooperative Strategy in International Business, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
    Cullen, John B., Jean L. Johnson, & Tomoaki Sakano (1995), “Japanese and Local Partner Commitment to IJVs: Psychological Consequences of Outcomes and Investments in the IJV Relationship,” Journal of International Business Studies, 26(1), pp. 91-115.
    Das, T. K., & Bing-Sheng Teng (1998), “Between Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances,” Academy of Management Review, 23(3), pp. 491-512.
    Deaux, K. (1996), “Social Identification,” In Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, Higgins E.T. & A.W. Kruglanski (eds.), Guilford Press: New York, pp. 777–798.
    Deeds, David L. & Charles W. L. Hill (1999), “An Examination of Opportunistic Action within Research Alliances: Evidence from the Biotechnology Industry,” Journal of Business Venturing, 14(2), pp. 141-163.
    Demski, J. S. (1994), Managerial Uses of Accounting Information, Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    Donaldson, Lex (1990), “The Ethereal Hand: Organizational Economics and Management Theory,” Academy of Management Review, 15(3), pp. 369-381.
    Doz, Yves L. & Gray Hamel (1998), Alliance Advantage: The Art of Creating Value through Partnering, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
    Doz, Yves L. & C. K. Prahalad (1981),”Headquarters Influence and Strategic Control in MNCs,” Sloan Management Review, 23(1), pp. 15-29.
    Doz, Yves L. (1996), “The Evolution of Cooperation in Strategic Alliances: Initial Conditions or Learning Processes?” Strategic Management Journal, 17(special issue), pp. 55-83.
    Dubois, A. & H. Hakansson (1997), “Relations as Activity Links,” In M. Ebers (eds.), The Formation of Inter-Organizational Networks, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 43-65.
    Dunning, John H. (1995), Reappraising the Eclectic Paradigm in an Age of Alliance,” Journal of International Business Studies, 26(3), pp. 461-491.
    Egelhoff, William G. (1984), “Patterns of Control in U.S., UK, and European Multinational Corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2), pp. 73-83
    Egelhoff, William G., (1988), “Strategy and Structure in Multinational Corporations: A Revision of the Stopford and Wells Model,” Strategy Management Journal, 9(1), pp.1-14.
    Eisenberger, R., P. Fasolo, & V. Davis-LaMastro (1990), “Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, pp. 51-59.
    Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1985), “Control: Organizational and Economic Approach,” Management Science, 31(2), pp. 131-149.
    Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989a), “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review,” Academy of Management Review, 14(1), pp. 57-74.
    Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989b), “Building Theories from Case Study Research,” Academy of Management Review, 14(4), pp. 532-550.
    Emerson, R. M. (1962), “Power-Dependence Relations,” American Sociological Review, 27, pp. 32-40.
    Fagre, Nathan & Louis T. Jr., Wells (1982), “Bargaining Power of Multinationals and Host Governments,” Journal of International Business Studies, 13(2), pp. 9-23.
    Fiol, C. & Lyles, M. (1985), “Organizational Learning,” Academy of Management Review, 10(4), pp. 803-813.
    Franko, Lowrence G. (1971), Joint Venture Survival in Multinational Corporations, New York: Praeger.
    Friedman, W. G. & J. P. Beguin (1971), Joint international Business Ventures in Developing Countries, New York: Columbia University Press.
    Fukami, Cynthia K & Erik W. Larson (1984), “Commitment to the Company and Union: Parallel Models,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), pp. 367–371.
    Garnier, G. H. (1982), “Context and Decision Making Autonomy in Foreign Affiliates of U.S. Multinational Corporations,” Academy of Management Journal, 25(4), pp. 893-908.
    Gaski, J. F. (1984), “The Theory of Power and Conflict in Channels of Distribution,” Journal of Marketing, 48(3), pp. 9-29.
    Geringer, J. Michael & Louis Hebert (1989), “Control and Performance of International Joint Venture,” Journal of International Business Studies, 20(2), pp. 235-254.
    Geringer, J. Michael & Louis Hebert (1991), “Measuring Performance of International Joint Ventures,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2), pp. 249-263.
    Ghoshal, Sumantra (1987), “Global Strategy: An Organizing Framework,” Strategy Management Journal, 8(5), pp.425-440.
