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| Title: | 開放原始碼軟體商業模式及相關法律問題之探討
The Study on Business Models and Related Legal Issues of Open Source Software |
| Authors: | 張憶嬋
Chang, Yi-Chan |
| Contributors: | 劉江彬
馮震宇
張憶嬋
Chang, Yi-Chan |
| Keywords: | 開放原始碼
自由軟體
授權契約
商業模式
智慧財產權 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-17 18:42:04 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 開放原始碼軟體（Open Source Software），是由一群相信電腦軟體世界應以開放為主流的軟體創作者所提倡，他們認為電腦軟體之創造、開發、修正、改寫與加值等行為，不應受限於原始碼不開放的困擾及智慧財產權保護過度的法律障礙，而應藉由公開程式原始碼的方式，供其他程式設計者對軟體加以改進，以提升其效能。由於此種軟體開發模式具備取得成本低、穩定與安全性、彈性與自主權、堅強後援等優勢，這些優勢已逐漸被企業界所發覺，趨使其開始採用開放原始碼軟體的步伐，同時也創造了龐大的潛在商機。例如國際知名業者IBM、Intel等紛紛投入開放原始碼軟體相關產品的推廣與銷售，甚至連政府單位，包括歐盟、美國、中國、日本、韓國等各國政府，也大力推動使用開放原始碼軟體。在此風潮之下，我國政府也制定了一系列發展開放原始碼軟體的政策及方向。
如果能夠適當的運用開放原始碼軟體，確實是可以為企業或組織節省大量成本，創造龐大的潛在商機。至於如何將潛在商機轉換為企業的實質利潤，有此即有賴商業模式的建立。
然而，就在開放原始碼逐漸形成趨勢之際，其發展卻也面臨一些新興的法律議題挑戰。相較於專屬軟體在程式開發及授權合約中通常會提供不侵犯他人智慧財產權的保障措施，開放原始碼軟體由於係以社群開發及免費授權的方式發展，在此方面的保障可能較不周全，而SCO與IBM及Novell之間錯綜複雜的智慧財產侵權糾紛，更突顯此類問題的重要與複雜。
除了智慧財產權方面的法律風險外，開放原始碼所依據的授權契約之解釋、執行、契約效力也是一個很大的問題。截至目前為止，經OSI（Open Source Initiative）所認可的開放原始碼授權契約已達58種之多，未來還會持續增加。由於授權契約種類繁多，且各契約之規定及限制不同，也造成開放原始碼擴展上的阻力。
有鑑於此，本論文主要探討的重點包括開放原始碼軟體可採行之商業模式，尤其是有意利用開放原始碼軟體為營收模式的企業應如何評估本身的核心能力及優勢所在，依情況採取適合自己的模式；另一重點則是探討開放原始碼所涉及之法律問題，包括維持開放原始碼運作制度的授權契約，並分析各類授權契約在使用上可能面臨到的風險與問題。除此之外，也將分析開放原始碼軟體可能面臨的智慧財產相關爭議，包括軟體專利的問題、著作權的問題、營業秘密的問題等。
開放原始碼軟體對於台灣是機會，也是挑戰。如果能夠妥善利用開放原始碼軟體的優點，將能為台灣的資訊產業帶來跳躍式的成長契機。
Open Source Software, which is promoted by a group of software programmers who believe that computer software should open to the public, and the creation, development, modifying, value-added shouldn’t be bothered by the over-protection of intellectual property rights. By disclosing the source code, other programmers can improve the efficacy of the software. With the advantages of low cost, high security, high stability, plus the minimum control by the right holders, the open source software movement has gained major industry players’ support. For example, IBM, Intel have all expressed their support for the open source movement and also developed relevant products using open source software. In addition to industry, many countries, such as European countries, US, Japan, China, Korea, also show their strong support for the open source movement. Under such trend, Taiwanese government also takes positive measures to promote the development of open source industry’s development and application in Taiwan.
It indeed can save a large amount of cost and create huge profit if making use of open source software properly. How to transfer the potential business opportunity to substantial revenue depends on the establishment of business models.
