政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/33480
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113656/144643 (79%)
Visitors : 51710661      Online Users : 467
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33480


    Title: 圖靈測驗辯護
    Authors: 李俊儒
    Contributors: 藍亭
    Lane,Tim
    李俊儒
    Keywords: 圖靈測驗
    行為主義
    操作定義
    Date: 2006
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 16:50:33 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 「圖靈測驗」是一個訴諸外部行為來檢驗「機器能否思考」的一個測驗方法。這個方法由A. M. Turing於1950年提出，並在此後的五十餘年在科學界與哲學界引發無數的爭論。本文並不試圖解決「機器能否思考」的問題，而將著眼於「圖靈測驗作為機器思考標準」一事的適切性；從哲學的面向出發，旁及一些相關的科學成果來進行文獻探討。

    就像任何一種哲學嘗試一樣，圖靈測驗是歷史環境的產物。當我們對眾說紛云的主觀意見失去了信心，就希望能夠找到一個客觀的標準。而在此同時，事實上我們對於所要檢測的對象：「思考」的瞭解還不夠豐富，且我們也不知道所謂「機器」的極限在哪裡，因此，即使圖靈測驗以名為「測驗」的形式產生，卻是動態地作為一個標準，並且面臨著許多的質疑。

    本文將主要的問題分為五點，並加以回應：

    1. 關於圖靈測驗的形式：圖靈測驗以模仿遊戲為內容，但在模仿遊戲中獲得勝利這件事，本身的確有其詮釋上的侷限，但是第一，這不能否定模仿遊戲的確提供了某種程度的客觀性，第二，藉由模仿遊戲的持續進行，我們也能知道模仿遊戲有哪些不足之處，相關內容與規則的修訂是可能的。

    2. 關於測驗的難度：「機器有無可能通過圖靈測驗？」這點將就技術面與原則面來討論。技術上，目前的確存在著一些模擬人類智慧的瓶頸，然而就哲學的討論來說，目前技術的不可能並不代表未來技術的不可能。原則上，許多人批評圖靈機器所進行的運作無論多麼複雜，都不會與自然界中被稱為「思考」的行為等同；然而，若要證明機器思考與人類思考的確不同，我們就會需要一套能夠作出區分的客觀測驗方式，而那就是圖靈測驗所嘗試去做的。

    3. 關於測驗的目的：「通過圖靈測驗代表了什麼？」許多人認為圖靈測驗作為一個機器思考的操作定義，忽略了一些思考的本質，這使得即使機器通過圖靈測驗也不代表它能夠思考。我認為這種說法似乎預設了思考有一個固定的定義，但實際上我們將許多彼此之間沒有明顯關係的行為都稱為思考，而且隨著風俗、環境的改變，原本被當作是思考行為的或許不必再以「思考」來說明，而與思考行為無關的或許在未來會被當作有關，因此所謂「思考的本質」不見得有固定的內容；而我們用內容與規則不斷修正的測驗設計來掌握該內容，可能反而是更適當的。

    4. 關於測驗主題：「我們能夠單純以行為來檢測心靈狀態嗎？」圖靈測驗欲透過語言行為的測驗來取代「機器能否思考」，此行為進路受到不少的批評。然而，圖靈測驗並不是分析的行為主義，它並不要求行為與心靈概念有形上學的等同；它只是方法論的行為主義，不必反對心靈內容的真實存在，僅將「通過圖靈測驗」作為一個可錯的認定方法。

