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    题名: 美國柯林頓政府的朝鮮半島安全政策:從薄富爾的「行動戰略」理論分析
    作者: 孫弘鑫
    SUN,HUNG-HSIN
    贡献者: 李明
    LEE,MING
    孫弘鑫
    SUN,HUNG-HSIN
    关键词: 朝鮮半島
    柯林頓
    行動戰略
    安全政策
    KOREAN PENINSULA
    BILL CLINTON
    STATEFY OF ACTION
    SECURITY POLICY
    日期: 2005
    上传时间: 2009-09-17 17:51:43 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 自二次世界大戰結束以後,美國對朝鮮半島的安全政策經歷了不同的轉變。韓戰後各個時期的政府主要仍是以對南韓的安全承諾與〈美韓共同防衛條約〉的軍事嚇阻作為其政策與戰略的基石。冷戰後朝鮮半島遭遇了兩次核子危機,但是柯林頓政府卻改變政策,以合作與對話的方式試圖解決危機。小布希政府團隊在執政以前,對於柯林頓政府的作法始終抱持反對的態度,認為應該要對北韓採取強硬態度。但是隨著小布希政府執政、911事件的發生與反恐戰爭的進行,小布希政府對朝鮮半島安全政策卻採取了與柯林頓政府類似的作法。這種變化是否意味柯林頓政府在朝鮮半島安全政策上有其優點,值得後任政府效法。因此,本論文以薄富爾的「行動戰略」理論作為研究途徑,藉由政策與戰略選擇的分析、行動計畫中「政治診斷」與「戰略診斷」的研判,以及各種戰略行動模式的鋪陳,探討柯林頓政府時期的朝鮮半島安全政策。同時比較柯林頓和小布希政府政策與戰略上的差異與因襲,並分析當前情勢,嘗試提出未來可能的變化。
    本論文發現,柯林頓政府對於北韓自始至終都是採取「交往與擴大」政策,希望能以「交往與擴大」政策將北韓拉回國際體系內,使其遵守國際體系的規範。小布希政府則是一開始採取典型的現實主義政策,不願意與北韓交往,因為典型現實主義者所重視的是和國際體系中強權國家之間關係的處理,而不是注重在衰敗國家或轉變中國家的事務。一直到911事件後才改採兼具現實主義與理想主義的新政策,對北韓的態度與作法才有所轉變。
    柯林頓政府始終均是運用多邊主義的戰略行動。小布希政府最初對於北韓是「冷處理」的方式,不予理會,但是911事件之後,開始調整政策,在戰略也有所改變。小布希的戰略是所謂的「鷹派交往」。「鷹派交往」戰略和「選擇性交往」戰略比較貼近,但是二者還是有差異。雖然「鷹派交往」戰略和「選擇性交往」戰略的內涵均是以多邊主義的方式,聯合經過慎選的重要國家採取間接模式的總體戰略行動來追求政策目標,但是「鷹派交往」戰略卻對對手國更具有壓力,因為「鷹派交往」戰略在採取交往的同時,不忘記強硬的手段。換言之,「鷹派交往」戰略將交往的內容作為誘因,引誘對手國往本國所期望的方向行動,當其行動違反本國所欲時,這項誘因便可以隨時轉變成為懲罰的工具。從這點看來,小布希的戰略選擇,在戰略行動的產出上較柯林頓來得有效率。
    由於戰略是「兩個對立意志使用力量以來解決其爭執時所用的辯證法藝術」,因此在決定戰略的選擇時必須考量敵我之間的各項資源、行動自由的大小,乃至於互動模式,這些都是在進行行動計畫,選取戰略之時,必須審慎考量的,否則便可能產生無法指導行動的戰略。柯林頓政府的戰略雖然立意甚佳,但卻沒有考慮到採取此種戰略是否能夠從中規劃出有效的行動模式,來維持原有的行動自由、並進一步爭取最大的行動自由。這是柯林頓政府朝鮮半島安全政策的缺憾。
    Since the end of World War II, There have been different changes in the U.S. Korean Peninsula security policy. During the post-Korean war era, each administration makes its policy and strategy on the basis of security promise to the South Korea and military deterrence toward the North with U.S.-R.O.K. Mutual Defense Treaty. There were two nuclear crises after the end of the cold war, but the Clinton administration changed its policy and tried to solve the problem in way of cooperation and dialog. Before taking office, George W. Bush’s team was against Clinton’s policy and declared that the United States should take coercive actions against the North Korea. However, since George W. Bush took office, 911 broke out and the war on terror was going on, the Bush administration took the similar policy on the Korean Peninsula security policy as the Clinton’s. Does this mean that Clinton’s policy may have goodness that worthy for the administrations after his to follow? Thus, I took Andr□ Beaufre’s “strategy of action” theory as my thesis study approach. Through the analysis on the choice of policy and strategy, the decision on “political diagnosis” and “strategic diagnosis” of action planning, and the display of each kind of strategic actions, this thesis analyzed the Korean Peninsula security policy in the Clinton era. At the same time, I compared the difference and continuance between the two administrations and analyzed the status quo trying to figure out the would-be changes in this thesis
    In the thesis I discovered that the Clinton administration took the “engagement and enlargement” policy from the beginning to the end, hoping that the policy would pull back the North Korea into the international system and make it follow the international order. At the beginning, Bush administration took the classical realist policy and was not willing to engage North Korea. Because the emphasis of classical realists is to deal with the relations among power nations, not paying attention to the affairs of declining and falling states. Not until the outbreak of 911 did the Bush administration take new policy composite with realism and idealism, and change the attitude toward North Korea.