    Ghoshal, Sumantra & C. Bartlett (1990), “The Multinational Corporation as an Interorganizational Network,” The Academy of Management Review, 8(2), pp. 603-625.
    Ghoshal, Sumantra & Peter Moren (1996), “Bad for Practice: A Critique of the Transaction Cost Theory,” Strategy Management Journal, 10(4), pp.323-337.
    Ghoshal, Sumantra & Nitin Nohria (1989), “Internal Differentiation within Mutinaitonal Corporations,” Academy of Management Review, 21(1), pp. 13-41.
    Glaister, Keith & Peter Buckley (1996), “Strategic Motives for International Alliance Formation,” Journal of Management Studies, 33(2), pp. 301-332.
    Glaister, Keith, Rumy Hasan, & Peter Buckley (2003), “Learning to Manage International Joint Ventures,” International Business Review, 12(1), pp. 83-108.
    Glaser, B. & Strauass, A. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Chicago, IL: Aldine.
    Glisson, Charles V. & Mark Durrick (1988), “Predictors of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Human Service Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(1), pp. 61-81.
    Goldberg, V. P. (1976), “Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract,” Journal of Economic Issue, 10(1), pp. 45-61.
    Goldberg, V. (1980), “Relational Exchange: Economics and Complex Contracts,” American Behavior Scientist, 23, pp. 337-352.
    Gomes-Casseres, B. (1989), “Joint Ventures in the Face of Global Competition,” Sloan Management Review, 30, pp. 17-26.
    Gomes-Casseres, B. (1990), “Firm Ownership Preferences and Host Government Restriction: An Integrated Approach,” Journal of International Business Studies, 21, pp. 1-22.
    Gomez-Meija, Luis & David B. Balkin (1987), “The Determinants of Managerial Satisfaction with the Expatriation and Repatriation Process,” Journal of Management Development, 6(1), pp. 7-17.
    Gordon, M. E & R.T. Ladd (1990), “Dual Allegiance: Renewal, Reconsideration, and Recantation,” Personnel Psychology, 43(1), pp. 37–69.
    Grant, Robert M. (1991), “The Resources Based Theory of Competitive AdvantageL Implications for Strategy Formulation,” California Management Review, 33(3), pp. 114-135.
    Green, S. G. & M. A. Welsh (1988) “Cybernetics and Dependence: Refining the Control Concept,” Academy of Management Review, 13(2), pp. 287-301.
    Gregersen Hal B. & J. Stewart Black (1992), “Antecedents to Commitment to a Parent Company and a Foreign Operation,” Academy of Management Journal, 35, pp. 65-90.
    Grusky, Oscar (1966), “Career Mobility and Organization Commitment,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, pp. 488-503.
    Gupta, Anil K. & Vijay Govindarajan (1991), “Knowledge Flows and the Structure of Control within Multinational Corporations,” Academy Management Review, 16(4), pp. 768-792.
    Gupta, Anil K. & Vijay Govindarajan (1992), “Diverse Value Chain Configurations for Foreign Subsidiaries: Implications for Strategic Control within MNCs,” paper presented at Academy Management Meeting.
    Gupta, Anil K. & Vijay Govindarajan (1994), “Organizing for Knowledge within MNC’s,” International Business Review, 3(4), pp. 443-457.
    Guzzo, Richard A., Katherine A. Noonan, & Efrat Elron (1994), “Expatriate Managers and the Psychological Contract,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, pp. 617-626.
    Hackett, Steven C. (1993), “Incomplete Contracting: A Laboratory Experimental Analysis,” Economic Inquiry, 31(2), pp. 274–297.
    Hair, Joseph F. Jr., Rolph E. Anderson, Ronald L. Tatham, & William C, Black (1995), Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings, New York: Macmillan.
    Hair, Joseph F. Jr., Rolph E. Anderson, Ronald L. Tatham, & William C, Black (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th ed., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
    Hall, D. T., B. Schneider, & H. T. Nygren (1970), “Personal Factors in Organizational Identification,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, pp. 176-190.
    Hambrick, D., J. Li, K. Xin, & A. Tsui (2001), “Compositional Gaps and Downward Spirals in International JV Management Group,” Strategic Management Journal, 22(11), pp. 1033-1053.
    Hamel, Gray (1991), “Competition for Competence and Inter-Partner Learning within International Strategic Alliance,” Strategic Management Journal, 12(1), pp. 83-103.
