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    Title: 未盡的責任：聯合國人道干預之實踐
    Unfulfilled Responsibility: The Practice of the United Nations on Humanitarian Intervention
    Authors: 龔孟穎
    Kung,Meng-Yin Lorelei
    Contributors: 姜家雄
    Chiang,Alex
    龔孟穎
    Kung,Meng-Yin Lorelei
    Keywords: 聯合國
    人道干預
    人權
    盧安達
    蘇丹
    達佛
    United Nations
    humanitarian intervention
    human rights
    Rwanda
    Sudan
    Darfur
    Date: 2006
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 17:50:54 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: Humanitarian intervention becomes a focal point of international debate because it seems to be morally right but legally wrong. It challenges the principle of non-intervention and non-use of force encompassed in the Charter of the United Nations (UN), which was established in 1945 to prevent aggressions that led to the two world wars. However, since the 1990s, state practices of military intervention to protect human rights increased dramatically, many of which were even endorsed by the UN or in close cooperation with it. In other words, the UN is the most important, or insofar the only acceptable, body to authorize and legitimize any military operations with humanitarian rationale. This research aims at investigating the limitations of the UN in coordinating its responsibilities of maintaining peace and security and of protecting human rights. Two cases, Rwanda in 1994 and Sudan from 2003 on, are chosen as examples to probe into the practice of the UN and try to determine what has changed and what remains steadfast of the UN practice in humanitarian intervention in these ten years. By focusing on the cases of Rwanda and Sudan, this thesis is intended to address the following questions: (1) In the past decade, has the UN system become more comfortable with humanitarian intervention? (2) What are the limitations of the UN in conducting “humanitarian intervention”? What causes these limitations? And why? (3) What can be done to improve the incompetence of the UN in terms of humanitarian intervention? How to harmonize the UN’s conflicting responsibilities of upholding human rights and defending the principle of non-intervention? This research concludes that the new approach of the “responsibility to protect” that was created in recent years shows that a normative change is on the way. Besides, from Rwanda to Sudan, the UN has made progress in addressing grave humanitarian issues. However, all the efforts still have to depend on the political will of the member states of the UN. Since this issue is still more a political one than a legal one, in the years to come, the UN will still face the difficulty of fulfilling its responsibility.
    Reference: UN/AU Documents
    Report by Mr. B. W. Ndiaye, Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, on his mission to Rwanda from 8-17 April 1993. UN Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/1994/7/Add.I). 11 August 1993.
    Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda (S/1999/1257). 15 December 1999.
    Annan, Kofi. Speech to the UN Human Rights Commission. UN Press Release (SG/SM/9197 AFR/893 HR/CN/1077). Geneva, 7 April 2004.
    A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. Report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. New York: United Nations, 2004.
    Report of the Ceasefire Commission on the situation in Darfur at the Joint Committee Emergency Meeting in Abuja, Nigeria. African Union, 27 December 2004.
    Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. Geneva, 25 January 2005.
    In larger freedom: toward development, security and human rights for all. Report of the Secretary-General to United Nations General Assembly (A/59/2005). 21 March 2005.
    Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons. UN Commission on Human Rights, Mission to the Sudan (E/CN.4/2006/71/Add.6). 13 February 2006.
    Report of the High-Level Mission on the situation of human rights in Darfur pursuant to Human Rights Council decision S-4/101. Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled “Human Rights Council” (A/HRC/4/80). 7 March 2007.
    Books
    Annan, Kofi A. Prevention of Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations, 2001.
    Arend, Anthony Clark, and Robert J. Beck. International Law and the Use of Force. London: Routledge, 1993.
    Belgrad, Eric A., and Nitza Nachmias, eds. The Politics of International Humanitarian Aid Operations. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1997.
    Bull, Hedley, ed. Intervention in World Politics. Oxford: Clarendon, 1984.
    Chatterjee, Deen K., and Don E. Scheid, eds. Ethics and Foreign Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
    Chesterman, Simon. Just War or Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
    Davis, Michael C., Wolfgang Dietrich, Bettina Scholdan, and Dieter Sepp, eds. International Intervention in the post-Cold War World: Moral Responsibility and Power Politics. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.
    Dorff, Robert H. “The Future of Peace Support Operations.” In Max G. Manwaring and John T. Fishel, eds. Toward Responsibility in the New World Disorder: Challenges and Lessons of Peace Operations. London: Frank Cass, 1998, pp. 160-178.
    Dorman, Andrew M., and Thomas G. Otte, eds. Military Intervention: From Gunboat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention. Brookfield, Vermont: Dartmouth, 1995.
    Fierke, K. M. Diplomatic Interventions: Conflict and Change in a Globalizing World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
    Finnemore, Martha. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.