    The Clinton administration undertook the strategic action in multi-polarity from the beginning to the end. Bush administration chose to ignore North Korea at the beginning, but changed his policy and strategy after the 911. What Bush undertook is called “Eagle Engagement Strategy”. “Eagle Engagement Strategy” is similar to “Selective Engagement Strategy” but there are still some differences between them. Though both Strategies unite those states carefully chosen and undertake indirect total strategic actions to chase the policy goals in multi-lateral way, the “Eagle Engagement Strategy” is much powerful in pressing the rival states. That is because when people undertake the “Eagle Engagement Strategy” to engage, there are still ways in coerciveness. In other words, the “Eagle Engagement Strategy” provides engagement as motive to make rival states undertake the way we wish. When the rival states do not follow our will, this motive may switch into the tool of punishment. In this point of view, the Bush administration’s strategy is more effective than the Clinton’s.
    The Clinton administration’s strategy was base on good will, but the Clinton administration did not considerate its effective action modes to maintain its original action freedom and chase the most action freedom by this strategy. To Clinton’s Korean Peninsula security policy it is a pity.
    參考文獻: 壹、中文書目
    一、報告書
    國防部史政編譯局譯,日本防衛廳編,《1998日本防衛白皮書》。台北:國防部史政編譯局,民國88年。
    __________________,美國國防部編,《2001美國四年期國防總檢報告》。台北:國防部史政編譯局,民國91年。
    二、專書
    王逸舟,《國際政治學-歷史與理論》。台北:五南圖書出版公司,民國88年。
    朱松柏,《南北韓的關係與統一》。台北:台灣商務印書館股份有限公司,民國93年。
    李明,《南北韓政經發展與東北亞安全》。台北:五南圖書出版有限公司,民國87年。
    何大明譯,納森與羅斯(Andrew J. Nathan and Robert S. Ross)著,《長城與空城計》。台北:麥田出版股份有限公司,民國87年。
    周煦,《冷戰後美國的東亞政策﹙1989-1997﹚》。台北:揚智文化事業股份有限公司,民國88年。
    林添貴譯,James H. Mann著,《轉向-從尼克森到柯林頓美中關係揭密》。台北:先覺出版股份有限公司,民國88年。
    陳鋒君,王傳劍,《亞太大國與朝鮮半島》。北京:北京大學出版社,2002年。
    張亞中,孫國祥著,《美國的中國政策—圍堵、交往、戰略夥伴》。台北:生智文化事業有限公司,民國88年。
    鈕先鍾,《大戰略慢談》。台北:華欣文化事業中心,民國66年。
    ______,《國家戰略論叢》。台北:幼獅文化事業公司,民國73年。
    ______,《現代戰略思潮》。台北:黎明文化事業股份有限公司,民國78年。
    ______,《西方戰略思想史》。台北:麥田出版股份有限公司,民國86年。
    ______,《孫子三論》。台北:麥田出版股份有限公司,民國86年。
    ______,《戰略研究入門》。台北:麥田出版股份有限公司,民國87年。
    鈕先鍾譯,薄富爾(Beaufre, Andr□)著,《戰略緒論》。台北:麥田出版股份有限公司,民國85年。
    ________,約米尼(Jomini, Antoine H.)著,《戰爭藝術》。台北:麥田出版股份有限公司,民國88年。
    ________,克勞塞維茨(von Clausewitz, Carl)著,《戰爭論精華》。台北:麥田出版股份有限公司,民國88年。
    劉德海,《八○年代以來的南韓對外關係:經貿外交成功的實例》。台北:劉德海,民國86年。