    Hamel, Gray, Yves Doz, & C. K. Prahalad (1989), “Collaborate With Your Competitors and Win,” Harvard Business Review, pp. 133-139.
    Harrigan, Kathryn Rudie (1985), Strategies for Joint Ventures, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
    Harrigan, Kathryn Rudie (1987), “Managing Joint Ventures,” Management Review, 76(3), pp.52-55.
    Harrigan, Kathryn Rudie (1988), “Joint Venture and Competitive Strategy,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(2), pp. 141-158.
    Harvey, Micheal G. (1989), “Repatriation of Corporate Executives: An Empirical Study,” Journal of International Business Studies, 20(1), pp. 131-144.
    Harzing, Anne-Wil (2002), “Acquisitions versus Greenfield Investment: International Strategy and Management of Entry Modes,” Strategic Management Journal, 23(3), pp. 211-227.
    Hebert, Louis (1994), “Division of Control, Relationship Dynamics and Joint Venture Performance,” Unpublished PH.D Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario.
    Herbert, M., & D. Morris (1988), “Trend in International Collaborative Agreement,” In Farok Contrator & Peter Lorange (eds), Cooperative Strategic in International Business, p. 99-109. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
    Heenan, D. A. & H. V. Perlmutter (1979), Multinational Organization Development, NY: Addison-Wesley.
    Heide, Jan B. & Geoge John (1990), “Alliance in Industrial Purchasing: The Determinants of Joint Action in Buyer-Supplier Relationship,” Journal of Marketing Research, 27(1), 24-36.
    Hennart, Jean-Francois (1988), “A Transaction Cost of Equity Joint Ventures,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(2), pp. 361-374.
    Hennart, Jean-Francois (1991), “Control in Multinational Firms: The Role of Price and Hierarchy,” Management International Review, 31(1), pp. 71-96.
    Hennart, Jean-Francois, Thomas Roehl, & Dixie S. Zietlow (1999), “`Trojan Horse` or `Workhorse`? The Evolution of U.S.-Japanese Joint Ventures in the United States,” Strategic Management Journal, 20(1), pp. 15-29.
    Hill, Charles & W. Chan Kim (1988), “Searching for a Dynamic Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: A Transaction Cost Model,” Strategic Management Journal, 9, pp.93-104.
    Hirsch, Pual M., Ray Friedman & Mitchell P. Koza, (1990), “Collaboration or Paradigm Shift?: Caveat Emptor and the Risk of Romance with Economic Models for Strategy and Policy Research,” Organization Science, 1(1), pp. 87-97.
    Hitt, Michael, M. Tina Ducin, Edward Levitas, Jean-Luc Arregle, & Anca Borza (2000), “Partner Selection in Emerging and Developed Market Contexts: Resources-Based and Organizational Learning Perspectives,” Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), pp. 449-467.
    Hofstede G., B. Neuijen, D.D. Ohayv, & G. Sanders (1990), “Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases,” Administrative Science Qauarterly, 35, pp. 286-316.
    Horaguchi, Haruo & Brian Toyne, (1990), “Setting the Record Straight: Hymer Internalization Theory and Transaction Cost Economics,” Journal of International Business Studies, 21(3), pp. 487-494.
    Inkpen, Andrew C. (1995), The Management of International Joint Venture: An Organizational Learning Perspective, London: Routledge.
    Inkpen, Andrew C. (2000), “Research on the Dynamics of Learning Alliances: Competition, Cooperation, and Relative Scope,” Strategic Management Journal, 21(7), pp. 775-779.
    Inkpen, Andrew C. & Paul W. Beamish (1997), “Knowledge, Bargaining Power, and the Instability of International Joint Ventures,” Academy of Management Review, 22(1), pp. 177–202.
    Jensen, M. (1983), “Organization Theory and Methodology,” Accounting Review, 56, pp. 319-338.
    Jensen, M. C. & W. H. Meckling (1976), “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Cost, and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Finance Economy, 10, pp. 305-360.
    John, George (1984), “An Empirical Investigation of Some Antecedents of Opportunism in a Marketing Channel,” Journal of Marketing Research, 21(3), pp. 278-289.
    Johnson, James P. (1997), “Procedural Justice Perceptions among International Joint Venture Managers: Their Impact on Organizational Commitment,” In P. Beamish, & L. P. Killing (eds.), Cooperative strategies: North American perspectives, San Francisco, CA: New Lexington Press, pp. 197-226.
    Johnson, James P. (1999), “Multiple Commitments and Conflicting Loyalties in International Joint Venture Management Teams,” The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 7(1), pp. 54-71.
    Johnson, James P., M. Audrey Korsgaard & Harry J. Sapienza (2002), “Perceived Fairness, Decision Control, and Commitment in International Joint Venture Management Teams,” Strategic Management Journal, 23(10), pp. 1141-1160.
    Johnson, Jean L., John B. Cullen, Tomoaki Sakano, & James W. Bronson (2001), “Drivers and Outcomes of Parent Company Intervention in IJV Management: A Cross-Culture Comparison,” Journal of Business Research, 52(1), pp.35-49.
    Jones, L. G. (1990) Internal Audit Involvement in the Joint Venture Process, Altamonte Springs, FL: The Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.
    Joshi, Ashwi W. & Steven J. Arnold (1997), “The Impact of Buyer Dependence on Buyer Opportunism in Buyer-Supplier Relationships: The Moderating Role of Relational Norms,” Psychology and Marketing, 14(8), pp. 823-845.
    Joshi, Ashwin W. & R. L. Stump (1999), “Determinants of Commitment and Opportunism: Integrating and Extending Insights from Transaction Cost Analysis and Relational Exchange Theory,” Canadian Journal of Administrative Science, 16(4), pp. 334-352.
    Kanter, R. M. (1968), “Commitment and Social Organization: A Study of Commitment Mechanism in Otopian Communities,” American Sociological Review, 33(4), pp. 499-517.
    Kendall, D. W. (1981), “Repatriation: An Ending and a Beginning,” Business Horizons, 24(6), pp. 21-25.
    Killing, J. Peter (1982), “How to Make a Global Joint Venture Work,” Harvard Business Review, 60(3), pp. 120-127.
    Killing, J. Peter (1983), Strategies for Joint Venture Success, New York: Praeger.
    Klein, B., & Murphy, K. M. (1988), “Vertical Restraints as Contract Enforcement Mechanisms,” Journal of Law and Economics, 31(2), pp. 265-297.
    Kogut, Bruce (1988a), “A Study of the Life Cycle of Joint Ventures,” In Farok Contrator & Peter Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategy in International Business, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, pp. 169-186.
    Kogut, Bruce (1988b), “Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives,” Strategic Management Journal, 9(4), pp. 319-332.
    Kogut, Bruce (1989), “The Stability of Joint Ventures: Reciprocity and Competitive Rivalry,” The Journal of Industrial Economies, 38(2), pp. 183-198.
    Kogut, Bruce & Udo Zander (1992), “Knowledge of the Firm, Combination Capabilities and the Replication of Knowledge,” Organization Science, 3(3), pp. 383-397.
    Kogut, Bruce & Udo Zander (1993), “Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation,” Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4), pp. 625-645.
    Kogut, Bruce & Udo Zander (1996), “What firms do? Coordination, Identity, and Learning,” Organization Science, 7, pp. 502–518.
    Kumar, Sanjiv & Anju Seth (1998), “The Design of Coordination And Control Mechanisms for Managing Joint Venture–Parent Relationships,” Strategic Management Journal, 19(6), pp.579–599.
    Lane, Henry W. & Paul W. Beamish (1990), “Cross-Cultural Cooperative Behavior in Joint Ventures in LDC.” Management International Review, 30, pp. 87-102.
    Lane, C. & R. Bachmann (1997), “Cooperation in Inter-firm Relations in Britain and Germany: The Role of Socail Institutions,” British Journal of Sociology, 48(2), pp. 226-254.
    Lecraw, Donald J. (1984), “Bargaining Power, Ownership, and Profitability of Transnational Cooperation in Developing Countries,” Journal of International Business Studies, 15(1), pp. 27-43.
    Lee, Ji-Ren, Wei-Ru Chen, & Charng Kao (1998), “Bargaining Power and the Trade-off between the Ownership and Control of International Joint Venture in China,” Journal of International Management, 4, pp. 353-385.