Nevertheless, while open source movement is getting momentum, it also faces renewed legal challenges. Compared to propriety software, which usually has non-infringement of intellectual property right clauses, open source software can’t provide this kind of guarantee. This issue was especially noticeable when SCO sued IBM for 5 billions damages in 2003.
In addition to the legal risks, the most stringent challenge for the open source movement is its license structure. Until May, 2006, there are 58 open source license agreements have being certified by Open Source Initiatives (OSI), the open source software’s alliance. The problem, however, is that every open source license agreement has different terms and conditions. With so many different license agreements and such uncertain legal effects of those agreements, it erected a barrier for the wide-spread application of open source software.
As a result, this thesis would like to conduct a thorough research on open source software from different dimensions. One part is about the business models which can be adopted by the open source software, and this part will especially focus on how the industry players evaluate their own core abilities and advantages to adopt suitable business models. The other emphasis is on the legal issues of open source software, including the license agreements, the legal risks and intellectual property problems.
Open source software is a chance and also a challenge for Taiwan. If we can make good use of the advantages of open source software, it will definitely bring immense progress for the IT industry of our country. |
| Reference: | 壹、 中文文獻（按作者、譯者姓氏筆劃排列）
一、 專書部份
01. Creative Commons 「權利不變，創意無限」宣導手冊，中央研究院資訊科學研究所。
02. 王盈勛，微軟生存之戰 軟體巨人如何因應開放原始碼，商周出版，2003年9月。
03. 台灣技術經理人協會技術移轉實務指南，台灣技術經理人協會，
04.馮震宇，了解營業秘密法---營業秘密法的理論與實務，民國87年6月再版。
05. 劉江彬，資訊法論－電腦與法律問題之探討，台大法學叢書，民國75年10月。
06. 劉江彬，電腦軟體相關發明法律保護之研究，經濟部中央標準局，民國81年。
07. 鄭鴻坦譯，Robert Young & Wendy Goldman Rohm著，Linux紅帽旋風，天下遠見出版，2000年12月。
08. 蔡憶懷譯，Wayner Peter著，開放原始碼：Linux與自由軟體運動對抗軟體巨人的故事》(Free for All: How Linux and the Free Software Movement Undercut the High-Tech Titans)，商周出版，2000年8月。
09. 羅明通，著作權法論ⅠⅡ，台英國際商務法律事務所出版，2004年1月，第五版。
二、 期刊及論文選集部分
01. 李界昇，從開放原始碼運動探討軟體專利制度的改革，國立交通大學科技法律研究所科技法律評論第一卷第二期，2004年10月。
02. 馮震宇，開放原始碼授權契約之法律問題與挑戰，全國律師，民國94年1月號
03. 楊智傑、李憲隆，開放原始碼授權契約之法律與策略分析，智慧財產權月刊第58期，民92年10月。
04. 葛冬梅，從Copyright 到Copyleft：GPL 的誕生、成長與未來，2006年4月13日。（該文章採用創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－禁止改作」授權條款台灣2.0版授權）
05. 蔡文宜，開放軟體原始碼授權契約之研究，2003年全國科技法律研討會論文集。
06. 蔡正揚，我國發展自由軟體之政策、法令及契機，軟體產業通訊第47期，2002年8月。
三、 網路文章部分