    鄭正鈐,湯麗明譯,歐佛侯特(William Overholt)著,《中國威脅》。台北:智庫股份有限公司,民國85年。
    三、專文
    王承宗,〈後冷戰時期俄羅斯與南北韓之關係〉。刊於張啟雄編,《後冷戰時期南北韓與中日美俄四強的關係研討會論文集》。台北:中央研究院,民國88年,頁51-73。
    朱松柏,〈後冷戰時期中共與南北韓關係之探討〉。刊於張啟雄編,《後冷戰時期南北韓與中日美俄四強的關係研討會論文集》。台北:中央研究院,民國88年,頁3-26。
    李明,〈後冷戰時期南北韓與美國之關係〉。刊於張啟雄編,《後冷戰時期南北韓與中日美俄四強的關係研討會論文集》。台北:中央研究院,民國88年),頁75-100。
    ____,〈「信心建立措施」在朝鮮半島:實踐與成效〉。刊於陳鴻瑜編,《信心建立措施的理論與實際》。台北:台灣綜合研究院戰略與國際研究所,民國90年,頁66-106。
    派爾與海金伯薩姆(Kenneth B. Pyle and Eric Heginbotham),〈日本〉。刊於國防部史政編譯局譯,艾林斯與佛萊堡(Richard J. Ellings and Aaron L. Friedberg)編,《戰略亞洲:權力與目的》。台北:國防部史政編譯局,民國91年,頁93-167。
    林文程,〈美國安全情勢〉。刊於陳鴻瑜編,《2001年台灣安全展望白皮書》。台北:台灣綜合研究院戰略與國際研究所,民國90年,頁59-73。
    林正義,〈「中國威脅論」V.S.「美國威脅論」〉。導讀許綬南譯,伯恩斯坦與門羅(Richard Bernstein與Ross H. Munro)著,《即將到來的中美衝突》。台北:麥田初版股份有限公司,民國86年,頁3-13。
    鈕先鍾,〈附錄:薄富爾的戰略思想〉。刊於鈕先鍾譯,Andr□ Beaufre著,《戰略緒論》。台北:麥田出版股份有限公司,民國85年,頁179-200。
    葛林(Michael Green),〈後冷戰時期處理美日安全關係的挑戰〉。刊於國防部史政編譯局譯,葛提斯(Gerald L. Curtis)著,《美日關係的新觀點》。台北:國防部史政編譯局,民國91年,頁393-430。
    楊志恆,〈日本安全情勢〉。刊於陳鴻瑜編,《2001年台灣安全展望白皮書》。台北:台灣綜合研究院戰略與國際研究所,民國90年,頁83-96。
    蔡明彥,〈俄羅斯安全情勢〉。刊於陳鴻瑜編,《2001年台灣安全展望白皮書》。台北:台灣綜合研究院戰略與國際研究所,民國90年,頁184-200。
    四、學位論文
    吳坤玉,《美國八O年代的低強度衝突行為-行動戰略的各案研究》。台北:淡江大學國際事務與戰略研究所碩士班碩士論文,民國78年。
    常鳳臺,《薄富爾戰略思想之研究》。台北:淡江大學國際事務與戰略研究所碩士班碩士論文,民國93年。
    許勝泰,《中共對台統一戰略之研究-以薄富爾的行動戰略理論分析》。台北:淡江大學國際事務與戰略研究所碩士論文,民國89年。
    陳光炳,《中共在北韓核武危機之角色》。台北:國立政治大學國際事務學院國家
    安全與大陸研究碩士論文,民國94年。
    陳克難,《美國小布希政府的東亞安全戰略2001-2004》。台北:國立政治大學行政管理碩士學程論文,民國93年。
    劉怡,《金大中的陽光政策及與美國關係的影響》。台北:國立政治大學外交學系碩士論文,民國92年。
    五、期刊
    朱松柏,〈後冷戰時期的朝鮮半島〉。《問題與研究》,第32卷第2期(民國82年2月),頁23-33。
    ______,〈朝鮮半島的核武危機〉。《問題與研究》,第33卷第7期(民國83年7月),頁1-10。
    ______,〈美國與北韓簽訂核子協議及其影響〉。《問題與研究》,第34卷第1期(民國84年1月),頁11-18。
    ______,〈朝鮮半島四邊會談的構想與實際〉。《問題與研究》,第36卷第8期(民 國86年8月),頁19-28。
    ______,〈南北韓新政府的統一政策及其進展〉。《問題與研究》,第38卷第11期(民國88年11月),頁19-29。
    ______,〈北韓的飛彈外交與亞太安全〉。《問題與研究》,第39卷第2期(民國89年2月),頁1-12。
    ______,〈南北韓高峰會的意義與前景〉。《問題與研究》,第39卷第10期(民國89年10月),頁45-56。
    吳玲君,〈美國與國際原子能總署:現實主義與制度主義的兩難〉。《問題與研究》,第33卷第11期(民國83年11月),頁46-59。
    林碧炤,〈國際衝突的研究途徑與方法〉。《問題與研究》,第35卷第3期(民國85年3月),頁1-28。
    金榮勇,〈一九九○年代日本的亞太政策〉。《問題與研究》,第32卷第6期(民國82年6月),頁30-39。
    馬仲可,〈北韓退出防止核武器擴散條約和朝鮮半島的核問題〉。《問題與研究》,第32卷第6期(民國82年6月),頁40-50。
    張業亮,〈布什政府對朝政策與朝核危機〉。《美國研究》,第18卷第1期(2004年3月),頁33-54。
    彭慧鸞,〈柯林頓政府的新東亞政策:奈伊「複合式領導」的理論與實踐〉。《美歐季刊》,第12卷第3期(民國86年秋季號),頁73-92。
    葉江,〈單邊主義與多邊主義的相互轉換〉。《美國研究》,第18卷第4期(2004年12月)頁59-72。
    楊志恆,〈美日安保之沿革及其對台海安全的影響〉。《戰略與國際研究》,第2卷第2期(民國89年4月),頁1-30。
    譚傳毅,「法國薄富爾與普瓦利耶將軍的核戰略思想論證」。《國防雜誌》,第13卷第2期(民國88年11月15日),頁3-16。
    六、報紙
    《大紀元時報》。