    5. 關於測驗的價值：當我們對「何謂思考」還未有深刻瞭解時，就樹立一個思考的標準來談通不通過，是否對於未來的發展有所妨礙？我同意一些批評者所說：就像許多高科技的發展過程一樣，在思考本質的研究尚未成熟之前，與其追求表面上的擬似，不如將精力與經費投注於相關的基礎科學。然而，就議題本身而言，圖靈測驗可以和上述基礎科學的研究相容，它也不會妨礙我們去尋找一個比圖靈測驗更適當的思考檢測機制。如果有一天，科學家真能做出像人一樣思考的機器，我們依然會在某程度上要求此機器通過圖靈測驗，來證明科學家沒有說謊。
    Reference: 西文資料
    Ayer, A. J., (1963). The Concept of Person, London: Macmillan.
    Blackmore, Susan (2004), Consciousness: an introduction, Oxford, Section 5
    Block, Ned (1981), ‘Psychologism and Behaviorism’, Philosophical Review 90
    Churchland, Paul M. & Churchland, Patrica S. (1998), ‘Could a Machine Think?’, On the contrary : critical essays, 1987-1997, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press
    Copeland, B. Jack. (2000). ‘The Turing Test’, Minds and Machines 10:519-539.
    Excerpt from THE TURING TEST: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence, edited by James H. Moor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
    Copeland, B. Jack (1993), Artificial intelligence: a philosophical introduction, Oxford ; Cambridge, Mass. : Blackwell, Chp3 & Chp6
    Copeland, B. Jack, (2000), The Turing Test, Minds and Machines 10: 523
    French, R. (2000), ‘The Turing Test: The First 50 years’, Trends in Cognitive Science 4, p115~122
    Dennett, Daniel Clement (1987), ‘Fast Thinking’, The Intentional Stance, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press
    Descartes, René. (1646). “Discourse on the Method, Chapter V”, Excerpt from The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, edited by Stuart Shieber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004
    Hsu, Feng-Hsiung. "IBM`s Deep Blue Chess grandmaster chips", Micro, IEEE, pages 70-81, 1999
    French, Robert M.(1990), ‘Subcognition and the Limits of the Turing Test”, 54
    Gleeson, James (2002), Applied Physics Letters, 9 September
    Gunderson, Keith, ‘The Imitation Game’, (1964), Excerpt from The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, edited by Stuart Shieber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004
    Harnad, Stevan (1989). ‘Minds, Machines and Searle’, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 1(1),
    Hayes, P. and Ford, K. (1995), ‘Turing Test Considered Harmful’, in Processing of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol1
    Hempel, Carl G. (1965), A LOGICAL APPRAISAL OF OPERATIONISM, Aspects of Scientific Explanation
    Hempel, Carl G. (1966), Philosophy of Natural Science, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Chp7
    Hurley, Patrick J. (2003),A Concise Introduction to Logic, Australia ; Belmont, Calif. : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 8th ed.
    Hodges, Andrew (1992), Alan Turing: The Enigma, London: Vintage
    Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1981), ‘The Turing Test: A Coffeehouse Conversation’, Excerpt from The mind`s I : fantasies and reflections on self and soul composed and arranged by Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett. Toronto; New York : Bantam Books
    Kripke, Saul (1972), Naming and Necessity. Oxford: Blackwell, lecture III
    Kirk, R. (2003) Mind and Body, McGill-Queen’s University Press
    Loebner, Hugh (1994), “In Response”, Communications of the ACM 37
    Lucas, J. R. (1961), ‘Minds, Machines and Gödel’, Philosophy 36
    Maslin, K. T. (2001), An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind, Blackwell
    Millar, P. H. (1973), “On the Point of Imitation Game”, Mind, volume 99, number328, p595~597,
    Moor, James H. (2001),‘The Status and Future of the Turing Test’, Minds and Machines 11: 77-93, Excerpt from THE TURING TEST: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence, edited by James H. Moor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
    Moor, James H. (1976) ‘An Analysis of the Turing Test’, Philosophical Studies 30:249-257, Excerpt from The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, edited by Stuart Shieber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004.
    Moor, James H. (1978) ‘Explaining Computer Behavior’, Philosophical Studies 34:325-327, Excerpt from The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, edited by Stuart Shieber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004.
