政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/33653

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/33653

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政大典藏 > College of International Affairs > Department of Diplomacy > Theses > Item 140.119/33653

Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33653

Title:	後冷戰時期美國飛彈防禦政策之研究
Authors:	杜和庭 Tu, Ho-ting
Contributors:	林碧炤杜和庭 Tu, Ho-ting
Keywords:	飛彈防禦國家安全戰略外交政策全國飛彈防禦系統星戰 missile defense national security strategy foreign policy NMD SDI
Date:	2003
Issue Date:	2009-09-17 17:47:55 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	美國佈署飛彈防禦系統的爭議，在2001年12月，小布希決定佈署後已暫告一段落。實實上，發展飛彈防禦問題在過去半個世紀，一直是美國最受爭議的國家安全政策。這項攸關美國國安全的重要議題，在不同年代每次被提出，總是引起國際高度關注，和美國朝野兩極化反應和激烈爭辯。為了進一步了解美國飛彈防禦政策的形成過程和影響因素，筆者希望透過國際局勢演變、國家戰略思考、政府內部辯論、國會影響，以及飛彈科技發展等角度，分析後冷戰時期美國飛彈防禦政策的演進和發展。　　冷戰時代，美蘇在各自擁有足以消滅彼此的核武彈頭數量後，雙方簽署「反彈道飛彈」（ABM）條約，以限制彼此發展飛彈防禦系統，「相互保證摧毀」（MAD）概念於是成為冷戰時期，美蘇維持戰略穩定的重要基礎。到了雷根政府時期，美國企圖發展太空飛彈防禦的「戰略防禦計畫」（SDI），以追求抵擋蘇聯核武攻擊的絕對安全，並進一步打破相互保證安全的「鐵律」。不過在科技水準不夠的情況下，使得這項計畫始終無法實現。　　八零年代末期，隨著東歐期產政權逐一跨台，美國的宿敵蘇聯也在1991年解體，使得冷戰終於落幕。雖然後冷戰時期的美國，不再面臨成千上萬枚核彈攻擊的陰影，不過，1991年波灣戰爭時，伊拉克飛毛腿飛彈對盟軍構成的威脅，以及蘇聯解體前後，因局勢不穩，所引發的核彈處置保管和大規模毀滅性武器（WMD）擴散的問題，讓布希政府決定繼續支持發展飛彈防禦。不過，布希總統最後在國內經濟狀況不佳情況下連任失敗，使得美國發展飛彈防禦的計畫也就此受阻。　　對於飛彈威脅的看法，布希政府和柯林頓政府之間有相當大的落差。柯林頓政府認為，美國只要發展「戰區飛彈防禦」（TMD），即能滿足國家安安全的需要。對於飛彈技術和WMD的擴散，則要靠國際間的合作以及國際機制的力量解決。不過柯林頓政府傾向理想主義處理國安事務的態度，在第二任期時，有了重大調整。在共和黨國會，以及北韓試射彈道飛彈的雙重壓力下，柯林頓政府宣布研發「全國飛彈防禦」（NMD），不過由於俄羅斯強烈反對，歐洲盟國普遍不支持，柯林頓政府終究沒有做出佈署NMD的決定。　　小布希政府對美國國家安全的危機感，充份反映在支持佈署飛彈防禦的強烈立場。為了讓美國佈署保護全國的飛彈防禦系統，小布希政府上台後，展現勢在必得態度，對俄羅斯、以及主要盟國進行強力遊說。911恐怖攻擊的發生，雖然讓小布希政府對國家安全戰略進行調整，不過政府對飛彈防禦的重視和支持，並沒有受到影響，反而因為威脅來源的不確定而更加堅定這項計畫，並在同年宣布美國片面退出1973年和蘇聯簽署的ABM條約，解決法律上的約束，全力進行飛彈防禦系統的研發。　　保護美國安全是每一位美國總統的首要責任。後冷戰時期的美國，雖然以全球唯一霸權姿態主導國際事務，不過911事件後，美國不顧其他主要國家反對，執意出兵伊拉克，造成無法收拾的窘境，卻也凸顯出美國國力的侷限，並不得不尋求國際社會的協助。另外，從客觀角度觀察，中共崛起造成的挑戰，以及未來可能有更多國家或非國家組織取得WMD和飛彈技術的情況下，美國為了維護在國際間的利益以及國家安全，飛彈防禦的研發、佈署已成未來政府不可逆轉的政策趨勢。
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Wines, Michael, “Putin Says Russia Won’t Join China in Countering U.S. Shield,” New York Times, July 18, 2001. 英文報紙洛杉磯時報：www.latimes.com 紐約時報：www.nytimes.com 華盛頓郵報：www.washingtonpost.com 華盛頓時報：www.washingtontimes.com 美國官方網站白宮：www.whitehouse.gov 　國防部：www.defenselink.mil 國務院：www.state.gov 彈道飛彈防禦局：www.acq.osd.mil/bmdo/bmdolink/html 參議院：www.senate.gov 眾議院：www.house.gov 智庫美國企業研究院（American Enterprise Institute） www.aei.org 布魯金斯研究院（Brookings Institution） www.brookings.org 卡都研究院（Cato Institute） www.cato.org 國防資訊中心（Center for Defense Information, CDI） www.cdi.org 安全政策中心（Center for Security Policy） www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org 戰略暨國際研究中心（Center for Strategic and International Studies, CSIS） www.csis.org 外交關係協會（Council on Foreign Relations） www.cfr.org 美國科學家聯盟（Federation of American Scientists, FAS） www.fas.org 全球安全（Global Security） www.globalsecuriyt.org 傳統基金會（Heritage Foundation, HF） www.heritage.org 新美國世紀計畫（The Project for the New America Century） www.newamericacentury.org
Description:	碩士國立政治大學外交研究所 89253027 92
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