01. Matthew Broersma，黃晨哲譯，「歐盟啟用開放原始碼推廣網站」，CNET新聞專區，2003年12月23日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20086561,00.htm
02. Sylvia Carr，郭合杰譯，「IT專業人士願考慮桌上型Linux」，CNET新聞專區，2005年4月7日，http://www.taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20098044,00.htm
03. Andy Cheng，中日韓簽署「開放原始碼合作備忘錄」，致力研發新一代軟體，2004年4月6日，http://jsp.dfes.tpc.edu.tw/JSPWiki/Wiki.jsp?page=20040406_195409
04. Paul Festa•陳奭璁整理，「被SP2遺忘的另一半Windows用戶」，Taiwan.CNET.com，2004年9月1日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/enterprise/topic/0,2000062938,20092791,00.htm
05. Dan Ilett，「南韓學校使用自製開放原始碼軟體」，CNET新聞專區，2005年6月22日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20099866,00.htm
06. Dawn Kawamoto, 唐慧文譯，伺服器銷售成長反映市場變遷，CNET新聞專區，2005年3月1日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/hardware/0,2000064553,20096827,00.htm
07. Munir Kotadia，唐慧文譯，「Windows的修補成本比開原碼便宜？」，CNET新聞專區，23/05/2005，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20099244,00.htm
08. Matthew Overington and Steven Deare，陳奭璁譯，「穿涼鞋、綁馬尾」 影響Linux普及，CNET新聞專區，2006年3月29日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20105288,00.htm
09. Seung eun Myung，南韓政府將改用開放原始碼軟體，CNET新聞專區，2003年10月2日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20083948,00.htm
10. Stephen Shankland & Dawn Kawamoto, 唐慧文譯，兩勝兩負 SCO官司有初步進展，CNET 新聞專區，2004年6月14日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20090167,00.htm
11. 吳端煇，Linux的慕尼黑革命，http://taiwan.cnet.com/enterprise/column/0,2000062893,20087554,00.htm
12. 洪夢霜，Red Hat進軍國內嵌入式Linux市場，Taiwan CNET.com，2005年5月13日，http://www.taiwan.cnet.com/enterprise/topic/0,2000062938,20099047,00.htm
13. 侯俊宇，「OSS發展再從頭？業者挫折有微詞」，CPRO資傳網，2005年11月21日，http://pcw.infopro.com/channel/ecorp/content/index.php?news_id=9241
14. 張嵐，中日韓達共識 將共建Linux標準，ZDNet China，2004年4月5日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20088721,00.htm
15. 莊衍松，「名人講堂－翔威國際總經理劉龍龍:自由軟體產業的牛肉在哪裡」，電子時報，2005年1月27日，http://office.digitimes.com.tw/ShowNews.aspx?zCatId=A15&zNotesDocId=58054608E41B44C848256F950044C3B2
16. 焦集瑩，「中日韓聯手成立Asianux 微軟聲稱歡迎競爭」，塞迪網資訊中心，2006年4月25日，http://big5.ccidnet.com:89/gate/big5/news.ccidnet.com/art/945/20060425/523745_1.html
17. 葛冬梅，德國推動各級政府單位採用自由軟體現況，http://www.oss.org.tw/article9209006.html
18. 劉龍龍，如何促成開放原始碼成長及應用的良性循環？Taiwan.CNET.com, http://taiwan.cnet.com/enterprise/column/0,2000062893,20097681,00.htm
19. 劉龍龍，解決開原碼的使用疑慮:解決方案與支援服務，Taiwan.CNET.com，http://taiwan.cnet.com/enterprise/column/0,2000062893,20096362,00.htm
20. 鍾翠玲，推動Linux 大陸展開「揚帆」「遠航」計畫，CNet 新聞專區，2002年11月25日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20059743,00.htm
21. 鍾翠玲，業者促政府從應用推廣Linux，CNet新聞專區，2003年9月15日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20083441,00.htm
22. 鍾翠鈴，「大廠紛搶進桌上型Linux市場」，CNET新聞專區，2003年12月3日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20086107,00.htm
23. 鍾翠玲，「微軟開放WinCE 5.0原始碼」，CNet新聞專區，2004年6月29日， http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/hardware/0,2000064553,20090514,00.htm
24. 鍾翠玲，「Linux普及 中文化為迫切問題」，CNet新聞專區，2004年8月4日，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20091455,00.htm
25. 鍾翠玲，「昇陽：新授權制彌補GPL缺點」，2005年4月11日，台灣CNET新聞專區，http://taiwan.cnet.com/news/software/0,2000064574,20098121,00.htm
26. 謝良奇，中日韓三國 Linux 廠商共同合作 Asianux 2.0 釋出，2005年9月9日，自由軟體鑄造場「源碼報報」第41期電子報，http://www.openfoundry.org/article.pl?sid=05/09/17/1942251&mode=thread&
27. 謝良奇，Asianux 聯盟將推展亞洲版 Linux 散布套件，2006年4月20日，由軟體鑄造場「源碼報報」第56期電子報，http://www.openfoundry.org/article.pl?sid=06/04/30/1858231
四、 研究報告部分
01. Novell，以SUSE LINUX為基礎的Novell Nterprise Linux Service 解決方案白皮書，2004年。
02. 王美淳、黃淑琴，Linux軟體大廠發展動態分析，資策會市場情報中心，2004年2月6日。
03. 王義智，2005年我國自由軟體之硬體應用調查分析，資策會市場情報中心，2006年1月12日。
04. 台灣Linux 促進會，阿里山日出計畫結論報告。
05. 張家維，中國Linux市場發展現況與主要動態，資策會產業研究報告，2005年11月。
06. 張家維，2005年我國FOSS軟體與服務應用調查分析，資策會市場情報中心，2006年2月20日。
07. 黃淑琴，日本自由軟體發展與應用現況分析，資策會產業研究報告，2003年12月。
08. 羅桂芬，歐盟推動開放原始碼現況，資策會資訊市場情報中心，2003年6月。
09. 我國自由軟體授權契約範本建議分析報告，經濟部工業局92年度專案計畫（主辦單位：經濟部工業局，執行單位：財團法人資訊工業策進會科技法律中心）
五、 學位論文部分
01. 朱俊銘，電腦軟體相關智慧財產權法制之探討---從開放原始碼運動出發，國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文，民國92年6月。
02. 李憲隆，開放原始碼法律問題之研究—智慧財產權制度之檢討，國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文，民國92年7月。
03. 許富雄，數位時代合理使用之再探討-以反規避條款為中心，中原大學財經法律學系碩士論文，民國93年7月。
04. 賴宏嘉，多元文化下網際網路軟體智慧財產的法建構—以著作權法和專利法為中心，成功大學法律學研究所碩士論文，92年8月。
六、 研討會簡報：
01. 陳怡玫，企業運用OSS之法律風險與策略分析，自由軟體市場趨勢與GPL授權實務應用法制研討會簡報，2005年9月。
02. 詹文男，自由軟體市場發展現況與商業模式（投影片簡報），2004年11月9日「2004年自由軟體全球發展策略高峰會---高質化自由軟體應用典範」研討會。
貳、 英文文獻（按作者姓氏字母順序排列）
一、 專書部份
01. Rod Dixon, Open Source Software Law, Artech House Telecommunications Library, December 2003
02. Martin Fink, The Business and Economics of Linux and Open Source, Prentice Hall PTR (2002)
03. Andrew M. St. Laurent, Understanding Open Source & Free Software Licensing, 1st Edition, O`Reilly, August 2004
04. Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web, HarperCollins, 2000.
05. R.M. Milgrim, Milgrim on Trade Secret (1993)
06. Eric Steven Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, version 3.0, 2000.
07. Lawrence Rosen, Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law, at 69-71, Prentice Hall PTR , 2004
08. Harry Rubin & Jason Isaacs, The Myth and Realities of Open Source Code Licensing: Business and Legal Considerations, LES Nouvelles, June 2003