    Newman, M. H. A., Turing, Alan M., Sir Jefferson, Geoffrey, and Braithwaite, R. B. (1952) “Can Automatic Calculating Machines Be Said to Think?”, BBC. Excerpt from The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, edited by Stuart Shieber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004
    Penrose, Roger (1989), The Emperor’s New Mind, Oxford University
    Preston, John and Bishop, Mark edit, (2002) Views into the Chinese room : new essays on Searle and artificial intelligence, Oxford ; New York : Clarendon Press
    Purtill, R. L. (1971), ‘Beating the Imatation Game’, Mind 80, p291
    Putnam, Hilary (1975), Mind, Language and Reality, New York : Cambridge University Press
    Robinson, William S. (1992), ‘The Turing Test’, Computers, Minds and Robots. Philadelphia, Pa. : Temple University Press
    Ryle, Gibert (1952), The Concept of Mind, New York : Hutchinson`s Univ. Press.
    Saygin, Ayse Pinar; Cicekli, Ilyas; Akman, Varol (2000)”Turing Test: 50 Years Later” , Minds and Machines 10:463-518. Excerpt from THE TURING TEST: The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence, edited by James H. Moor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
    Searle, John R. (1980), ‘Minds, Brains, and Programs’, Excerpt from ARGUMENT AND ANALYSIS：AN INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY, ed. By Martine Curd, NY：West, 1992,Reading25
    Searle, John R. (1990), “Is the Brain a Digital Computer?” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 64
    Shieber, Stuart M. (1994), ’Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test’, Communications of the ACM 37
    Shieber, Stuart M. (2004), The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    Stalker, Douglas F., (1978) ‘Why Machines Can’t Think: A Reply to James Moor’. Excerpt from The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, edited by Stuart Shieber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004
    Turing, A. M. (1948), ‘Intelligent Machinery’, excerpt from Machine Intelligence 5, edited by Machine Intelligence Workshop, Edinburgh University Press, 1969
    Turing, A. M. (1950), “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, excerpt from The mind`s I : fantasies and reflections on self and soul, New York : Basic Books, 1981
    Turing, A. M. (1950a), “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, Excerpt from The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, edited by Stuart Shieber, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004.
    中文資料
    牟中原、梁仲賢譯 (1991)，《理性之夢》(Heinz R. Pagels著)，天下文化
    沈政/林庶芝 (1996)，《腦模擬與神經計算機》，五南
    呂威甫、鄭軒鴻譯 (2002)，《人工智慧─現代方法總論》，松崗
    (原著：Stuart Russell、Peter Norvig，Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach)
    洪蘭譯，《創智慧》，2006，遠流
    (原著：Jeff Hawkins & Sandra Blakeslee, On Intelligence)
    許明賢、吳忠超譯，《皇帝新腦》，(1993)藝文 (原著：Roger Penrose, The Emperor’s New Mind, 1989, Oxford University Press)
    張欣戊、徐嘉宏、程小危、雷庚玲、郭靜晃合著，《發展心理學(修訂三版)》，(2001)，空大
    《劍橋哲學辭典》(The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy)，(2002)，貓頭鷹
    英文版主編：Robert Audi 中文版審訂召集人：林正弘
    網路資料
    聊天機器Alice的官方網站
    http://www.alicebot.org/
    聊天機器Jabberwock的官方網站
    http://www.abenteuermedien.de/jabberwock/
    聊天機器Jabberwachy的官方網站
    http://www.jabberwacky.com/
    Loebner Price 2006年勝利者：”Joan”的相關報導
    http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1876702,00.html
    美國精神疾病學會，《心理疾病診斷與統計手冊》官方網站
    http://allpsych.com/disorders/dsm.html
    Ned Block, ’Psychologism and Behaviorism’線上原文
    http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/block/papers/Psychologism.pdf
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    哲學研究所
    91154006
    95
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0911540061
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Philosophy] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    54006101.pdf40KbAdobe PDF2964View/Open
    54006102.pdf140KbAdobe PDF21032View/Open
    54006103.pdf86KbAdobe PDF21109View/Open
    54006104.pdf62KbAdobe PDF21031View/Open
    54006105.pdf128KbAdobe PDF22527View/Open
    54006106.pdf235KbAdobe PDF22104View/Open
    54006107.pdf188KbAdobe PDF21451View/Open
    54006108.pdf218KbAdobe PDF22895View/Open
    54006109.pdf154KbAdobe PDF21286View/Open
    54006110.pdf154KbAdobe PDF21411View/Open
    54006111.pdf156KbAdobe PDF21131View/Open
    54006112.pdf129KbAdobe PDF21526View/Open
    54006113.pdf74KbAdobe PDF21372View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback