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    题名: 丹麥與歐洲聯盟：兩層次賽局分析
    作者: 廖宗山
    Liao, Zhong-shan
    贡献者: 姜家雄
    Alex Chiang
    廖宗山
    Liao, Zhong-shan
    关键词: 兩層次賽局
    勝利組合
    單一歐洲法
    馬斯垂克條約
    愛丁堡協議
    四葉苜蓿政府
    替代多數
    歐洲事務委員會
    公民複決
    第一層次
    第二層次
    日期: 2002
    上传时间: 2009-09-17 17:46:37 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 丹麥參與歐洲統合進程中，曾於1960年至1973年間參與歐洲自由貿易協會，並自1973年後從歐洲自由貿易協會轉型為歐體的一員，丹麥加入歐體之後其歐盟政策經歷了適應期（1973-1986）、高峰期（1986-1992）與調整期（1992-2000）。在各個時期之中，丹麥制訂歐盟政策經歷了一連串持續與轉變的過程，究其原因莫過於第一層次與第二層次之間相互影響與互動所致。在第一層次（國際層次）之中丹麥與各會員國在國際場合進行談判，透過不斷的磋商與讓步，與各會員國達成國際協議；在第二層次（國內層次）之中國會、歐洲事務委員會、政黨、利益團體及丹麥民眾，分別透過各種管道影響丹麥的歐盟政策之制訂。由於許多國際層次的歐盟條約都必須得到丹麥國內的批准，致使「批准」成為兩個層次之間的重要連結。

    本篇論文以兩層次賽局作為分析架構，並以「勝利組合」作為分析工具，探討第一層次歐盟各會員國如何對丹麥作出施壓與讓步，以及第二層次國內各因素如何在歐盟政策制訂過程中發揮影響力，透過「勝利組合」的範圍變化，分析單一歐洲法與馬斯垂克條約等重要歐盟條約如何得到「批准」通過。在第二層次之中，尤其不可忽略公民複決對丹麥制訂歐盟政策所發揮的影響力，透過整理丹麥舉辦六次關於歐盟議題公民複決的經驗，可歸納出公民複決是影響丹麥制訂歐盟政策的關鍵因素。此外，第一層次的談判結果也會影響丹麥民眾對於某項議題的偏好。國際壓力是造成國內政策轉折的必要條件，相對地若缺乏國內對於國際壓力的回應，光憑國際壓力尚不足以達成國際協議。因此，這兩個層次是雙向影響與互動的過程，而非單向的影響過程，

    兩層次賽局應用在丹麥歐盟政策制訂上，丹麥國內民眾不僅對條約本身（第一層次）做出衡量，也對於政府的表現做出評估（第二層次），使公民複決在兩層次賽局中具有決定性的作用。在歐洲統合過程中，丹麥相較於其他歐盟會員國，其國內因素對於歐盟政策之制訂，發揮了較大的牽制作用。一項重大歐盟條約的通過，必須得到國內第二層次的支持才得以批准，這使得決策者不敢擅作主張，必須將國內的意見充分表達於國際談判之中，且要得到國內的充分授權之後才能在國際談判桌上作出決定。因此，丹麥在制訂歐盟政策過程中持續地將民眾意見納入其中，丹麥對於民意的重視，益加凸顯出主權在民的精神。

    丹麥雖只是身處於北歐地區的一個小國，但丹麥卻能善用自身的籌碼，在國際談判中爭取有利的條件。在歐洲統合過程中，丹麥持續將其理念帶入歐盟，進而影響其他會員國與整體歐盟政策之走向。展望未來歐洲統合的發展，歐盟擴充之後會員國數目增加，丹麥的統合經驗，特別是採取尊重民意的歐盟政策，將可作為其他新加入會員國的參考。故丹麥經驗在歐洲統合的歷程及未來發展上均具有重要性，而「兩層次賽局」也可供作其他會員國分析歐盟政策的架構，更可作為解釋其他內政與外交相關議題的分析工具。
    參考文獻: 參考書目
    一、中文部分
    （一）專書
    王皓昱。《歐洲合眾國》。台北：揚智文化，民國八十六年。
    吳秀光。《政府談判之博弈理論分析》。台北：時英出版社，民國九十年。
    張亞中。《歐洲統合：政府間主義與超國家主義之互動》。台北：揚智文化，民國八十七年。
    郭秋慶。《歐洲聯盟概論》。台北：五南，民國八十八年。
    陳勁。《歐洲聯盟之整合與體制運作》。台北：五南，民國八十八年。
    蘇秀法。《芬蘭化與丹麥化陰影下的歐洲》。台北：正中，民國七十六年。
    （二）期刊論文
    石之瑜。〈小國的外交與國際角色認同問題―北歐與非洲經驗之比較〉。《問題與研究》，第三十卷第七期，民國八十年七月，頁69-83。
    甘逸驊。〈馬斯特里赫高峰會及其影響〉。《問題與研究》，第三十一卷第三期，民國八十一年三月，頁69-82。
    黃偉峰。〈從公民投票經驗之比較研究檢證其基本假設—美英法瑞義為例〉。《選舉研究》，第五卷第一期，民國八十七年五月，頁1-35。
    郭秋慶。〈歐洲統合過程中國家主權的弱化或強化—從歐洲聯盟的決策過程論起〉。《東海學報》，第三十九卷第五期，民國八十七年七月，頁73-95。
    藍玉春。〈有關歐洲統合的論戰及其實踐：聯邦派vs.主權派〉。《政治科學論叢》，第十一期，民國八十八年十二月，頁181-228。
    二、英文部分
    （一）專書
    Arter, David. Scandinavian Politics Today. Manchester: Manchester University, 1999.