    ______. The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
    Geldenhuys, Deon. Foreign Political Engagement: Remaking States in the Post-Cold War World. London: Macmillan, 1998.
    Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda. London: Picador, 1999.
    Hawkins, Virgil. The Silence of the UN Security Council: Conflict and Peace Enforcement in the 1990s. Firenze, Italy: European Press Academic, 2004.
    Holzgrefe, J. L., and Robert O. Keohane, eds. Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
    Lewis, Ioan, and James Mayall. “Somalia.” In James Mayall, ed. The New Interventionism 1991-1994: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, Former Yugoslavia and Somalia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 94-126
    Melvern, Linda. Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide. London: Verso, 2004.
    Murphy, Sean D. Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
    Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell: America in the Age of Genocide. New York: Random House, 2003).
    Roberts, Adam, and Benedict Kingsbury, eds. United Nations, Divided World: The UN’s Roles in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
    Sahnoun, Mohamed. Somalia: The Missed Opportunity. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1994.
    Sarooshi, Danesh. The United Nations and the Development of Collective Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
    Tanca, Antonio. Foreign Armed Intervention in Internal Conflict. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993.
    Tesón, Fernando R. Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, 2nd edn. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Transnational Publishers, 1997.
    Thakur, Ramesh. The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
    Weisburd, A. Mark. Use of Force: The Practice of States Since World War II. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
    Weiss, Thomas G., David P. Forsythe, and Roger A. Coate. The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 4th edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 2004.
    Welsh, Jennifer M., ed. Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
    Wheeler, Nicholas J. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
    Journal Articles
    Adebajo, Adekeye. “Collective Security and Humanitarian Intervention.” United Nations & Global Security, at http://www.un-globalsecurity.org/pdf/Adebajo_paper_hum_intervention.pdf.
    Annan, Kofi. “‘In Larger Freedom’: Decision Time at the UN.” Foreign Affairs (May/June 2005): 63-74.
    Barnett, Michael. “Partner in Peace? The United Nations, Regional Organizations, and Peacekeeping.” Review of International Studies 21 (1995): 411-433.
    _____. “The UN Security Council, Indifference, and Genocide in Rwanda.” Cultural Anthropology 12 (November 1997): 551-578.
    Belknap, Margaret H. “The CNN Effect: Strategic Enabler or Operational Risk?” Strategic Research Project, 30 March 2001, at http://www.iwar.org.uk/psyops/resources/cnn-effect/Belknap_M_H_01.pdf
    Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. “Empowering the United Nations.” Foreign Affairs 71 (Winter 1992/1993): 89-102.
    Clapham, Christopher. “Rwanda: The Perils of Peacemaking.” Journal of Peace Research 35 (March 1998): 193-210.
    De-Waal, Alex. “Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap.” London Review of Books 26 (15), 5 August 2004, at http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n15/waal01_.html.
    Doane, Stephen M. “Responding to Genocide in Sudan: Barriers to Peace, International Indifference, and the Need for Tough Diplomacy.” Stanford Journal of International Relations 3 (April-June 2001), at http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.2.10_doane.html.
    Geraci, Antonino “The Use of the UN as Scapegoat: The Peacekeeping Missions in Somalia and the Political Blame Games.” Paper presented at the 2001 Hong Kong International Convention of the International Studies Association, 26-28 July 2001, at http://www.isanet.org/archive/geraci.pdf
    Gilligan, Michael, and Stephen John Stedman. “Where Do the Peacekeepers Go?” International Studies Review 5 (December 2003): 37-54.
    Hettne, Björn, and Fredrik Söderbaum. “The UN and Regional Organizations in Global Security: Competing or Complementary Logics?” Global Governance 12 (July-September 2006): 227-232.
    Hurd, Ian. “Legitimacy, power, and the symbolic life of the UN Security Council.” Global Governance 8 (January-March 2002): 35-51.
    Melvern, Linda. “The Security Council: Behind the Scenes.” International Affairs 77 (January 2001): 101-111.
    Newbury, David. “Understanding Genocide.” African Studies Review 41 (April 1998): 73-97.
    Reed, W. Cyrus. “Exile, Reform and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front.” Journal of Modern African Studies 34 (3) (1996): 479-501.
    Ryle, John. “Disaster in Darfur.” New York Review of Books 51 (13), 12 August 2004, at http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/Collinsmaterial/articles/Darfur.pdf.
    Srinivasan, Sharath. “Minority Rights, Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Lessons from Darfur.” Minority Rights Group International, September 2006.
    Straus, Scott. “Darfur and the Genocide Debate.” Foreign Affairs 84 (January/February 2005): 123-133.
    Thakur, Ramesh. “A Shared Responsibility for a More Secure World,” Global Governance 11 (July-September 2005): 281-289.