    Levitt, B. & March, J. (1988), “Organizational Learning, In W. R. Scott & J. Blakee (eds.),” Annual Review of Sociology, 14, Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, pp. 319-340.
    Lewis, J.D. (1990), Partnerships for Profit：Structuring and Managing Strategic Alliances, New York：Free Press.
    Li, Jiatao, Katherine R. Xin, Anne Tsui, & Donald C. Hambrick (1999), “Building Effective International Joint Venture Leadership Team in China,” Journal of World Business, 34(1), pp. 52-68.
    Lincoln, J. R. & Zeitz, G. (1980), “Organizational Properties from Aggregated Data: Separating Individual and Structural Effects,” American Sociological Review, 45, pp. 391-408.
    Lorange, Peter (1996), “A Strategic Human Resource Perspective Appliedto Multinational Cooperation Ventures: The Human Side of Strategic Change,” International Studies of Management and Organization, 26(1), pp. 87-103.
    Lorange, Peter (1997), “Black-Box Protection of Your Core Competencies in Strategic Alliances,” In P. W. Beamish & J. P. Killing (eds.), Cooperative Strategies: European Perspectives, San Francisco, CA: New Lexington Press, pp. 59–73.
    Lord, M. D. & A. L. Ranft (2002), “Organizational Learning about New International Markets: Exploring the Internet Transfer of Local Market Knowledge,” Journal of International Business Studies, 31(4), pp. 573-589.
    Love, James (1995), “Knowledge, Market Failure and the Multinational Enterprise: A Theoretical Note,” Journal of International Business Studies, 26(2), pp. 399-407.
    Luo, Yadong (2002), “Contract, Cooperation, and Performance in International Joint Venture,” Strategic Management Journal, 23(10), pp. 903-919.
    Luo, Yadong, Oded Shenkar, & Mee-Kau Nyaw (2001), “A Dual Parent Perspective on Control and Performance in International Joint Ventures: Lessons From a Developing Economy,” Journal of International Business Studies, 32(1), pp. 41-58.
    Lyles, Marjorie A. (1988), “Learning Among Joint Venture Sophisticated Firms,” In Farok Contrator & Peter Lorange (eds), Cooperative Strategy in International Business, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, pp. 301-316.
    Lyles, Marjorie A. (1994), “The Impact of Organizational Learning on Joint Venture Formations,” International Business Review, 3(4), pp. 459-467.
    Madhok, Anoop (1997), “Cost, Value and Foreign Market Entry Mode: the Transaction and the Firm,” Strategic Management Journal, 18(1), pp. 39-61.
    Madhok, Anoop & Stephen B. Tallman (1998), “Resources, Transactions and Rents: Managing Value through Interfirm Collaborative Relationships,” Organization Science, 9(3), pp. 326-339.
    Main, J. (1990), “Making Global Alliances Work,” Fortune, 131, pp. 121-148.
    Makhija, Mona V. & Usha Ganesh (1997), “The Relationship Between Control and Partner Learning in Learning-related Joint Ventures,” Organization Science, 8(5), pp. 508-527.
    Makino, Shige & Paul W. Beamish (1998), “Joint Venture with Non-Conventional Ownership Structure,” Journal of International Business Studies, 29(4), pp. 797-818.
    Martinez, J. I. and J. C. Jarillo (1989), “The Evolution of Research on Coordination Mechanisms in Multinational Corporations,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3), pp. 429-444.
    Mathieu, J.E. & D.M. Zajac (1990), “A Review and Meta-analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), pp. 171-194.
    Meyer, John P. & Natalie J. Allen (1991), “A Three-component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment,” Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), pp. 61-89.
    Meyer, John P. & Natalie J. Allen (1997), Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Meyer, John P. & Natalie J. Allen (1984), “Testing the ‘Side-bet Theory’ of Organizational commitment,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), pp.372-378.
    Mintzberg, H. (1979), The Structuring of Organization. New York: Prentice-Hill.
    Mjoen, Hans & Stephen Tallman (1997), “Control and Performance in International Joint Ventures,” Organization Science, 8(3), pp. 257–274.
    Mowday, R. T, R. M. Steers, & L. W. Porter (1979), “The Measurement of Organizational Commitment,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), pp. 224–247.
    Mowday, R. T., L. W. Porter & R. M. Steers (1982), Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover, New York: Academic Press.