09. Richard M. Stallman, Free software Definition, Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2002.
二、 期刊及論文選集部分
01. Brian W. Carver, Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses, 20 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 443（2005）
02. Dr. Lothar Determann & Andrew Coan, Spoiled Code? : SCO v. Linux, Cyberspace Lawyer, January 2004, Volume 8 No.10
03. David S. Evans and Bernard J. Reddy, Government preferences for promoting open-source software: a solution in search of a problem, 9 Mich. Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev. 313 (Spring, 2003)
04. Robert W. Gomulkiewicz, How Copyleft Uses License Rights to Succeed in the Open Source Software Revolution and the Implication for Article 2B, Houston Law Review, Spring, 1999, 36 Hous. L. Rev. 179
05. Robert W. Gomulkiewicz, General Public License 3.0: Hacking the Free Software Movement’s, 42 Hous. L. Rev. 1015 （2005）
06. Dennis M. Kennedy, Intellectual Property: Policy Considerations from a Practitioner’s Perspective: A Primer On Open Source Licensing Legal Issues: Copyright, Copyleft and Copyfuture, 20 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 345
07. Stefan Kooths, Markus Langenfurth, Nadine Kalwey, Open-Source Software: An Economic Assessment, MICE Economic Research Studies Vol.4 (December 2003)
08. Rauer L. Meyer and Heather Stewart, The Risks of Open Source Software, Thelen Reid`s Intellectual Property and Trade Regulation Journal, Spring 2004 edition (Vol. 4, No. 1)
09. Alberto Pianon, TRADE SECRET VS. OPEN SOURCE:AND THE WINNER IS ..., Erasmus Law and Economics Review 1, February 2004
10. Ioannis Samoladas, Ioannis Stamelos, Lefteris Angelis, Apostolos Oikonomou, Open Source Software Development Should Strive for Even Greater Code Maintainability, Communications of the ACM, Volume 47, Number 10
11. Garland T. Stephens, “Copyleft” That Software, Don’t Give It Away, New York Law Journal, February 24, 2004
三、 研究報告部分（按研究機構名稱字母順序排列）
01. Berlecon Research GmbH, Free/Libre Open Source Software: Survey and Study (2002), Final Report
02. Forrester Research Inc., Linux Crosses Into Mission-Critical Apps, April 26, 2004.
03. Gartner Research, Linux on the Desktop: The Whole Story, August 2003
04. Gartner Research, Costs and Benefits Still Favor Windows Over Linux Among Midsize Businesses, November 2005
05. IBM, Putting Linux reliability to the test - The Linux Technology Center evaluates the long-term reliability of Linux, Dec 2003
06. IDC, The Linux Marketplace – Moving From Niche to Mainstream--- Prepared for OSDL, December 14, 2004.
07. Meta Group, File, Web, and Database Server Administration - The Realities Windows and Linux Administrators Face and Their Demands for Change, June 2005
08. Microsoft Research, An Overview of the Singularity Project, August 2005
09. Netcraft，September 2001 Web Server Survey
10. Netcraft, Most Reliable Hosting Providers during May, May 2004
11. Netcraft, January 2005 Web Server Survey, January 2005.
12. OECD, Patents and Innovation: Trends and Policy Challenges (2004)
13. OGC, Government Investigates Wider Use Of Open Source IT Systems Across Public Sector, October 2003
14. OGC, OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: Use within UK Government, Version 2, 28 October 2004
15. RNTL, New Economic Models, New Software Industry Economy, 2002
16. Robert Frances Group, TCO for Application Servers: Comparing Linux with Windows and Solaris, August 2005
17. Soreon Research, Saving Cash: A Comparison of Open Source and Proprietary Software, Oct 2004
18. Security Innovation, Role Comparison Security Report – Database Server Role, June 2005
19. Security Innovation, Reliability: Analyzing Solution Uptime as Business Needs Change, Nov 2005
20. Symantec Internet Security Threat Report Trends for July 04–December 04, Volume VII, Published March 2005
21. The Middleware Company, William Edwards and Steve Wilkes, Comparing Microsoft .NET and IBM WebSphere/J2EE, Oct 2004
22. VeriTest , Microsoft Windows Small Business Server 2003 vs. Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES 2.1 Deployment Test report prepared under contract from Microsoft, October 2003