    Tzou, Byron N. “The UN and Human Rights: The Punishment For Crime of Genocide and Other Crimes in Rwanda.” Issue and Studies 37(November 1998): 15-28
    Vetlesen, Arne Johan. “Genocide: A Case for the Responsibility of the Bystander.” Journal of Peace Research 37 (July 2000): 519-532.
    Williams, Paul D., and Alex J. Bellamy. “The Responsibility to Protect and the Crisis in Darfur.” Security Dialogue 36 (March 2005): 27-47.
    Reports, Newspaper, Online Articles
    “A President’s Promise.” Editorial. Washington Post. 11 April 2006.
    Amnesty International (AI). Chad: Civilians under attack. Darfur conflict spreads to eastern Chad. AI Index: AFR 20/005/2007, 1 March 2007.
    _____. Sudan at the mercy of killers – destruction of villages in Darfur. AI Index: 54/072/2004
    Baldo, Suliman. “Darfur’s Peace Plan: The View from the Ground.” 24 May 2006, at http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-africa_democracy/peace_darfur_3581.jsp.
    “Bush Agrees in Principle with Kurd Havens Plan.” New York Times, 11 April 1991.
    “Congress declares Sudan atrocities are ‘genocide’.” Associated Press, 23 July 2004..
    Dagne, Ted. Sudan: Humanitarian Crisis, Peace Talks, Terrorism, and U.S. Policy. CRS Issue Briefing for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 27 September 2004.
    “Darfur Gets a Fighting Chance.” Editorial. New York Times. 6 May 2006.
    Ferroggiaro, William. “The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction.” The Naitonal Security Archive, 20 August 2001, at http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html.
    Frist, Bill. “Steps for saving lives in Sudan.” Washington Post, 11 August 2004.
    Gberie, Lansana. “The Darfur Crisis: A Test Case for Humanitarian Intervention.” KAIPTC Paper No. 1, September 2004, at http://www.kaiptc.org/kaiptc/The%20Darfur%20Crisis.pdf.
    Goodman, Peter S. “China Invests Heavily in Sudan’s Oil Industry.” Washington Post, 23 December 2004.
    Hasbani, Nadim. “About The Arab Stance Vis-à-vis Darfur.” Al-Hayat, 21 March 2007.
    “Haven from the Hell Holes.” New York Times, 11 April 1991.
    “Hope in Darfur.” Washington Post, 22 September 2004.
    Human Rights Watch (HRW). Famine in Sudan, 1998: The Human Rights Causes. New York: HRW, 1999.
    _____. Darfur in Flames: Atrocities in Western Sudan. HRW 15 (5A), April 2004.
    _____. Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleasing by Government and Militia Forces in Western Sudan. HRW 16 (6A), May 2004.
    _____. Empty Promises?: Continuing Abuses in Darfur, Sudan. HRW Briefing Paper, 11 August 2004.
    _____. Entrenching Impunity: Government Responsibility for International Crime in Darfur. HRW 17 (17A), December 2005.
    _____. The Rwandan Genocide: How It Was Prepared. New York: Human Rights Watch, November, 2006.
    Human Rights Watch and Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droites de l’Homme. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: HRW, 1999.
    House of Commons, International Development Committee. Darfur, Sudan: The Responsibility to Protect. Fifth Report of Session 2004-5, Volume I. London: The Stationary Office, 30 March 2005.
    International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
    _____. The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background: Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001.
    International Crisis Group (ICG). Darfur: The Failure to Protect. ICG Africa Report No. 89, 8 March 2005.
    _____. The AU’s Mission in Darfur: Bridging the Gaps. ICG Africa Briefing No. 28, 6 July 2005.
    _____. Darfur’s Fragile Peace Agreement. ICG Africa Briefing No. 39, 20 June 2006.
    Kessler, Glenn. “Sudanese, Rebels Sign Peace Plan For Darfur.” Washington Post. 6 May 2006.
    Lewis, Scott. Rejuvenating or Restraining Civil War: The Role of External Actors in the War Economies of Sudan. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2004.
    O’Neill, William G., and Violette Cassis. Protecting Two Million Internally Displaced: The Successes and Shortcomings of the African Union in Darfur. Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, November 2005.
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    UN News Center. “Sudan: Envoy warns of ethnic cleansing as Security Council calls for ceasefire.” 2 April 2004, at http://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=10307&Cr=sudan&Cr1=.
    “U.N., AU envoys say Darfur peace agreement can be changed to bring more factions on board.” International Herald Tribune, 15 February 2007.
    “US Cautious over Plan for Kurds’ Havens.” Independent, 10 April 1991.
    US Government Accountability Office. Darfur Crisis: Progress in Aid and Peace Monitoring Threatened by Ongoing Violence and Operational Challenges. GAO-07-9, 9 November 2006.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    94253005
    95
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094253005
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

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