    Newburry, W. & Y. Zeira (1997), “Generic Difference between Equity International Joint Ventures (EIJVs), International Acquisitions (IAs) and International Greenfield Investments (IGIs): Implications for Parent Companies,” Journal of World Business, 32(2), pp. 87-102.
    Newman, William H. (1975), Constructive Control, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    Newman, William H. (1992), “Focused Joint Ventures in Transforming Economies,” Academy of Management Executive, 6(1), pp. 67-75.
    Nicholas, S. J. (1983), “Agency Contracts, Institutional Modes, and the Transition to Foreign Direct Investment by British Manufacturing Multinationals before 1935,” Journal of Economic History, 43, pp. 675-686.
    Nobel, Robert & Julian Birkinshaw (1998), “Innovation in Multinational Corporations: Control and Communication Patterns in International R&D Operations,” Strategic Management Journal, 19(5), pp. 479-496.
    Noordenhaven, N. G. (1996), “Opportunism and Trust in Transaction Cost Economics,” In J. Groenewegen (Ed.), Transaction Cost Economics and Beyond, Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 105-128.
    Nooteboom, B., H. Berger, & N. G. Noorderhaven (1997), “Effects of Trust and Governance on Relational Risk,” Academy of Management Journal, 40(2), pp. 308–338.
    Norman Patricia M. (2002), “Protecting Knowledge in Strategic Alliances Resource and Relational Characteristics,” Journal of High Technology Management Research, 13, pp. 177-202.
    Nunnally, J. C. (1967), Psychometric Theory, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    O’Reilly, C. A. & J. Chatman (1986), “Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment: The Effects of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization on Prosocial Behavior,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), pp. 492- 499.
    Ohmae, Kenichi (1989), “Managing in a Borderless World,” Harvard Business Review, 67(3), pp. 152-161.
    Ouchi, William G. (1980), “Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1), pp. 125-142.
    Ouchi, William G. & M. K. Bolton (1988), “The Logic of Joint Venture and Development,” California Management Science, 30(1), pp. 9-33.
    Park, Seung Ho & Gerardo R. Ungson (1997), “The Effect of National Culture, Organizational Complementarity, and Economic Motivation on Joint Venture Dissolution,” Academy of Management Journal, 40(2), pp. 279–307.
    Parkhe, Arvind (1991), “Interfirm Diversity, Organizational Learning, and Longevity in Global Strategic Alliances,” Journal of International Business Studies, 22(4), pp. 579-601.
    Parkhe, Arvind (1993), “Strategic Alliance Structuring: A Game Theoretic and Transaction Cost Examination of Interfirm Cooperation,” Academy of Management Journal, 38(4), pp. 794-829.
    Peng, Mike W. (2001), “The Resource-Based View and International Business,” Journal of Management, 27(6), pp. 8.3-829.
    Perlmutter, H. V. & D. A. Heenan (1986), “Cooperate to Compete Globally,” Harvard Business Review, 64(2), pp. 136-152.
    Perlmutter, H. V. (1969), “The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation,” Columbia Journal of World Business, 4(1), pp. 9-18.
    Perrow, C. (1986), Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay (3rd ed.), New York: Random House.
    Pfeffer, Jeffrey & Phillip Nowak (1976), “Joint Ventures and Interorganizational Interdependence,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, pp. 398-418.
    Pfeffer, Jeffrey & Gerald R. Salancik (1978), The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, New York: Harper & Row Publishers.
    Polanyi, M. (1967), Tacit Dimension, New York: Doubleday.
    Poppo, Laura & Todd Zenger (2002), “Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements?” Strategic Management Journal, 23(8), pp. 707–725.
    Porter, L. W., R. M. Steers, R. T. Mowday, & P. V. Boulian (1974), “Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover among Psychiatric Technicians,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), pp. 603-609.
    Porter, Michael E. (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York: Free Press.
    Porter, Michael E. & M. B. Fuller (1986), “Coalitions and Global Industries,” In Michael E. Porter (ed.), Competition in Global Industries, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, pp. 322-325.
    Poynter, T. A. (1986), “Managing Government Intervention: A Strategy for Defending the Subsidiary,” Columbia Journal of World Business, pp. 55–65.
    Prahalad, C. K. & Yves L. Doz (1981), “An Approach to Strategic Control in MNCs,” Sloan Management Review, 22(4), pp. 5-13.