23. VeriTest , Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition vs. Samba 3.0 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux ES 3.0 File Server Performance Comparison (Test report prepared under contract from Microsoft), June 2004
24. WebSideStory, Inc, WebSideStory: Firefox Gains Beginning to Slow, Feb. 28, 2005
25. Yankee Group, 2005 North American Linux and Windows TCO Comparison Report, May 2005
26. Yankee Group, 2005 North American Linux and Windows TCO Comparison Report, Part 2: Hardening Security Is Key to Reducing Risk and TCO, July 2005
四、 網路文章部分
01. Paul H. Arne, Copyright Misuse and the GPL, December 09, 2004, http://www.oslawblog.com/2004/12/copyright-misuse-and-gpl.html
02. David Becker, SCO to Novell: See you in court, CNET News.com, May 30, 2003, available at http://news.com.com/2100-1016_3-1011627.html
03. David Becker, Proprietary software--banned in Boston? CNET News.com, September 30, 2003, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5084442.html
04. David Becker, SCO claim reaches $5 billion, CNET News.com, February 6, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5154719.html
05. David Becker, Novell raps SCO claims, CNET news.com, February 11, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5157484.html
06. David Becker, IBM seeks copyright judgment against SCO, CNET news.com , March 30, 2004 , http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5182078.html
07. David Becker, IBM strikes at SCO claims, CNET News.com, August 16, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5312087.html
08. Matthew Broersma, OpenOffice makes government inroads, CNET News.com, December 18, 2003, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5128730.html
09. Matthew Broersma, Stallman sets out GPL changes, 01 March 2006, http://www.techworld.com/opsys/news/index.cfm?NewsID=5477&Page=1&pagePos=11&inkc=0
10. Anthony Cerminaro, Legal Risks of Open Source Software, available at http://www.allbusiness.com/blog/StrategicBusinessLawyer/3897/001644.html
11. Chromatic, Linux and Patent Risks, 08/06/2004, http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2004/08/06/kernel_patent_risks.html
12. Helen D`Antoni , Open-Source Software Use Joins The Mix, Nov. 1, 2004, InformationWeek, http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=51201599&tid=5979
13. Arnoud Engelfriet, Patent risks of open source software, Ius mentis, 25 October 2003, http://www.iusmentis.com/computerprograms/opensourcesoftware/patentrisks/
14. Joris Evers, Microsoft loses FAT patent, wins Smart Tag case, September 30, 2004, http://www.infoworld.com/article/04/09/30/HNmsfat_1.html
15. European Communities, Paris migration to Open Source: evolution, not revolution, October 13, 2004, http://europa.eu.int/idabc/en/document/3382/335
16. Brian Fan, Andrew Aitken, John Koenig, Open Source Intellectual Property and Licensing Compliance: A Survey and Analysis of Industry Best Practice, http://www.osdl.org/docs/olliance___ip_and_licensing_best_practices.pdf
17. Free Software Foundation, Why “Free Software” is better than “Open Source”, http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html
18. Peter Galli, Black Duck Lawyer: Due Diligence Can Help Avoid IP Disputes, January 31, 2005, http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1757684,00.asp
19. Peter Galli, Rewriting GPL No Easy Task, eweek.com, February 2, 2005, http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1758752,00.asp
20. Richab Aiyer Ghosh, Clustering and dependencies in free/open source software development: Methodology and tools, http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue8_4/ghosh/#note4
21. Julie Giera, The Costs And Risks Of Open Source, April 12, 2004, http://www.gigaweb.com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0,7211,34146,00.html
22. Steve Hamm, Linux Inc., BusinessWeek Online, Januaty 31, 2005, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_05/b3918001_mz001.htm
23. Dawn Kawamoto, New trial date in IBM-SCO case, CNET News.com, February 9, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5778197.html
24. Dennis Kennedy, Best Legal Practices for Open Source Software: Ten Tips For Managing Legal Risks for Businesses Using Open Source Software, November 2005, http://www.llrx.com/features/opensource.htm.