    《中國時報》。
    《自由時報》。
    《聯合報》。
    貳、英文書目
    一、報告書
    Ministry of National Unification, Republic of Korea. Peace and Cooperation-White Paper on Korean Unification 1996. Seoul:Ministry of National Unification﹝1996﹞.
    ___________________________________________. Peace and Cooperation-White Paper on Korean Unification 2001. Seoul:Ministry of National Unification﹝2001﹞.
    二、專書
    Beaufre, Andr□. Deterrence and Strategy. New York:Frederick A. Praeger, 1966.
    ¬____________. Strategy of Action. New York:Frederick A. Praeger, 1967.
    Booth, Ken and Eric Herring. Strategic Studies. Keyguide to Information Sources. London:Mansell, 1994.
    Brown, Seyom. The Faces of Power. New york:Columbia University Press, 1994.
    Chong, Bong-uk edited. North Korea:Uneasy, Shaky Kim Jong-Il Regime. Seoul:Naewoe Press, 1997.
    Clough, Ralph N. Deterrence and Defense in Korea. Washington, D.C.:The Bookings Institution, 1976.
    Cochran, Bert. Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency. New York:Funk & Wagnalls, 1964.
    Cossa, Ralph A. The Major Power in Northeast Asia. Washington, D.C.:Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University, August 1996.
    Cox, Michael. U.S. Foreign Policy after the Cold War. London:Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995.
    Donaldson, Gary A. America at War Since 1945. Westport, London:Praeger Publishers, 1996.
    Dumbrell, John. American Foreign Policy:Cater to Clinton. London:Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997.
    Gregor, A. James and Maria Hsia Chang. The Iron Triangle. Stanford, California:Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1984.
    Guttmann, Allen. Korea and the Theory of Limited War. Lexington, Massachusetts:D.C. Heath And Company, 1968.
    Hilsman, Roger. The Politics of Policy Making in Defense and Foreign Affairs. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:Prentice Hall, Inc, 1990.
    Hook, Steven W. and John Spanier. American Foreign Policy Since World War II. Washington, D.C.:CQ Press, 2004.
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    參、網路資料
    U.S. Department of State Web Site:http://www.state.gov/p/eap/regional/c15455.htm.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    89253023
    94
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0892530231
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[外交學系] 學位論文

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