    Provan, K. G., J. M. Beyrer, & C. Kruytbosch (1980), “Environmental Linkages and Power in Resources-Dependence Relationship between Organizations” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(2), pp. 200-225.
    Rafii, F. (1978), Joint Ventures and Transfer of Technology to Iran: The impact of Foreign Control, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University.
    Rindfleisch, A. & J. B. Heide (1997), “Transaction Cost Analysis: Past, Present, and Future Applications,” Journal of Marketing, 16(October), pp. 30-54.
    Ring, P. S. & A. H. Van de Ven (1992), “Structuring Cooperation Relationships between Organizations,” Strategic Management Journal, 13(7), pp. 483-498.
    Root, F. (1988), “Some Taxonomies of International Cooperative Aggrements,” In Farok Contrator & Peter Lorange (eds.), Cooperative Strategy in International Business, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, pp. 1-28.
    Salancik, Gerald R. (1977), “Commitment and the Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief,” In New Directions in Organizational Behavior, B. M. Staw & G. R. Salancik (eds.), Chicago: St. Clair Press, pp. 1-54.
    Schaan, Jean-Louis (1983), “Parent Control and Joint Venture Success: The Case of Mexico,” Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
    Schaan, Jean-Louis (1988), “How to Control a Joint Venture even as a Minority Partner,” Journal of General Management, 14(1), pp. 27-40.
    Selznick, P. (1949), TVA and the Grass Roots, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    Selznick, P. (1957), Leadership in Administration, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
    Shaffer, Margaret A., David A. Harrison, & K. Matthew Gilley (1999), “Dimensions, Determinants, and Differences in the Expatriate Adjustment Process,” Journal of International Business Studies, 30(3), pp. 557-581.
    Shaughnessy, Haydn (1995), “International Joint Ventures: Managing Sucessful Collaborations,” Long Range Planning, 28(3), pp. 1-9.
    Sheldon, M. E. (1971), “Investments and Involvements as Mechanisms Producing Commitment to the Organization,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, pp. 142-150.
    Shenkar, O. & Y. C. Zeira (1987), “Human Resources Management in International Joint Ventures: Direction for Research,” Academy of Management Review, 12, pp. 546-557.
    Shenkar, Oded & Jiatao Li (1999), “Knowledge Search in International Cooperation Ventures,” Organization Science, 10(2), pp. 134-143.
    Shrivastava, P. & J. H. Grant (1985), “Empirically Derived Models of Strategic Decision-making Processes,” Strategic Management Journal, 6(1), pp. 9-113.
    Steensma, H. Kevin & Marjorie A. Lyles (2000) “Explaining IJV Survival in A Transitional Economy through Social Exchange and Knowledge-Based Perspectives,” Strategic Management Journal, 21(8), pp. 831-851.
    Steers, Richard M. (1977), “Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Commitment,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), pp. 46-56.
    Stopford, John M. & K. Haberich (1978), “Ownership and Control of Foreign Coperations,” In Michel Ghertman & James Leontiades (eds.) European Research in International Business, New York: North Holland.
    Stopford, John M. & Louis Jr. Wells (1972), Managing the Multinational Enterprise, New York: Basic Books.
    Stump, Rodney L. & Jan B. Heide (1996), “Controlling Supplier Opportunism in Industrial Relationships,” Journal of Marketing Research, 33(4), pp. 431-441.
    Tallman, Stephen B. (1999), “The Multiple Roles of Alliances in Competency-based Multinational Strategies,” Management International Review, 39(2), pp. 65-82.
    Thompson, J. D. (1967), Organizations in Action, New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.
    Tomlinson, J. W. C. (1970), The Joint Venture Process in International Business: India and Pakistan, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Torbiorn, I. (1982), Living Abroad, New York: Wiley.
    Tsang, Eric W. K. (2000), “Transaction Cost and Resource-based Explanations of Joint Ventures: A Comparison and Synthesis,” Organization Studies, 21(1), pp. 215-242.
    Tsang, Eric W. K. (2002), “Acquiring Knowledge by Foreign Partners form International Joint Ventures in a Transition Economy: Learning-by-Doing and Learning Myopia,” Strategic Management Journal, 23(9), pp. 835-854.