    Baun, Michael. An Imperfect Union: the Maastricht Treaty and the New Politics of European Integration. Boulder: Westview, 1996.
    Bulter, David, and Austin Ranney. Referendum around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy? Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1994.
    Bulter, David, and Austin Ranney. Referendums: A Comparative Study of Practice and Theory. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978.
    Cafruny, Alan, and Carl Lankowski, eds. Europe’s Ambiguous Unity: Conflict and Consensus in the Post-Maastricht Era. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997.
    Colomer, Josep, ed. Political Institutions in Europe. London: Routledge, 1996.
    Cram, Laura, Desmond Dinan, and Neill Nugent, eds. Developments in the European Union. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1999.
    Damgaard, Erik, ed. Parliamentary Change in the Nordic Countries. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1992.
    Duff, Andrew, John Pinder, and Roy Pryce, eds. Maastricht and Beyond: Building the European Union. London: Routledge, 1994.
    Evans, Peter, Harold Jacobson, and Robert Putnam, eds. Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics. Berkley: University of California Press, 1993.
    Fry, Earl, and Gregory Raymond, eds. The Other Western Europe: A Political Analysis of the Smaller Democracies. Oxford: Clio, 1980.
    Gaffney, John, ed. Political Parties and the European Union. London: Routledge, 1996.
    Gallagher, Michael, and Pier Uleri, eds. The Referendum Experience in Europe. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1996.
    Geyer, Robert, Christine Ingebritsen, and Jonathon Moses, eds. Globalization, Europeanization and the End of Scandinavian Social Democracy? Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000.
    Georg, Anders, ed. Denmark Today: The World of the Danes. Copenhagen: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, 1979.
    Hayward, Jack, ed. The Crisis of Representation in Europe. London: Frank Cass, 1995.
    Hill, Christopher, ed. The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy. London: Routledge, 1996.
    Holbraad, Carten. Danish Neutrality: A Study in the Foreign Policy of a Small State. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.
    Ingebritsen, Christine. The Nordic States and European Unity. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
    Katzenstein, Peter, ed. Tamed Power Germany in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
    Keohane, Robert, and Helen Milner, eds. Internationalization and Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
    Lyck, Lise, ed. Denmark and EC Membership Evaluated. London: St. Martins, 1992.
    Miles, Lee, ed. The European Union and the Nordic Countries. London: Routledge, 1996.
    Moravcsik, Andrew. The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
    Norton, Philip, ed. National Parliament and the European Union. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
    Reif, Karlheinz, ed. Ten European Elections: Campaigns and Results of the 1979/81 First Direct Elections to the European Parliament. Hampshire: Gower, 1985.
    Rhodes, Carolyn, and Sonia Mazey, eds. The State of the European Union, Vol.3: Building a European Polity? Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
    Rourke, John, Richard Hiskes, and Cyrus Zirakzadeh. Direct Democracy and International Politics: Deciding International Issues through Referendums. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992.
    Sundelius, Bengt, ed. Foreign Policies of Northern Europe. Boulder: Westview, 1982.
    Tiersky, Ronald, ed. Europe Today. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
    Turner, Barry. The Other European Community: Integration and Cooperation in Nordic Europe. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982.
    Wallace, Helen, and William Wallace, eds. Policy-making in the European Union, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
    Whitman, Richard. From Civilian Power to Superpower? The International Identity of the European Union. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998.
    （二）期刊論文
    Bergman, Torbjörn. “Formation Rules and Minority Governments.” European Journal of Political Research 23 (January 1993):55-66.
    Borre, Ole. “Old and New Politics in Denmark.” Scandinavian Political Studies 18 (September 1995): 187-205.
    Borre, Ole. “Economic Voting in Danish Electoral Surveys 1987-94.” Scandinavian Political Studies 20 (December 1997): 347-36 5.
    Bregnsbo, Henning and Niels Sidenius. “Adapting Danish Interest to European Integration.” Scandinavian Political Studies 16 (March 1993): 73-91.
    Bulmer, Simon. “Domestic Politics and European Community Policy-Making.” Journal of Common Market Studies 21 (June 1983): 349-363.