25. Sean Michael Kerner, EU Patent Fight Comes to the Fore, internetnews.com, October 21, 2004, http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3425211
26. Martin LaMonica, Open-source databases gaining favor, January 5, 2004, ZDNet News, http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513_22-5134836.html?tag=tu.swblog.6566
27. Martin LaMonica, Open-source companies chase steady money, CNET News.com, April 5, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5653834.html
28. Martin LaMonica, Massachusetts to adopt `open` desktop, CNET News.com, September 1, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-1012_3-5845451.html
29. Martin LaMonica, IBM looks to spread Linux with `Chiphopper`, CNET News.com, February 14, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-1016_3-5575633.html
30. Martin LaMonica, Is Microsoft playing well with others? CNET News.com, April 7, 2006, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-6058667.html
31. Rick Lehrbaum, Linux, Windows neck-and-neck in embedded, Oct 29, 2002, http://www.linuxdevices.com/articles/AT7342059167.html
32. Jack Loftus, Desktop apps ripe turf for open source, Oct 04, 2004, SearchEnterpriseLinux.com, http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid39_gci1011227,00.html
33. Jack Loftus, Perens: Too many licenses deters sharing of code，31 May 2005，http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid39_gci1093071,00.html
34. J. Lyman, Open source winning in federal government, slowly, July 28, 2004, http://trends.newsforge.com/article.pl?sid=04/07/23/2335201
35. Ingrid Marson, Vienna to softly embrace Linux, CNET News.com, January 25, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5549786.html
36. Ingrid Marson, Europe`s patent proposal pending, CNET News.com, February 18, 2005, available at http://news.com.com/2100-1014_3-5582138.html
37. Ingrid Marson, Desktop Linux wins plaudits for stability, March 10, 2005, ZDNet UK, http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/linuxunix/0,39020390,39190950,00.htm
38. Ingrid Marson, Defender of the Linux faith, ZDNet UK , March 17, 2005, http://insight.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,39020463,39191660,00.htm
39. Ingrid Marson, U.K.-funded initiative to push open source, CNET News.com , April 7 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5658354.html
40. Ingrid Marson, Europe Rejects Patent Proposal, CNET News.com, July 6, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-1014_3-5776046.html
41. Ingrid Marson, One city`s move to open source, CNET News.com, December 5, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5924184.html
42. Matt McMillan, HP to indemnify Linux clients against SCO, http://www.infoworld.com/article/03/09/24/HNhpindemnify_1.html
43. Robert McMillan, Mozilla Gains on IE, July 09, 2004, IDG News Service, http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,116848,00.asp
44. Paul Murphy, Unix beats Windows` - says Microsoft!, http://blogs.zdnet.com/Murphy/index.php?p=459
45. Russell Nelson, Subject: Three new proposed OSD terms, 2 Mar 2005, http://www.crynwr.com/cgi-bin/ezmlm-cgi?3:mss:9564:ihgmdghgpjkpnplebcem
46. Erik C. Orgell , More Than 1.1 Million Developers in North America Now Working on Open Source Projects; New Evans Data Study Reports on North American Software Development Populations, Evans Data Corporation, Feb 9, 2004, http://www.businesswire.com/cgi-bin/f_headline.cgi?bw.020904/240405311
47. Nic Peeling and Julian Satchell, Analysis of the Impact of Open Source Software, October 2001, http://www.govtalk.gov.uk/documents/QinetiQ_OSS_rep.doc
48. Mike Ricciuti, Gates wades into open-source debate, July 19, 2001, http://news.com.com/Gates+wades+into+open-source+debate/2100-1001_3-268667.html
49. Stephen Shankland, SCO sues Big Blue over Unix, Linux, CNET News.com, March 6, 2003, http://news.com.com/2100-1016_3-991464.html
50. Stephen Shankland, SCO targets Linux customers, CNET News.com, May 14, 2003, availablke at http://news.com.com/2100-1016_3-1001609.html
51. Stephen Shankland, SCO claims IBM Unix contract void, CNET News.com, June 16, 2003, available at http://news.com.com/2100-1016_3-1017719.html
52. Stephen Shankland, SCO suit now seeks $3 billion from IBM, CNET News.com, June 16, 2003, http://news.com.com/2100-1016_3-1017965.html
53. Stephen Shankland and Michael Kanellos , Red Hat files suit against SCO, CNET News.com, August 4, 2003, http://news.com.com/2100-7252_3-5059547.html
54. Stephen Shankland, Judge orders SCO to show Linux infringement, CNET News.com, December 5, 2003, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5114689.html
55. Stephen Shankland, SCO suits target two big Linux users, CNET News.com, March 3, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-1014-5168921.html?tag=nl
56. Stephen Shankland and Dawn Kawamoto, Mixed rulings advance two SCO cases, CNET News.com, June 11, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5231756.html
57. Stephen Shankland, SCO seeks to buttress case against Big Blue, CNET News.com, July 16, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-1014_3-5272112.html