    Tsurumi, Y. (1976), The Japanese are Coming, Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
    Tuma, Nancy B & Andrew J. Grimes (1981), “A Comparison of Models of Role Orientations of Professionals in a Research Oriented University,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(2), pp. 187–206.
    Tung, Rosalie L. (1982), “’Selection and Training Procedures of U.S., European, and Japanese Multinationals,” California Management Review, 25(1), pp. 57-71.
    Vernon, Reymond (1966), “International Investments and International Trade in the Product Cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80, pp. 190-207.
    Vernon, Raymond (1983), “Organizational and Institutional Responses to International Risk,” In Richard J. Herring (ed.), Managing International Risk, p.191-216, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
    Werner, Steve (2002), “Recent Developments in International Management Research: A Review of 20 Top Journals,” Journal of Management, 28(3), pp. 277-305.
    West, M. W. (1959), “Thinking Ahead: The Jointly-Owned Subsidiary,” Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 31-32.
    Wilkinson, I. F. (1996), “Distribution Channel Management: Power Considerations,” International Journal of Phsical Distribution & Logistics Management, 26(5), pp. 31-41.
    Williamson, Oliver E. (1975), Markets and Hierarchies：Analysis and Antitrust Implications, New York：The Free Press.
    Williamson, Oliver E. (1981), “The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach,” American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), pp. 548-577.
    Williamson, Oliver E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, New York: The Free Press.
    Williamson, Oliver E. (1991), “Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, pp. 269-296.
    Wilson, R. (1968), “On the Theory of Syndicates,” Econometrica, 36, pp. 119-132.
    Wu, C. S. (1987), Strategic Alliances in Global Technological Competition: Cases of Computer and Telecommunication Industries, Unpublished Doctorial Dissertation, U. C. L. A.
    Yan, Aimin (1993), Bargaining Power, Management Control, and Performance in International Joint Ventures: Development and Test of a Negotiations Model, Unpublished Doctorial Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.
    Yan, Aimin (1998), “Structural Stability and Reconfiguration of International Joint Ventures,” Journal of International Business Studies, 29(4), pp. 773-795.
    Yan, Aimin & Barbara Gray (1994), “Bargaining Power, Management Control, and Performance in United States-China Joint Ventures: A Comparative Case Study,” Academy of Management Journal, 37(6), pp. 1478-1517.
    Yan, Aimin & Barbara Gray (2001), “Antecedents and Effects of Parent Control in International Joint Ventures,” Journal of Management Studies, 38(3), pp. 393-416.
    Yan, Aimin & Yadong Luo (2001), International Joint Ventures: Theory and Practice, New York: Armonk.
    Yin, Robert K. (1989), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Yoshino, M. (1976), Japanese Multinational Enterprises, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Yu, C. Joseph & Ming J. Tang (1992), “International Joint Ventures: Theoretical Considerations,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 13, pp.331-342.
    Zaichkowsky, Judith L. (1985), “Measuring the Involvement Construct,” Journal of Consumer Research, 12, pp. 341-352.
    Zajac, Edward J. & Cyrus P. Olsen (1993), “From Transaction Cost to Transactional Value Analysis: Implications for the Study of Interorganizational Strategies,” Journal of Management Studies, 30(1), pp. 131-145.
    Zald, M. N. (1970), “Political Economy: A Framework for Comparative Analysis,” In M. N. Zald (eds.), Power in Organizations, Nashville, Tenn: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 221-261.
    描述: 博士
    國立政治大學
    企業管理研究所
    89355505
    93
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089355505
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[企業管理學系] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 描述 大小格式浏览次数
    35550501.pdf57KbAdobe PDF2696检视/开启
    35550502.pdf183KbAdobe PDF2841检视/开启
    35550503.pdf182KbAdobe PDF2858检视/开启
    35550504.pdf462KbAdobe PDF2960检视/开启
    35550505.pdf778KbAdobe PDF21919检视/开启
    35550506.pdf656KbAdobe PDF21625检视/开启
    35550507.pdf471KbAdobe PDF2931检视/开启
    35550508.pdf581KbAdobe PDF2916检视/开启
    35550509.pdf427KbAdobe PDF21104检视/开启
    35550510.pdf263KbAdobe PDF21703检视/开启
    35550511.pdf867KbAdobe PDF21076检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