    Christensen, Dag. “Foreign Policy Objectives: Left Socialist Opposition in Denmark, Norway and Sweden.” Scandinavian Political Studies 21 (March 1998): 51-70.
    Christiansen, Peter, and Hilmar Rommetvedt. “From Corporatism to Lobbyism? Parliaments, Executives, and Organized Interests in Denmark and Norway.” Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (September 1999): 195-220.
    Damgaard, Erik. “Termination of Danish Government Coalitions: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects.” Scandinavian Political Studies 17 (September 1994): 193-211.
    Damgaard, Erik, and Palle Svensson. “Who Governs? Parties and Policies in Denmark.” European Journal of Political Research 17 (November 1989): 731-745.
    Downs, William. “Election Report Denmark’s Referendum on the Euro: The Mouse That Roared…Again.” West European Politics 24 (January 2001): 222-226.
    Eichenberg, Richard, and Russell Dalton. “Europeans and the European Community: the Dynamics of Public Support for European Integration.” International Organization 47 (Autumn 1993): 507-534.
    Haahr, Jens. “European Integration and the Left in Britain and Denmark.” Journal of Common Market Studies 30 (March 1992): 77-100.
    Laursen, Johnny. “A Nordic Alternative to Europe? The Interdependence of Denmark’s Nordic and European Policies, 1945-1998.” Contemporary European History 9 (March 2000): 59-92.
    Lawler, Peter. “Scandinavian Exceptionalism and European Union.” Journal of Common Market Studies 35 (December 1997): 565-594.
    Leslie, Peter. “Interest Groups and Political Integration: The 1972 EEC Decisions in Norway and Denmark.” American Political Science Review 69 (March 1975): 68-75.
    Lundberg, Lars. “European Economic Integration and the Nordic Countries’ Trade.” Journal of Common Market Studies 30 (June 1992): 157-171.
    Nielsen, Hans. “The Danish Election 1998.” Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (March 1999): 67-81.
    Petersen, Nikolaj. “Denmark and European Union 1985-96: A Two-level Analysis.” Cooperation and Conflict 31 (June 1996): 185-210.
    Petersen, Nikolaj. “National Strategies in the Integration Dilemma: An Adaptation Approach.” Journal of Common Market Studies 36 (March 1998): 33-54.
    Petersen, Nikolaj. “Review Article: Small States in European Integration.” Scandinavian Political Studies 21 (March 1998): 87-93.
    Petersen, Nikolaj. “The Danish Referendum on the Treaty of Amsterdam.” ZEI (Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung) Discussion Paper C 17 (1998): 1-37.
    Putnam, Robert. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-level Games.” International Organization 42 (Summer 1988): 427-460.
    Schneider, Gerald, and Patricia Weitsman. “The Punishment Trap: Integration Referendums as Popularity Contests.” Comparative Political Studies 28 (January 1996): 582-607.
    Setälä, Maija. “Referendums in Western Europe-A Wave of Direct Democracy.” Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (December 1999): 327-340.
    Siune, Karen. “The Danes said NO to the Maastricht Treaty. The Danish EC Referendum of June 1992.” Scandinavian Political Studies 16 (March 1993): 93-103.
    Skjæveland, Asbjørn. “A Danish Party Cohesion Cycle.” Scandinavian Political Studies 22 (June 1999): 121-136.
    Svensson, Palle. “Five Danish Referendums on the European Community and European Union: A Critical Assessment of the Franklin Thesis.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (October 2002): 733-750.
    Svensson, Palle. “The Danish Yes to Maastricht and Edinburgh. The EC Referendum of May 1993.” Scandinavian Political Studies 17 (March 1994): 69-82.
    Thomsen, Søesn. “Denmark” Electral Studies 13 (December 1994): 33-35.
    Wallerstein, Immanuel. “Integration to What? Marginalization from What?” Scandinavian Political Studies 20 (December 1997): 317-329.
    Youngs, Richard. “The Politics of the Single Currency: Learning the Lessons of Maastricht.” Journal of Common Market Studies 37 (June 1999): 295-316.
    三、網路資源
    CIA Factbook, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook
    Danish EU Presidency, www.eu2002.dk
    Danish Institute of International Affairs, http://www.dupi.dk
    Danish Parliament, http://www.folketinget.dk
    Economist, http://www.economist.com
    EU Information Centre, http://www.eu-oplysningen.dk
    European Central Bank, http://www.ecb.int
    European Union, http://europa.eu.int
    EU-sceptic.org, http://www.eusceptic.org
    Left Socialist Party, http://www.venstresocialisterne.dk
    Left Socialist Party, http://www.venstresocialisterne.dk
    Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.um.dk
    Socialist People’s Party, http://valg.sf.dk
    Unity List, http://www.enhedslisten.dk
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    88253002
    91
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0088253002
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[外交學系] 學位論文

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