58. Stephen Shankland, SCO flops in DaimlerChrysler Unix lawsuit, CNET News.com, July 21, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-1016_3-5278572.html
59. Stephen Shankland, Group: Linux potentially infringes 283 patents, CNET News.com, August 1, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5291403.html
60. Stephen Shankland, IBM pledges no patent attacks against Linux, CNET News.com , August 4, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5296787.html
61. Stephen Shankland, IDC: Linux server sales to hit $9.1 billion in 2008, CNET News.com , December 6, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-1010_3-5479681.html
62. Stephen Shankland, Group: Linux potentially infringes 283 patents, CNET News.com, August 1, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5291403.html
63. Stephen Shankland, IBM pledges no patent attacks against Linux, , CNET News.com, August 4, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5296787.html
64. Stephen Shankland, Sprucing up open source`s GPL foundation, December 23, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5501561.html
65. Stephen Shankland, IBM offers 500 patents for open-source use, CNET News.com, January 10, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5524680.html
66. Stephen Shankland, Lawyers ride shotgun for open source, CNET News.com, January 31, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5557962.html
67. Stephen Shankland, Sun: Patent use OK beyond Solaris project, CNET News.com, January 31, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5557658.html
68. Stephen Shankland, Judge slams SCO`s lack of evidence against IBM, CNET News.com, February 9, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5570265.html
69. Stephen Shankland, Balance lucre with liberty, open-sourcers told, CNET News.com, April 20, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5678473.html
70. Stephen Shankland, Open Source overseer proposes paring license list, March 2, 2005, CNET News.com, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5596344.html
71. Stephen Shankland, Open-source programmer alleges Linux misuse, CNET News.com, March 16, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5621156.html
72. Stephen Shankland, Novell announces small-business Linux bundle, CNET News.com, March 21, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5629033.html
73. Stephen Shankland, IBM drops patent claims against SCO, CNET News.com, October 7, 2005, available at http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5891339.html
74. Dinesh C. Sharma, IBM enhances support for open-source training, CNET News.com, May 24, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5718616.html
75. Richard Stallman and Eben Moglen, GPL Version 3: Background to Adoption, June 9, 2005, http://www.fsf.org/news/gpl3.html.
76. Brian Summerfield, Linux Is a Bastion of Security, Users Report, August 23, 2004, http://www.certmag.com/articles/templates/cmag_news.asp?articleid=864&zoneid=35
77. Iain Thomson, Microsoft outlines security strategy - Tougher products to thwart hackers, says Redmond, vnunet.com, Oct 2002, http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2120337/microsoft-outlines-security-strategy
78. Jerome Thorel, Paris report: Open-source move could be costly, CNET News.com, October 14, 2004, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5409773.html
79. Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols, SCO Wins a Round in IBM, Linux Saga, eWEEK, January 20, 2005, http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1752775,00.asp
80. Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols, IBM Drops Patent Counterclaims in SCO Case, October 7, 2005, available at http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1868822,00.asp
81. Graeme Wearden, French Ministry leaves Microsoft for Linux, ZDNet UK, July 09, 2004, http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/linuxunix/0,39020390,39160101,00.htm
82. Graeme Wearden, Software-patent battle set to flare up, CNET News.com, October 29, 2004, http://news.com.com//2100-1014_3-5432364.html
83. Graeme Wearden, U.K.: Open source could halve school IT bills, CNET News.com, May 9, 2005, http://news.com.com/2100-7344_3-5700321.html
84. Harald Welte, netfilter project was granted a preliminary injunction against Sitecom GmbH, Apr. 14, 2004, http://www.netfilter.org/news/2004-04-15-sitecom-gpl.html
85. Joe Wilcox, IBM to spend $1 billion on Linux in 2001, CNET News.com, December 12, 2000, http://news.com.com/2100-1001-249750.html
五、研討會講義資料
Heinz Goddar, Legal systems on Software Protection-Laws and Guidelines for Software related Inventions in Europe, Boehmert & Boehmert, October , 2004. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
智慧財產研究所
91361012
94 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0913610121 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [Graduate Institute of Intellectual Property] Theses
|
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